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The Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement on August 1 cautioning and asking the Nepali youths not to join mercenaries of any country in violation of existing treaties and agreements. Nepali citizens have been a part of several foreign defense forces since the colonial era. Shifting geostrategic dynamics, global rivalry, rise in global migration and conscription through different methods and routes are a matter of concern. As per media reports, it is estimated that youths have been recruited in the Russian forces and other defense forces and may also be part of non-state actors or armed groups that contradict national priorities and policies. The shift in warfare besides other support also has implications for defense enrollment that comes with lucrative offers. The youth’s desire to join foreign forces emanates mainly from the Nepali state’s failure to provide ample jobs to its growing young population. But what happens to the national security and credibility of a relatively small country like Nepal when its youths choose to become part of a group or another by violating international norms and values in a deeply divided world?

This question calls for serious thinking on the government’s part.   

The presence of Nepali youths in foreign armed forces not only serves as an employment opportunity but also contributes to the economic well-being of Nepal through remittances. Additionally, these individuals gain exposure, training and experience that can benefit Nepal's own security forces and contribute to the nation's overall development.
However, it's worth noting that there have been discussions and debates about the repercussions of large-scale recruitment of Nepali youths in foreign armed forces with the state’s agreement. Some argue that it leads to brain drain, depriving the country of skilled human resources, while others highlight the economic benefits and the opportunity for youths to gain valuable training and career prospects.

The Department of Foreign Employment (DoFE) has allowed Nepali citizens to work in 110 countries, but our youths have been working in almost 172 countries. Still, our political elites do not appear ill at ease. Perhaps this does not qualify as an issue requiring serious attention.     

Rising labor out-migration is a grave issue, but more worrisome is the trend of the youths becoming part of foreign defense forces and law enforcement in the absence of necessary bilateral diplomatic arrangements.

Per statistics, around five lakh youths in Nepal seek job opportunities every year and more than 1700 Nepali citizens travel for work every day. The state encourages the youths to go abroad for jobs, laying bare its incompetence. 

As per the national census 2021, approximately 3.5m migrant workers (14 percent of the national population) are working abroad. Of them, 2.2m are aged 25-35 years and 18.72 percent of them are female. International migration, emerging as a means of livelihood for the poor, has also become a source of foreign currency ($8.2bn) revenue, which makes up 30 percent of the Gross Domestic Product. Top five remittance sources are Saudi Arabia (20.6 percent), Malaysia (20.5 percent), India (19.3 percent), Qatar (13.4 percent) and the US (8.3 percent). 

In the last 10 months of the fiscal 2022/23, the DoFE issued work permits to 660,255 Nepali citizens, of which 600,000 have already left the country. 

What’s more, UNESCO data show an increasing number of Nepali students leaving the country to study abroad. The number of foreign-bound students more than doubled from 44,225 in 2017 to 95,268 in 2022. 

A good number of Indian citizens have found jobs in Nepal and so have the Nepalis in India, due to bilateral arrangements, the open border, cultural factors and contemporary reality. Per the World Bank’s Bilateral Remittance Matrix of 2017, while the Nepalis working in India send home around Rs 102bn every year (this includes Rs 72.57bn from 35,000 serving and 180,000 Gurkha veterans), the Indians working in Nepal send home almost triple the amount—Rs 302 bn. For India, Nepal is one of the top 10 sources of remittance. 

The Indian Embassy in Kathmandu estimates that 8m Nepali citizens are living and working in India and puts the number of Indian workers in Nepal at 600,000, whereas independent estimates suggest that 1 to 3m Nepalis are working in India. High mobility of workers across the border, cross-border marriages and a significant Indian population with family linkages in Nepal have made the picture unclear. There’s no denying the fact that migrations affect national stability and security.  

Youths in foreign forces 

The trends of warfare are evolving with technology and modern equipment, including nuclear, but human resources still play a crucial role.

Men aged 17 to 40 years from 140 nations can join the French Foreign Legion to safeguard French interests and secure French domains. Though the government of Nepal has no records nor settled accords, it is estimated that 300-350 Nepalis are serving as French Legionnaires on a singular premise. The US Army reportedly has more than 1000 Nepalis. 

The Tripartite treaty signed in 1947 concerns the rights of the Gurkhas recruited in military services of India and the United Kingdom. More than 4000 Gurkhas are serving the British Crown with a few hundred selected every year and 32,000 Nepali soldiers are serving in 40 Indian Gurkha battalions. Apart from providing jobs to individuals, these forces also help augment Nepal’s foreign currency reserves.

The path of fire

The ‘Agnipath Scheme’ meant to reduce India’s defense expenditure seems to have failed to impress the government of Nepal. The scheme has implications for job opportunities, the economy as well as the rights mentioned in the Tripartite Agreement, given that salary of the serving and pensions of the retired soldiers is an important source of Indian currency for Nepal’s economy, which relies overwhelmingly on imports from India. The scheme will permit only a quarter of the 46,000 soldiers between the age of 17-23 years to continue in service after four years and bid others adieu with a golden handshake of INR 1.7m.

Absence of diplomatic steps prior to the scheme’s announcement has created problems that India and Nepal would have been better off without. Three points should be noted in this context: The new entry scheme was not part of the tripartite agreement; it adds to the unemployment data after four years and that the trained returnees would be vulnerable to non-state actors. 

There are many more Nepalis serving in Singapore, Brunei, UAE and other destinations. 

The Gurkha Contingent or the Singapore Police Force, with roughly 2000 Gurkha personnel, has a role in maintaining law and order. Formed on the basis of a deal between Singapore and the British Government on 9 April 1949, which entrusts the British government with the recruitment, the contingent was mobilized to quell communal riots between the Chinese and Malays of Singapore. After the 9/11 attacks, these soldiers have also been providing security to the President and Prime Minister and guarding vital installations. 

The sultanate of Brunei is another nation that accommodates more than 500 Gurkha in the Brunei Reserve Unit or the Royal Brunei Gurkha Reserve Unit, a special elite guard force previously led by the British Commanders to protect the Royal family, the citizens and major oil installations. Known as the “Praetorian Guard”, it works as a special forces unit directly under the command of the Sultan as well as alongside the Special Forces Regiment and Special Combat Squadron of the Royal Brunei Armed Forces. 

This article is Part I of the two-part series 

The author is a Strategic Analyst, Major General (Retd) of the Nepali Army, and is associated with Rangsit University, Thailand

My grandfather, 82 years but not old, is the wisest man I know. He is a lawyer and I remember going to court to see his advocacy, which would be so classy that I still get goose-bumps. He would come back home, study for a couple of hours daily, recite religious books and do yoga. He was the perfection that anybody could imagine. As he retired 10 years back from active practice, I gifted him a smartphone to kill the possible boredom. Was that a mistake? Did I make him a scroller from the scholar?

Nowadays, he is on his phone most of the time. He is not interested in study, religious books or yoga. When we insist, he would say, he did enough on his days, and continue with scrolling. On the other hand, I have a nephew, who is eight years old. We could not prevent exposing him to mobile from his early years. He wouldn’t feed or poop without rhymes. At two years old, he was already unlocking my phone, using a pattern, and would sing different English rhymes. “This guy is a genius”, I thought but I was just encouraging him to be a scroller. Nowadays, he spends almost 6 hours a day in front of the screen, which would double on weekends. He fights for mobile, skips his homeworks, throws tantrums on trivial issues, keeps busy to himself, and seldom talks with the relatives. It looks as if we even have to make an appointment to see him. 

Sometimes I wonder if it is only my grandfather and my nephew, but as I observe, it’s similar in me, my wife, my friends, relatives, and most of the people around me. Different games, social media, YouTube and especially short videos are stealing our time. Every time, we promise to scroll for a few minutes and realize after an hour or two. You may argue the academic need of scrolling but believe me, it’s beyond. We are gradually and unknowingly moving to be scrollers from scholars.

Would you be surprised, if I tell you, “This is an addiction, similar to that of addiction to alcohol or cigarette”? Do you believe that this is an illness? 

Yes! You should.

There is something called “Internet addiction” or “Gaming disorder” in standard textbooks and it is gaining a huge amount of attention nowadays. Internet addiction is increasing exponentially and approximately, with one in every 10 people already affected. The World Health Organization formally included Internet gaming disorder as a mental disorder from 2018. The brain mechanism behind the addiction to the internet and alcohol is similar. There is a huge surge of dopamine, which gives reward for the act and compels us to repeat the act.

Internet gaming disorder is often together with or may be caused by childhood neurodevelopmental disorders such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), depression or anxiety. Other risk factors are stress, dysfunctional families, loneliness, poor academic performance, being bullied, interpersonal problems, anxiety and depression.

Different forms of addiction

Cyber-relational

Excessive tendency to establish relationships with people met online, which quickly becomes over-involving and individuals neglect their relationships with friends and family members.

Info overload

Characterized by an increased search for information on the web, many of them unnecessary, like short entertainment videos in youtube and social media. 

Cybersexual 

There is frequent use of adult-videos and virtual sex sites and engage in adult-only chats. 

Gaming

Excessive involvement in games and online activities such as gambling, compulsive shopping, etc.

The internet provides many opportunities but there is a downside. Some people suffer from diminished control over their use, and there are many reports of people gaming or watching series for days without rest. Given the increased use of the internet in this era of social distancing and remote working, it is important to assess harm caused by online addictive behaviors. The outcomes of the disorder could be academic decline, interpersonal relationship problems, family conflict, sleep deprivation, physical health problems like neck stiffness, loneliness, suicidal tendencies, aggression, depression, social withdrawal, cybercrimes and future decline in workplace competitiveness. 

For objective assessment, the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) is applied by professionals. WHO recommends no screen time for children less than one year old, no more than an hour for 2-5 year-olds, with less time preferred, which can be doubled in weekdays under observation. It is similar for adolescents and adults, no more than an hour a day of screen time. Instead, involvement in social interaction and physical activity is encouraged.

On excessively using the internet, children and adolescents first become unable to prioritize or keep schedules, avoid work or procrastinate, then develop symptoms of depression or anxiety, and may even appear agitated when forced to stop by a caregiver. Therefore, internet and gaming-addicted children and adolescents urgently need an early and effective treatment and prevention program. But there is prevalence of parents’ unwillingness to accept internet addiction as a mental disorder, or parents’ misunderstanding that pharmacological treatment is harmful for gaming-addicted youth.

Treatment for internet addiction is comprehensive and multimodal. Psychosocial interventions include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), reality therapy (RT), and multi-level counseling (MLC) programs, solution-focused brief therapy (SFBT), which are delivered via individual-session psychotherapy, family-based therapy or group-based supportive psychotherapy. The 20-20-20 rule (take a 20-second break every 20 minutes and view something 20 feet away is beneficial. Medical management is for the treatment of the co-occurring anxiety, depression or ADHD.

As a preventive strategy against this addiction, we should focus on raising awareness and training parents, teachers, and other supporters early on, for early intervention. The rule of thumb is to establish healthy internet use habits early in life, which can prevent children from becoming the victims of internet gaming disorder and scholars from scrollers.

The author is a resident doctor at Department of Psychiatry, Patan Academy of Health Sciences

As a member of the United Nations and the leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, Nepal continues to be a strong advocate for global peace and brotherhood among all nations. Nepal’s foreign policy is deeply rooted in fostering friendly relations, particularly with its neighboring countries, and the bond with India holds special significance.

The open border shared with India has been a vital aspect of the relationship between the two countries. This unique arrangement has facilitated cultural and religious connections, allowing people from both sides to traverse freely and strengthen the ties that bind them together. The harmonious coexistence of diverse cultures and traditions in the border regions has been a testament to the enduring friendship between Nepal and India.

In recent times, the speeches of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his visits to countries like the USA and France have garnered considerable attention. In the USA, Prime Minister Modi emphasized India’s status as the ‘mother of democracy’, recognizing the USA’s role as a champion of advanced democracy. Such acknowledgment of each other’s democratic values fosters a deeper understanding and mutual respect between the two nations.

The strengthening partnership between India and the USA has extended beyond just diplomatic ties to include economic and cultural cooperation. The return of over 100 stolen antiquities to India by the US government represents not only the commitment to curbing illicit trade in cultural artifacts but also symbolizes the deepening cultural and financial partnerships between the two countries.

During his visit to France, Prime Minister Modi praised the significant contributions of business leaders from both India and France, further bolstering the relations between the two nations. This collaboration has extended to critical areas such as defense and climate change, wherein India and France have cooperated to address global challenges collectively.

While India’s economic growth and progress have been remarkable, there have been calls for a stronger focus on justice and the justice system under Modi’s leadership. As a leader, Modi must strive to bring together different sections of society and make them feel equally included in India’s democratic fabric. It is crucial to listen to and address the concerns of all citizens to truly establish India as the ‘mother of democracy’.

For India to achieve its economic vision of becoming one of the world’s top five economies, it must prioritize crucial issues such as food security, agriculture, economy, and industries. Engaging with opposition parties and formulating common minimum programs to address their concerns will ensure inclusivity and a more balanced approach to governance.

Furthermore, when formulating foreign policies, it is essential for the Modi government to consider the perspectives of not only the opposition but also his colleagues in the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). In doing so, India can present a united front in its international engagements, projecting a more robust image on the global stage.

While pursuing its growth as a global leader, India should not overlook the situation of its neighboring countries. The Modi government should extend assistance and support to these nations, helping them strengthen their living standards and fostering genuine friendships with them. This approach will not only enhance regional cooperation but also contribute to India's standing as a responsible and caring global leader.

One significant step in enhancing regional cooperation would be to revitalize the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). Modi can take the lead in encouraging all SAARC member-states to unite on various global issues, thereby presenting a cohesive and influential voice on the international stage.

Neglecting the development and prosperity of neighboring countries, including Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Nepal, will undermine India’s overall progress and prosperity. Therefore, India’s focus should encompass regional economic development, fostering peace, and promoting shared prosperity across the entire South Asian region.

In conclusion, Nepal remains committed to advocating for global peace and brotherhood, and India’s role as a neighboring friend is essential in achieving this vision. Prime Minister Modi’s leadership can be further strengthened by emphasizing justice, inclusivity, and cooperation with neighboring countries. By fostering regional cooperation and supporting the prosperity of neighboring nations, India can truly position itself as a global leader and a beacon of democracy in the world.

The author is a member of the Supreme Court Bar and has been practicing corporate law for around three decades

In today’s rapidly advancing digital age, data has become the lifeblood of modern societies and economies. With Nepal witnessing a significant surge in internet usage and digitalization across various sectors, the protection of data has emerged as a critical concern. The need for robust data security standards in Nepal has never been more apparent. This article discusses the importance of data security and the urgent requirement for comprehensive data security standards to safeguard sensitive information, ensure individual privacy, and foster a secure digital ecosystem. 

In recent years, Nepal has experienced a significant increase in internet penetration and digital adoption. With more individuals and businesses going online, an extensive volume of personal and sensitive data is being generated, stored, and shared. From government services to financial transactions and healthcare records, data flows through various digital channels, making it susceptible to cyber threats and unauthorized access. 

Nepal’s rapid digital transformation has presented both opportunities and challenges. While technology has streamlined services and improved efficiency, it has also exposed vulnerabilities in data security. Several factors contribute to the urgency of implementing data security standards in the country:

Lack of comprehensive law

Nepal lacks a comprehensive data protection law, leaving data vulnerable to misuse and unauthorized access. The absence of clear guidelines can hinder individuals from exercising their rights to data privacy and consent.

Inadequate cybersecurity infra

Limited resources and awareness around cybersecurity have resulted in insufficient protection mechanisms. Organizations, including government entities, may lack the capacity to defend against cyber threats effectively.

Rising cybercrime

Cybercriminals are becoming increasingly sophisticated, targeting both individuals and organizations. Instances of data breach, identity theft, and financial fraud are growing concerns that threaten individual privacy and overall trust in digital services.

Growing e-commerce

The expanding e-commerce sector in Nepal requires robust data security measures to protect consumers’ personal and financial information during online transactions.

Data security standards are a vital component of a resilient digital ecosystem. They establish guidelines and best practices to protect data from unauthorized access, loss, or manipulation.

Some key reasons why Nepal urgently needs data security standards:

Info security

Data security standards ensure that personal and sensitive information, such as financial records, health data, and identification details, are protected from falling into wrong hands.

Building consumer trust

Implementing strong data security measures fosters trust among consumers, encouraging them to engage in online activities with confidence.

Compliance with global norms

In an interconnected world, data protection standards are increasingly becoming a requirement for international trade and cooperation. Nepal must align with global data security standards to participate effectively in the digital economy.

Mitigating cyber threats

Adhering to robust data security standards helps in mitigating the risks posed by cyber threats, safeguarding critical infrastructure and sensitive data.

Empowering data subjects

Clear data security standards empower individuals with greater control over their data, including the right to know how it is used, give informed consent, and seek recourse in case of data breaches.

To address the dire need for data security standards in Nepal, several crucial steps must be taken:

Comprehensive law

Nepal should enact a comprehensive data protection law that defines clear guidelines for data handling, processing, and individual rights.

Raise cybersecurity awareness

Efforts should be made to educate businesses, government entities, and the public about the importance of data security and the best practices to protect against cyber threats.

Establish a regulatory body

Forming a dedicated data protection authority would provide oversight and enforcement of data security standards, ensuring compliance across all sectors.

Public-private collaboration

Collaboration between government agencies, private enterprises, and non-profit organizations is essential for the creation of a coordinated approach to data security.

As Nepal embraces digital transformation and becomes increasingly connected, the need for robust data security standards becomes more pressing. By establishing comprehensive data protection legislation, enhancing cybersecurity infrastructure, and promoting awareness, Nepal can foster a secure and trustworthy digital ecosystem. Embracing data security standards will not only protect sensitive information but also boost consumer confidence and support the nation's digital growth in the global arena. It is time for Nepal to take decisive action and prioritize data security as a national imperative.