Submit your Article

A couple of years ago, I watched the Netflix adaptation of ‘Behind Her Eyes’ by Sarah Pinborough. It was a slow-burn thriller about a single mother who unwittingly becomes a part of twisted mind games when she begins an affair with her psychiatrist boss while secretly befriending his mysterious wife. The ending shocked me. I hadn’t seen it coming. I really enjoyed the series but I wished I had read the book before watching it.

So naturally I was excited to come across ‘Insomnia’ by Pinborough. Reading the blurb and the reviews I was sure it was a gripping and unsettling psychological thriller. But it took me a while to get through Insomnia because it was so dark and dense. I’d have to put down the book after a few chapters to process what I had just read.

The plot is actually creepy. Emma has a great life: a successful career as a lawyer, a husband, Robert, and two children, Chloe and Will. But she’s unable to sleep and that is really messing with her head. Emma’s insomnia causes blackouts, makes her doubt her actions and question everything and everybody around her. When the police become involved, Emma starts wondering what she is capable of.

Emma and her older sister Phoebe grew up in foster care after their mother was admitted to a psychiatric facility on her 40th birthday. As Emma’s 40th birthday approaches and she finds herself struggling to sleep, she fears the ‘bad blood’ that made her mother go mad is affecting her too. She can’t trust her husband or her sister, both of whom are hiding things from her. Worse, her son Will is terrified of her and her daughter Chloe is a rebellious teenager.

There is a lot going on and it is all very paranoia-inducing. It’s difficult to trust any of the characters in the book. Everyone seems to have a sinister motive behind their actions. Or is Emma the real villain, her own worst enemy who is as deluded and psychotic as everyone around her is claiming she is? The horror/thriller aspect of the story is subtle but disturbing. It comes unexpectedly and takes root in your heart and mind.

Reading Insomnia also makes you wonder what traits you have inherited from your family. Do we all become our parents and embrace their faults and weaknesses? I can’t say I loved the book but I enjoyed reading it. I would definitely recommend it if you are looking for a scary book to get lost in during the weekend.

Fiction

Insomnia

Sarah Pinborough

Published: 2023

Publisher: Harper Collins

Pages: 342, Paperback

As a young chef, I was fascinated by the idea of chaurasi byanjan, which means a grand feast featuring 84 different dishes all served at once. It’s not your typical three- or four-course meal. It’s an incredible array of flavors and textures. ‘Chaurasi’ in Nepali means 84, and ‘byanjan’ refers to various types of food. This intriguing tradition is deeply rooted in Nepali culture and is reserved for special occasions like weddings and rice-feeding ceremonies, which mark a child’s transition to solid foods.

I started looking for information about these 84 dishes in books and online, but I couldn’t find much. Gradually, I went from just being a chef to becoming a research and development chef with a hobby of exploring Nepali cuisine and promoting it internationally. When I had some free time, I searched the internet to learn more about chaurasi byanjan. I was fascinated by it and wanted to learn more.

I found something similar called ‘chhpan bhog’ in the Indian context. It was a completely vegetarian meal that used to be served to Lord Krishna. So, I wondered, did Nepali people add 28 meat dishes to the 56 dishes of chhpan bhog? The problem was I didn’t know much Sanskrit which made it really hard to access Eastern knowledge. There had to be some way for me to find out more about this elaborate feast.

I turned to people who seemed knowledgeable about chaurasi byanjan. The first theory connects it to Maharshi Charak, the father of Ayurveda, and his book Charak Samhita, but detailed information is scarce. Another theory links it to the wedding ceremony of Ram and Sita, hosted by King Janak. Yet the details are elusive. There are many other theories too but the information is either limited or vague.

The most convincing theory suggests that this tradition began during the Malla dynasty and it’s purely an indigenous way of serving a feast. It’s said that this tradition continues at Bikramshil Mahabihar (Bhagwan Bahal) in Thamel, Kathmandu.

After uncovering these facts, I sought out gurus with knowledge of chaurasi byanjan. After months of following these experts, some claimed to be writing books on the subject, promising details upon publication, while others said it was their lifelong research and chose not to share. People claimed to know about it but were hesitant to share the details.

I resumed my research and discovered that chaurasi byanjan is more than just a feast. It’s a celebration of balance and variety. Each dish on the menu holds a special significance, whether it’s the spiced lentils of bara or the fermented leafy greens of gundruk. The culinary journey begins with staples like rice and dal, representing the heart of Nepali cuisine, and extends to intricate desserts like peda and rasgulla, showcasing the country’s sweet tooth.

Chaurasi byanjan doesn’t have a fixed set of varieties. It all depends on preferences, seasonality, locality, region, and the dishes typically associated with celebrations. The choices of a multimillionaire and a middle-class family would differ. Exploring Nepal’s chaurasi byanjan is a sensory journey, offering insights into the rich tapestry of culture, the abundance of nature, and the artistry of cuisine that defines this remarkable culinary tradition. Next time you see a feast laid out, try noticing all the different food and drinks there are on the special spread.

It is believed that a nation is reborn by adopting a new constitution. And it really became true with the adoption of a new constitution in Nepal when its Constituent Assembly-2 declared it a secular, inclusive, federal, democratic republic on 20 Sept 2015. These are the cardinal features of the constitution. 

Looking back, we find that the three words, ‘democratic federal system’ were incorporated in the Interim Constitution (Article 38) in addition to the terms ‘inclusive and restructured’ through its first amendment on 13 April 2007. It has its basis in the Comprehensive Peace Accord (Clause 8.2) signed on 21 Nov 2006 by the then PM GP Koirala and the Maoist Chief PK  Dahal, which provides for making a ‘a high-level  Recommendation Commission for the Restructuring of the State.’ 

The Maoists were calling for restructuring of the state, however, it was not mentioned in the 12-point agreement signed on 21 Nov 2005, in India by the Seven-Party Alliance and the Maoists. Perhaps, the most pressing need at that time was to throw out of power the absolute monarchy and other demands were considered secondary.

The entire country celebrated as usual the eighth ‘Constitution Day’ on Sept 20, save the Madhes-based parties, which celebrated the day as a ‘Black Day’ for them, as  more than 100 Madhesi youths had sacrificed their lives for incorporating federalism with one Madhes Pradesh for 20 districts in the Tarai region in the forthcoming constitution. However, the constitution adopted provides for seven provinces out of which a province consisting of only eight districts was carved out of 12 districts. 

The other 12 districts of the Tarai were made part of the five provinces.

It was the thorny issue of federalism that failed Constituent Assembly-1 as consensus was impossible among the parties on the one hand and the strength of the Maoists and the Madhes-based parties in the CA was 

significant which could be ignored, on the other. 

In the CA-2, the number of representatives of both the parties, the Maoists and the Madhesi outfits, was reduced; it was possible for the Nepali Congress and the CPN-UML to adopt the constitution with support from some other parties. And realizing the position, the Maoist party also supported the NC and the UML’s proposals and gave up its demand for making identity and resources as the bases 

of federalism.

It was obvious that while adopting the constitution most of the top leaders of all major parties apprehended that federalism would weaken the nation, as it would affect the existing central control over those areas which would be brought under different provinces. 

They also apprehended that since local populations will have control over their areas, they may go for division/bifurcation of the territories. 

Their main concern was regarding their control of the bureaucracy, the permanent government.  If power was divided, their complete say over it would decrease, if not end.

These are the reasons that even after the passing of eight years and three tiers of government duly elected, they are not allowed to function as per powers delivered by the constitution. Important federal laws are not framed as yet to enable them to use their rights to govern the administration and discharge day-to-day duties. 

It seems that many laws, including those related to the civil and police administrations, have not been enacted by the center deliberately to prove that the provincial tier of governance is superfluous and redundant. It is evident from the facts that the frequent transfers and postings of high officials hinder the government’s functioning seriously, as there have been frequent complaints to the center. There are cases filed by the provincial governments in the Supreme Court for the protection of their constitutional rights.

It can be assumed that before taking the decision for carving out seven provinces, they made the local tiers of government more powerful and kept it outside of the overall supervision and control of the provinces to make the second tier weak and worthless. 

The constitution has provided for three tiers of government—central, provincial and local. 

However, the central government has made it a four-tier government by adding one more tier by way of district government, which is controlled by the central government. 

Chief district officers are in charge of peace and security of the districts. It has been made so that the central government will prevail ultimately over provincial and local governments. There are many more obstacles created by the center to prove that federalism is only an unwanted child of the constitution, which is not allowed to grow properly so that its life gets shortened for want of nutritious food to survive by not providing sufficient support.

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) predicts that Nepal’s economy is set to achieve a growth rate of 4.3 percent in fiscal year 2024, signifying a significant improvement compared to the previous fiscal year when the country’s economic growth rate was limited to only 1.9 percent. In a similar vein, the ADB report forecasts a decrease in the annual average inflation to 6.2 percent in 2024 from 7.7 percent in 2023.

While a reduction in inflation would be beneficial, at present, it is close to eight percent. The economic downturn and inflation have impacted individuals from various walks of life, particularly students from outside the Kathmandu Valley pursuing higher education here. Pratik Ghimire from ApEx spoke with these working students to understand the challenges they face due to inflation.

Sushila Tamang, Nuwakot

As a working student in Kathmandu, I face the challenge of an increasing cost of living. My landlord has recently expressed the intention to raise the room rent, which adds to my financial burden. I’ve communicated with my landlord, urging them to consider the impact of inflation on my already tight budget. The rise in prices of groceries and various necessities has made it increasingly difficult for me to make ends meet.

While I empathize with my landlord’s situation and acknowledge the economic crisis affecting many, I believe there must be alternative solutions besides raising the rent. It’s essential for both parties to find a balance that ensures fair treatment and sustenance. I hope my landlord and others facing similar circumstances can explore options that don’t further strain the already challenged finances of individuals like myself. In addition, I call upon the government to address this issue promptly, as it affects numerous working students and individuals trying to navigate the financial complexities of living in Kathmandu. Finding a resolution will contribute to a more sustainable and equitable living situation for all.

Yuvraj Chaudhary, Dhanusha

Recession serves as a valuable life lesson for students, especially since many rely on their parents for financial support. I am among those students. This means that my peers and I face a double impact, affecting both our parents and ourselves. In many families, it’s evident that they are barely managing and making sacrifices to afford their children’s education. In some unfortunate cases, students are forced to abandon their studies due to financial constraints.

In response to rising prices, I have started embracing more cost-effective and sustainable alternatives. Many other students are also increasingly turning to digital copies (PDFs) of books and opting for laptops or tablets instead of traditional paper notebooks, which have become more expensive. Moreover, I am seeking out affordable food options, shifting away from fast food for breakfast and dinner. One positive aspect of this is that even undergraduates who used to frequent tea stalls for tea and smoking are striving to improve their habits.

Shristi Bista, Kailali

Living and pursuing education in Kathmandu comes with its own set of financial challenges, effectively doubling the financial burden as my family has to manage both expenses back home and here for my education. This situation has taken a significant emotional toll on me, recognizing the strain it places on families already managing tight budgets. Sustaining a livelihood in Kathmandu has become an immense struggle.

It’s been five years since my arrival in Kathmandu, and I immediately started working to support myself. However, over these years, my salary has seen only a minimal increment, barely keeping up with the soaring inflation rate, which has surged around triple. This presents a dire dilemma for a working student like myself, making it increasingly difficult to manage finances adequately.

I constantly worry about being able to fulfill my financial responsibilities towards my family, who have made significant sacrifices to provide me with a good education. The burden of inflation adds an extra layer of stress, making me ponder how much easier life would be without these financial constraints caused by rising prices. Finding a way to navigate this financial tightrope is an ongoing challenge, and I remain hopeful for better days ahead. The inflation has hit me emotionally.

Shasank Sekhar Neupane, Jhapa

I have now lived in Kathmandu for six years. For myself, I am a student who also works a part-time job to support my daily necessities. The inflation that is soaring day by day is the main reason I have recently found it arduous to support myself here in Kathmandu.

I have a lot of issues with room rent, internet costs, and bus fares because of the rising inflation as a student living in Kathmandu. Keeping costs under control while working with a tight budget has gotten more and more challenging. The cost of internet usage has dramatically increased, while the rent for a quality room has risen. It is now much more expensive to use public transport, which makes it more difficult for me to manage my education.

I’ve attempted to lower my costs by adopting various simple measures, avoiding meet-ups, and outdoor foods, and switching to a slower-speed internet, but it still feels difficult. The fact that everything’s costs are increasing daily, and I have so little money to spend on other necessities, is frustrating. This is not unique to me; several of my acquaintances who are also having financial difficulties have made similar comments.

Bungatun Rai, Khotang

I live with SOS Village, and all of my expenses are borne by them. So, I don’t have to face the consequences of inflation directly. But I’ve witnessed numerous fellow students grappling with the impacts of both inflation and the prevailing economic crisis. A close friend of mine used to save a portion of his earnings in cooperatives every month. However, with the crisis in full swing, a significant number of these cooperatives have collapsed. With inflation on the rise and our savings slipping out of our control, how can students like us endure these challenging circumstances?

As students, this economic turmoil poses a serious threat to our financial stability and overall well-being. We find ourselves in a precarious situation, struggling to find viable solutions to survive these trying times. The collapse of cooperatives, which were once considered a reliable avenue for saving and investment, only adds to our financial distress.

Rajnesh Shrestha, Dhading

Due to rising inflation, the lives of students have become increasingly challenging. This surge in prices has affected essential expenses like food, housing, transportation, and daily necessities, making it harder for students to make ends meet. Despite stagnant income levels, expenses keep mounting. For instance, the tuition fees for engineering students have more than doubled from Rs 700,000 to Rs 800,000 five years ago to now over Rs 1.5 million. Additionally, the cost of study materials has also surged, making it difficult for students to afford materials essential for fostering new ideas or innovations.

When students move to Kathmandu from outside, they often need to purchase everything required to establish a livelihood since they don't have their own accommodation. Financially disadvantaged students often need to work part-time, which unfortunately affects their academic pursuits. Shockingly, some students are working for wages lower than the government-mandated minimum wage, even after attaining a graduate level of education. These circumstances force students to seek opportunities abroad for sustenance after investing heavily in their education. Consequently, the population of youth and students in rural areas has declined due to this exodus.

Dibyadristi Lama, Makawanpur

I am a working student. Thankfully, I don’t place any financial burden on my family. However, the impact of inflation has become a noticeable factor, occasionally causing my expenses to surpass my earned income. This situation forces me to reach out to my parents for financial assistance, a circumstance that I view with a tinge of disappointment. I wish to spare my parents from the strain of added financial responsibility, especially given their residence in a rural setting. Nevertheless, there are times when I must set aside my reservations and request aid to manage my expenses adequately.

My situation is relatively better. It’s disheartening to witness the challenges faced by some of my friends. They, too, grapple with the effects of inflation, particularly evident in the doubled bus fares that make it difficult for them to visit their hometown. Consequently, they’re forced to endure the emotional burden of being unable to be present for their family members when they are sick. The economic dynamics at play in our lives have indeed reshaped the way we navigate our personal and familial obligations.

Binod Bista, Doti

As a student, I’ve encountered numerous challenges stemming from inflation, which have significantly influenced my daily routine. From the moment I begin my day to when I retire for the night, the effects of inflation are palpable. Upon waking up, my first encounter with inflation occurs when I purchase vegetables, witnessing a twofold increase in prices for essential kitchen items. Throughout the day, the impact persists as I utilize public transportation, observing the elevated fares for bus rides. Late into the evening, following my night class, I rely on ride-sharing services since public buses are not available at that hour. However, even these alternative transportation options have seen price hikes due to the escalating costs of petroleum products, further adding to the financial strain caused by inflation.

Inflation has taken a toll on my mental well-being as well. In my area, there have been three instances of looting recently. A significant factor driving people toward such criminal acts is the struggle to sustain livelihood in Kathmandu. I worry about the possibility of becoming a victim of such looting incidents myself. It has impacted me psychologically.

Bishnu Maya Shrestha, Tanahu

Many students, driven by the aspiration to pursue education, venture to Kathmandu. However, the fundamental requisites of sustenance, namely lodging and food, become paramount regardless of the academic pursuit. Sadly, a few of my friends from Far West Nepal had to abandon their education in Kathmandu due to the overwhelming financial strain. The escalating inflation forced them to make the painful decision to interrupt their higher studies, illustrating the gravity of the situation.

This crisis demands urgent attention from the government, particularly concerning the welfare of students. Students represent the future of the nation, and any hindrance to their education results in a loss not only for them but also for society and the entire nation. If this pressing issue remains unaddressed, we risk a widespread exodus of intellectual capital, exacerbating the problem of brain drain on a much larger scale. It’s imperative that immediate measures are taken to alleviate the financial burden on students, ensuring a promising future for both them and the nation.

Bibek Pariyar, Sunsari

As a music student, I’ve recently relocated to Kathmandu, and it’s only been a couple of months. To pursue my passion and sustain myself, I perform gigs during the night. However, a recurring issue is that event organizers occasionally offer compensation in the form of food and beverages, a practice I find unsatisfactory. On a public level, inflation seems to play a central role in managing public affairs through financial means.

Another pressing concern is the alarming rise in incidents of theft and burglary. Returning home late at night from gigs feels increasingly unsafe due to this prevalent issue. Sadly, I’m left with no alternative but to face this risk. I suspect that inflation contributes to the surge in criminal activities, possibly aggravating the situation. Addressing these multifaceted challenges requires a comprehensive approach that encompasses economic stability, public safety, and fair compensation for individuals like myself, trying to make a living while pursuing their passions.