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Nepal’s latest population census highlights ‘rapid demographic changes’, with an aging population and declining growth, particularly among the young and dynamic. A nation’s youthful, healthy, fertile and educated population is regarded as a vital ‘element of national power’, playing a key role in advancing national security, interests and economic productivity. The overall well-being of current generations, including their health, mindset, and values like humanism and compassion, directly impacts the future prosperity of societies and nations. Ensuring the welfare of today’s population is crucial for sustaining future generations.

As Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli prepares to attend the ‘Summit of the Future’ and address the 79th UNGA session, Nepal has the chance to capitalize on its internal strengths and promote its values on a global stage. By leveraging its ‘soft power’ in international forums, Nepal can enhance its foreign policy objectives, aligning with its mission of achieving ‘Happy Nepali, Prosperous Nepal’.

Mamkoila Sarki from Jumla shares the lifelong struggle of accessing clean drinking water. She recalls a time when melting snow was a daily routine for drinking water. Decades ago, crops thrived with minimal spoilage, but now recurrent landslides and unfavorable climatic conditions frequently destroy seeds and paddy, she says.

Sadhana Tharu from Nepalgunj observes rising temperatures over the years. Whereas rainfall used to arrive between mid-May and mid-June, it now occurs between mid-July and mid-August, often leading to flooding between September and October.

Dhanjit Budha from Jumla explains that with many men and educated women working abroad, the remaining women, who rely heavily on agriculture, struggle to support their families. Climate change has reduced agricultural productivity, making survival increasingly difficult.

In the documentary Bahav, produced by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung last year, the impact of climate change on water resources is highlighted.

Women in remote districts like Bardiya and Jumla are adapting to climate variability in their villages. According to the World Bank’s Country, Climate, and Development Report, Nepal’s temperature is projected to rise by 0.9°C between 2016 and 2045, further increasing the country's climate risks.

This article will explore how documentaries and short films have brought climate change issues in Nepal to the forefront. It will examine the presentation of climate challenges in various contexts, and whether commercial cinema has adequately addressed these critical issues.

Emerging issues

A documentary produced by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) illustrates how poverty and environmental changes are driving migration. Intense monsoons lead to floods in the Tarai and landslides in the hills, while droughts damage crops, exacerbating food insecurity. For example, in Arghakhanchi district alone, more than 50 percent of households have family members migrating for work. 

Respondents in the documentary noted that climate change has harmed crop yields, livestock, and livelihoods. However, FAO demonstrates that intervention is possible through a problem-solving approach, providing support to affected communities, especially women, who bear the brunt of climate change.

In The Last Yak Herder of Dhe, visual anthropologist Fidel Devkota showcases the challenges faced by Kungshang Rinzin, the only remaining yak herder in Upper Mustang’s climate-vulnerable region. The documentary, featured by WWF Nepal, reveals the population decline in Dhe village due to shrinking grasslands and water shortages.

A documentary by NDI Nepal, supported by USAID, focuses on climate change and governance in Nepal. Stakeholders warn that 21 glacial lakes—sources of the Koshi, Gandaki, and Karnali rivers—are on the verge of bursting due to global warming. This could lead to massive displacement and poverty. Despite many policies, implementation remains a challenge. 

Dr Punya Prasad Regmi, Vice-chancellor of Agriculture and Forestry University, stresses the need for collaboration between the Ministries of Agriculture, Energy, and Forestry to address climate-related policy gaps.

The World Bank report also forecasts drier winters and wetter monsoon summers in Nepal, with river flooding potentially affecting 350,000 people by 2030. Between 2012 and 2019, Nepal’s carbon emissions rose by 26.9 percent, with agriculture contributing 54 percent and energy 28 percent.

Climate storytelling in film festivals

The 19th edition of the Kathmandu International Mountain Film Festival (KIMFF) in December 2021 focused on climate change under the theme “Karma.” The festival screened 40 films from 28 countries. Festival chair Basant Thapa emphasized the deep connection between humans and nature, calling for urgent action to heal the planet.

Notable films included The Icefall Doctor (2021), which portrays the life of Angnima Sherpa, who managed the Khumbu Icefall on Everest amidst environmental and personal challenges, and Bally Peak Outlook 2020 Expedition (2020), documenting a 47-day cleanup campaign led by environmental activist Dawa Steven Sherpa. The campaign, conducted during lockdown, removed 2.2 tons of waste from three mountains.

Other films, like God’s Buffalo (2021) and When Glaciers Go (2021), depict the personal and environmental struggles of rural communities affected by climate change, such as forced migration due to water shortages in Mustang.

KIMFF also organized a short film competition on the theme of “Green Growth—Green Recovery,” receiving 10 films on climate change and environmental issues. A decade earlier, the British Council Nepal and DFID launched the UK-Nepal Climate Change Short Film Competition, with winning entries screened at KIMFF.

While festivals like KIMFF promote climate storytelling, their reach is limited to Kathmandu, and the remote areas most affected by climate change remain largely unaware of these efforts.

Absence of climate stories in commercial cinema

Medical anthropologist and filmmaker Sachin Ghimire argues that Nepali cinema has largely neglected climate-related stories. He believes commercial filmmakers have not explored this issue, although doing so could attract larger audiences and raise awareness.

Ghimire criticizes Nepal’s political system for its failure to prioritize climate issues, blaming a lack of political vision and leadership. Despite some efforts by NGOs and INGOs, climate storytelling in Nepal is often driven by funding availability rather than genuine concern.

Senior movie journalist Samipya Timalsena notes that Nepali cinema tends to focus on entertainment, with few films exploring complex issues like climate change. He believes that creating issue-based movies with compelling protagonists and antagonists is a challenge.

Another documentary filmmaker, speaking anonymously, agrees that bringing such topics to mainstream cinema is difficult without the support of key stakeholders. However, he commends the work of visual anthropologists and documentary makers who continue to address these critical issues.

Climate change activist Arnab Chaudhary advocates for more indigenous storytelling in climate narratives, emphasizing that indigenous communities are disproportionately affected by climate change. He argues that their stories should be told by themselves to authentically reflect their experiences, with non-indigenous allies providing support.

Way forward

Nepal faces many challenges as a developing country, but ignoring environmental issues will only lead to a more uncertain future. Despite contributing just 0.027 percent of global emissions, Nepal ranks fourth in climate vulnerability.

Efforts like Sagarmatha Sambad, a multi-stakeholder dialogue on climate issues initiated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, are commendable. The first summit, scheduled for April 2020, was postponed due to the Covid-19 pandemic.

As a signatory to the Paris Agreement, Nepal must continue raising climate concerns in international forums. Domestically, the government must prioritize helping climate-vulnerable communities, especially indigenous groups, through effective policy implementation.

Having grown up near the Mahabharat Range, I’ve seen firsthand how human activity and climate change have altered the landscape. The glaciers are melting, and the floods in the Tarai affect thousands. Living in Kathmandu for over a decade, I noticed this year was especially hot.

Storytelling has always been a powerful tool for understanding and sharing experiences, and it’s time for the entertainment industry to embrace climate stories. Raising awareness through compelling narratives can help create the momentum needed for policymakers to act on climate justice.

Restoring our connection with nature is crucial for a sustainable future. Why not start by reflecting on our relationship with the Earth?

A Constitution is a living document, it is a document of compromise that is not immune from the winds of change that blow so very often, especially on this part of the globe. As times change, the makers of a constitution or their successors have to make timely changes in it without compromising on its basic tenets.  

Nepal’s newest charter is not—and cannot be—an exception. 

Nine years have passed since the Constituent Assembly, in its second term, promulgated the constitution of a federal, secular and democratic Nepal, in a massive departure from the unitary system, amid a rough weather marked by protests from sections of the national population and displeasure from the next-door neighbor. Looking back, the system stood pretty shakily on twin pillars of multiparty democracy and constitutional monarchy on a seismic fault-zone, thanks to endemic corruption, a war, dynastic rules both of the royals and champions of democracy, rising public discontent and desires for change. 

Almost a decade after the promulgation of the charter that aimed to institutionalize democracy and republicanism by bringing the government at the doorsteps of the people living in far-flung areas in particular, not much has changed. Federalism, which was supposed to take the government to the doorsteps, is proving to be a costly affair, with increasing complaints from the people that all they have got at the provinces are Singhadurbars (Lion Palaces), which are quite costly to keep as they have to foot the cost of their operation. A frequently-heard public complaint is that the rulers have let the lions out among hapless sections of the society instead of extending to them the benevolent hand of the state.

There’s also a feeling among the public that select political leaders of the country can get away with anything, including policy-level corruption, as they are beyond the long arm of the law. 

Rather than decentralizing power, our federal experiment, thus far, has mostly been about managing plum jobs at the provinces for cadres of different political parties.

Moreover, whenever there’s a change of guard at the center, provincial governments also topple,  deepening a chronic political instability and disenchanting the people further and further.

These factors are pushing people, youths in particular, to the foreign shores—for jobs, for an education and even for permanent settlement. 

This does not bode well for a polity. 

The parties represented in the Parliament, including the Nepali Congress and the CPN-UML, the two largest parties, should wake up and act. Amending the constitution may be necessary—by taking the entire country into confidence through long and engaging discussions with every section of the society on every topic—but it is equally necessary for Nepal’s political leaders to mend ways.  

This week, the KP Sharma Oli-led government unveiled its ‘policy commitment’ paper, two months after the formation of a coalition government consisting of the Nepali Congress, CPN-UML, and other smaller parties. The key focus areas of the document include foreign policy priorities, constitution implementation and amendment, good governance, quality public services, economic development, implementation of fundamental rights, and transitional justice issues.

The document is intended to provide clear policy guidelines for the government’s functioning. While it doesn’t present any new foreign policy strategies, it emphasizes attracting more foreign investment and assistance based on Nepal’s development needs. It also highlights resolving bilateral issues with neighboring countries through diplomatic channels and fostering good relations. Prime Minister Oli is due to address the 79th UN General Assembly, where he is expected to discuss these foreign policy priorities.

Regarding constitutional amendments, the document aims to further strengthen the political system and preserve the achievements of the 2006 political movement. This comes amid concerns that the NC and UML may seek to remove certain progressive provisions. The ruling parties have pledged to consult all stakeholders before proceeding with any amendments. In conjunction with Constitution Day, celebrated on Sept 19 (Thursday), leaders reiterated their commitment to upholding the constitution. 

On the occasion of Constitution Day, Nepal also received congratulatory messages from the international community. US Secretary of State Antony J Blinken expressed pride in the US-Nepal collaboration to strengthen ties, promote economic growth through the debt-free partnership with the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC), and support climate resilience and clean energy efforts. Blinken’s mention of a “debt-free partnership” appeared to subtly reference China’s involvement in Nepal.

In another story this week, a parliamentary probe committee investigating fraud in the cooperative sector submitted its report to Parliament, which has asked the government to take necessary actions. The Rastriya Swatantra Party (RSP) claims that its leader Rabi Lamichhane was cleared of allegations of cooperative fraud. However, others argue the report suggests the government should take action against Lamichhane for his role in the misuse of cooperative funds when he was the director of Gorkha Media. Nepali Congress President Sher Bahadur Deuba thanked Gagan Kumar Thapa, the party’s general secretary, for raising Lamichanne’s issues in Parliament stating that Lamichhane’s involvement has been verified. But RSP senior leaders are bent on creating a narrative that Lamichhane was not involved in the case. It is yet to be seen how the government takes action. Despite Lamichhane dominating the headlines, the broader issues raised in the report have received less attention. Meanwhile, the RSP is preparing to hold its first general convention to elect new leadership next year.

This week, the Constitutional Council recommended Justice Prakash Man Singh Rawat as the new Chief Justice, following the retirement of the current judiciary head this month. Rawat will serve for 18 months. 

In politics this week, the ruling UML made strategic decisions to strengthen its organization, including a plan to expand its active membership to one million, which would constitute six percent of the electorate. UML plans to emerge as the largest political party in the 2027 national elections. In the process, the party also plans to enhance its social media presence and to counter what it calls ‘false propaganda’.

Inside the NC, there appears to be a growing cordiality between party President Deuba and General Secretary Thapa. Despite efforts by senior leaders like Shekhar Koirala and Bishwa Prakash Sharma to prevent Deuba from becoming prime minister once again, Thapa publicly stated this week that Deuba would lead the government after two years, following a power transfer from Oli. There are rumors within the party that Deuba may support Thapa’s bid for party president in the upcoming general convention.

The relevance of provincial structures became a hot topic of public discourse this week, with some leaders calling for their abolition. Minister for Information and Technology Prithvi Subba and a section of UML leaders have questioned the need for provinces, suggesting scrapping them through a constitutional amendment. In contrast, former prime minister Baburam Bhattarai has proposed increasing the number of provincial governments to 10. NC leader Deuba has also defended the provincial system, arguing that it should be strengthened rather than dismantled, while also reaffirming the party’s commitment to inclusive provisions, including the electoral system.

Another story of note this week was the findings of the latest report from the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority (CIAA), which paints a grim picture of rising corruption, particularly at the local government level. The CIAA’s 34th annual report (2023-24) shows that 38.91 percent of public complaints involved local governments, with the education sector accounting for 15.79 percent. The Auditor General’s 2022-23 report also identified significant financial discrepancies in local governments, highlighting a broader trend of increasing corruption.

Audits covering Rs 1.13575trn across 746 of the 753 local governments uncovered discrepancies totaling Rs 35.67bn. The data shows a consistent increase in complaints related to local and educational institutions.