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Tilo is an immigrant from India who runs a spice shop in Oakland in the US. Her spices aren’t just ingredients for curries, they have special powers as Tilo can command them to do her bid. She helps customers get what they desire. Everyone who comes to Tilo’s shop is given the spice she thinks they need—for the restoration of sight, to heal an aching heart, or to deal with the pain of rejection among many other problems.

 She is the mistress of spices with magical powers. She chose this life and she has had to make a few sacrifices for it. But she is happy to be able to help those who need it the most, like an abused wife or unhappy, bullied children. She feels she couldn’t possibly ever want anything else. She was warned that this life of service wouldn’t be easy but she stubbornly stuck to it and hasn’t ever regretted it.

 Then, one day, a lonely American comes into the store and Tilo can’t find the right spice for him. Maybe she doesn’t want to because there’s something about this man that makes her feel things she hasn’t felt before. And it feels a lot like desire and perhaps love. Tilo knows she can’t give in. She can’t touch anyone else, much less get close to them. Else, the spices will stop speaking to her and she will lose her powers. But Tilo can’t seem to stay away, even as the voices in her head warn her about the inevitable doom.

 ‘The Mistress of Spices’ by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni is a bizarre book. For the first half, it’s mostly all vibe and no plot. The story picks up but it’s not as gripping as her other works. I didn’t care about Tilo until I was more than halfway through the book. I couldn’t even picture her. There is a movie adaptation of the book starring Aishwarya Rai that I haven’t watched and I couldn’t even picture the actor as Tilo. The writing didn’t evoke my senses as Divakaruni’s works often do. (Also, there is a mismatch between the book and the movie. The book describes Tilo as trapped in an old woman’s body whereas a young Rai is shown as the protagonist in the movie.)

 I have read most of Divakaruni’s works and have loved them. ‘The Palace of Illusions’, an adaptation of the epic Mahabharata, told from Draupadi’s perspective, is a favorite of many people I know. I love her short stories, which mainly deal with the Indian immigrant experience. The Mistress of Spices, however, I felt is mediocre at best. There’s not much character development and even though you meet quite a few interesting ones, none of them really stay in your mind. There’s a lot of talk of spices which is fascinating. Maybe that was the reason I couldn’t stop reading despite the story not making much sense.

 It’s definitely not one of the author’s best works. But given that it was written back in 1997, reading it now in the age of smartphones and other gizmos lends it a certain charm that’s quite addictive. I wouldn’t recommend The Mistress of Spices as an introduction to the author’s large body of work. If you have read Divakaruni’s other works, you might be more forgiving of this book. For me, it evoked mixed feelings. I didn’t love it. I didn’t hate it. I would give it a two and a half star rating.

Fiction

https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/94669.The_Mistress_of_Spices  

The Mistress of Spices

Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni

Published: 1997

Publisher: Black Swan

Pages: 317, Paperback

Nepal is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, ranking as the 10th most affected country globally according to the Climate Risk Index 2021. The Global Vulnerability Index 2019 also indicates that Nepal ranks fourth globally, experiencing rapid glacier retreat, landslides, and flooding. 

Despite this, Nepal contributes minimally to global climate change. As noted in Nepal’s first Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) report in 2011, the country’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are only about 0.027 percent of total global emissions.

This highlights the importance of climate justice. The principles of climate justice emphasize that those who contributed the least to climate change should not bear its costs disproportionately, ensuring that climate actions are equitable and just, especially for those most affected yet least responsible for climate change. According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) framework, climate justice involves equity and common but differentiated responsibilities, recognizing the varying capabilities and responsibilities of different countries.

In Nepal, climate justice is a relatively new concept within climate change policy. The focus has mainly been on adaptation and mitigation, with climate justice issues often limited to campaign slogans about compensation from developed nations and the polluter pays principle.

To achieve climate justice and address these challenges, Nepal needs robust legal frameworks. However, Nepal has not even a Climate Change Act yet. Experts suggest that a dedicated climate change act is essential to ensure proper support for vulnerable communities and their representation in policy processes.

Without a dedicated Act, how is Nepal addressing climate change? Here is an explainer of Nepal’s major climate change-related acts, policies, and regulations.

Supreme Court order

On 25 Dec 2018, the Supreme Court directed the government to enact a new climate change law to address the effects of climate change, reduce fossil fuel consumption, and promote low carbon technologies. The court determined that a new law was necessary for Nepal to fulfill its international obligations under the Paris Agreement and its domestic responsibilities. It deemed the Environmental Protection Act of 1997 inadequate for addressing the need for climate change mitigation and adaptation measures. Despite this directive, the government has not yet made an integrated climate change Act. Although the Nepal Law Commission drafted a climate change Act, it has not been enacted.

Nevertheless, after the Court’s order, the government passed the Environment Protection Act of 2019 and the Forests Act of 2019, both aimed at addressing climate mitigation and adaptation measures.

The Environment Protection Act of 2019 includes provisions for Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) and mitigation planning. It stipulates that adaptation plans must prioritize vulnerable groups such as women, persons with disabilities, children, senior citizens, economically disadvantaged communities, and those in vulnerable geographical areas. The Act also establishes an environmental protection fund to manage climate change and other environmental issues.

Meanwhile, the Forest Act of 2019 was formulated to manage and utilize various types of forests in Nepal, including state-managed forests, community forests, collaborative forests, leasehold forests, religious forests, and private forests. Its provisions encompass benefits from carbon sequestration, emission reduction, and climate change adaptation as determined by the government.

Local government and risk reduction

The Local Government Operation Act, 2017 includes provisions for disaster management, environment conservation and protection, land management, and natural resource management as a joint responsibility of the federal and provincial governments. However, the Act overlooks special attention to climate change risks and necessary adaptation measures. Local governments have an environment and disaster management unit, but due to poor capacity, providing timely and effective responses for vulnerable communities (such as the poor, Dalit, marginalized, and indigenous people) during disasters is challenging.

Similarly, the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act, 2017 provides a legislative framework for managing disaster risks, including those exacerbated by climate change. It emphasizes preparedness, response, and recovery strategies. The Act establishes the District Disaster Management Committee and the Local Disaster Management Committee, which have functions and powers related to relief, recovery, rehabilitation, and resettlement. However, the Act is silent on issues of tenure security and tenure rights. Additionally, it includes provisions for a disaster and emergency fund to support disaster relief and response activities.

Climate change and environment policy

The National Climate Change Policy, 2019, is Nepal’s primary document on climate change, replacing the National Climate Change Policy, 2011. It aims to incorporate climate change considerations into all government policies, strategies, plans, and programs across various levels and sectors to promote low-carbon development and a green economy. The policy outlines agriculture-based adaptation programs targeting poor, marginalized, landless, indigenous people, vulnerable households, women, and persons with disabilities. However, it does not recognize women and marginalized groups as agents of change. It mandates that at least 80 percent of the climate finance received from international mechanisms should be used for local-level climate change projects.

The National Environment Policy, 2019, focuses primarily on addressing pollution and other environmental issues. It emphasizes environmental justice by applying penalties to environmental polluters (following the principle that polluters must pay) and compensating affected individuals and communities.

Net zero emission strategy

Nepal's Long-term Strategy for Net Zero Emission, 2021, aims for the country to achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2045. The strategy emphasizes maximizing clean energy sources such as hydropower, solar energy, and biogas; decarbonizing the transportation sector; promoting sustainable agriculture; increasing and maintaining forest cover; and enhancing international cooperation on climate change mitigation and adaptation. It reaffirms the principles of Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) and Leave No One Behind (LNOB) during the implementation phase.

NDC and adaptation plan

The Second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), 2020, explicitly targets gender sensitivity in both mitigation and adaptation components, identifying Gender Equality and Social Inclusion (GESI) as a crosscutting area. It mandates “equal access to women, children, youth, indigenous people, and marginalized groups during participation, decision-making, and benefit-sharing.” By 2030, it requires all local governments to prepare and implement climate adaptation plans focusing on women, differently-abled individuals, children, senior citizens, youth, and indigenous people.

The National Adaptation Plan 2021-2050 outlines short-term priority actions until 2025, medium-term priority programs until 2030, and long-term adaptation strategic goals until 2050. These aim to help Nepal better integrate actions and strategies to address climate risk and vulnerability. The plan recognizes women, indigenous people, and persons with disabilities as “vulnerable to current and projected climate hazards.”

L&D framework

In response to the Paris Agreement and the increase in extreme events within the country, the government developed the National Framework on Climate Induced Loss and Damage (L&D) in 2021. This framework presents a comprehensive strategy to address the impacts of climate change on the nation. It provides financial support, including insurance and compensation schemes, as well as technical and institutional assistance to communities adversely affected by climate change. The framework demonstrates Nepal’s commitment to tackling climate change challenges and protecting its people and environment from the adverse effects of climate-induced loss and damage.

A research paper published by ActionAid Nepal and conducted by the Environment and Engineering Research Center (EERC) indicates that key elements of climate justice are either missing or not clearly integrated into Nepal’s current climate-related laws and policies. The paper highlights the prevalent belief that poor, vulnerable, and marginalized communities should receive disaster preparedness training and support for rescue, relief, rehabilitation, and resettlement. However, these groups are often seen merely as recipients of support rather than as individuals or communities with rights to protection from climate-induced disasters.

The research paper highlights several challenges in implementing and enforcing climate-related laws and policies. One major issue is the presence of competing legal provisions, with overlapping jurisdictions among federal, provincial, and local governments, especially in areas like disaster management. Additionally, inadequate inter-ministry coordination at both horizontal levels (such as between conservation and development ministries at the federal level) and vertical levels (federal, provincial, and local) hinders progress. The complex nature of carbon emission mitigation and climate adaptation demands synchronized efforts, which are often lacking.

Capacity gaps at subnational levels further complicate the situation, as provincial and local governments frequently lack the necessary understanding and resources to address climate vulnerability and its impacts on agriculture, food security, public health, infrastructure, livelihoods, and forests. The issue is compounded by data deficiency, with Nepal suffering from a lack of updated and aggregated data on climate-induced hazards, loss, and damage. Overlapping jurisdictions can lead to scattered data across different levels of government, impeding comprehensive national-level data collection and analysis.

Inadequate budget allocation and climate finance management also pose significant challenges. Competing national priorities result in insufficient funding for climate initiatives, with a heavy reliance on international sources. The late climate budget tagging exercise and a lack of prioritization based on climate impact evaluation further weaken climate finance management.

Climate finance

Addressing climate change effectively requires legislative frameworks that facilitate adequate financing mechanisms for climate justice, particularly in adaptation and mitigation activities. However, several legislative gaps hinder the mobilization, allocation, and utilization of climate finance. The current legislative framework often lacks clarity on funding priorities and the distribution of climate funds, and it does not clearly define funding for priority areas and vulnerable populations.

Key financial funds and mechanisms established by law include the Environmental Protection Fund, created under the Environment Protection Act, 2019, and the Disaster and Emergency Fund, provisioned by the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act, 2017. Additional sources of climate finance come from national budget allocations, international climate finance through UNFCCC mechanisms, and climate-related budgets secured through bilateral relations and multilateral organizations, such as the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank (ADB).

The COP28 UN Climate Change Conference in Dubai concluded with a historic agreement on the operationalization of funding arrangements to address loss and damage. Commitments to address loss and damage started pouring in immediately after the decision was finalized, accumulating over $661m to date. But can Nepal benefit from these funds?

Lawmaker Madhav Sapkota notes that Nepal still lacks about nine essential Acts, which complicates the process of securing loss and damage (L&D) funds. He suggests establishing informal forums such as a ‘Climate Parliament’, an international cross-party network of legislators focused on combating climate change and promoting renewable energy. He points out that neighboring countries like India, Bangladesh, and Bhutan are already part of the Climate Parliament.

Development of climate change legislation in Nepal

• 1992: UNFCCC conference in Brazil
• 2005: Kyoto Protocol
• 2010: Readiness preparation proposal for REED
• 2010: National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA)
• 2011: Local Adaptation Plans for Action (LAPA) framework
• 2011: Climate change policy
• 2012: Rio+ 20
• 2015: Paris Agreement
• 2016: Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)
• 2018: National REED+ strategy
• 2019: Climate change policy 2019
• 2019: Revised LAPA framework
• 2019: Climate change budget code
• 2020: Second NDC
• 2021: National Adaptation Plan (NAP)
• 2022: National framework on climate induced L&D
• 2022: Strategy for net-zero emission
• 2022: Assessment of climate financing allocation
• 2023: NAP 2021-2050

A regional turboprop plane carrying 62 people crashed near Sao Paulo in Brazil on Friday, killing all on board, local officials near the crash site said.

Video shared on social media showed what appeared to be the ATR-made plane spinning out of control as it plunged down behind a cluster of trees near houses, followed by a large plume of black smoke.

City officials at Valinhos, near Vinhedo, said there were no survivors and only one home in the local condominium complex had been damaged while none of the residents were hurt.

"I have to be the bearer of really bad news," said President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva speaking at an event shortly after the crash. He asked for a minute of silence for the victims of the crash.

Airline Voepass said the plane, which had taken off from Cascavel, in the state of Parana, bound for Sao Paulo's main international airport, crashed in the town of Vinhedo, about 80 km (50 miles) northwest of Sao Paulo.

Two years ago, Bidur Dangol of Vajra Books informed me about the arrival of three rare and expensive copies of the translated Muluki Ain from Heidelberg University, Germany. After several discussions, we decided to publish an affordable edition of the Muluki Ain. The Muluki Ain, initially introduced by Prime Minister Jang Bahadur Rana in 1854, evolved significantly over time. While it was simply known as Ain during much of the Rana regime, it took its current form only in the 1952 editions, after the fall of the Rana regime. Regardless, it remains a pioneering legal code in Nepal, introduced at a time when many countries did not have constitutions, making it pivotal to the legal, social, and political history of Nepal and relevant to the entire South Asian region.

The Muluki Ain was particularly notable given the absence of trained jurists in Nepal at the time and the lack of a direct impetus for such comprehensive codification in the mid-19th century. It aimed to replace fragmented regional legal systems, bringing Nepal under a single legal framework. Before this, King Prithivi Narayan Shah had promulgated various Ain, including the Rajkaj Ain of 1768, but none were as comprehensive as the Muluki Ain. The current English version has been meticulously translated and analyzed by three prominent scholars: Dr. Rajan Khatiwoda, Dr. Simon Cubelic, and Prof. Dr. Axel Michaels, who have a deep understanding of Hindu jurisprudence practiced in Bharatbarsha.

Although attributed to Jang Bahadur Rana, the Muluki Ain was further improved by the law council (Ain Kausala), which consisted of around 230 members from various walks of life, including senior members of the Rana family, Rajgurus, Chautariyas, civil and military officers, and notable individuals from various regions. This contribution is duly acknowledged by the translators. Interestingly, the Muluki Ain also replaced the 'Kitabisawal' with the 'Mulukisawal' issued by the same council and published by Gorkhapatra Chapakhana in 1936.

As explained in the preface, the Muluki Ain is "a book that is more quoted than understood." This may be due to various interpretations and misinterpretations over time. The text predominantly encapsulates Brahmanical social ideas, legal concepts, and local practices, vividly portraying the socio-economic and religious complexities of mid-19th century Nepal.

The primary objective of this publication is to make the Muluki Ain accessible to a wider audience and inform them about its significance. While scholars have different opinions about it, very few have thoroughly read it. Many make sweeping statements about it, including both native and foreign scholars. Some foreign scholars have worked on the Muluki Ain, but their perspectives may not fully capture its essence. Societies evolve, and understanding the dynamics of a historical society is crucial. The Muluki Ain offers ample opportunities to understand laws surrounding caste and family systems, purity and sexuality, and punishment systems in 19th-century Nepal. The text covers penalties for a wide range of offenses, from serious crimes like theft and murder to minor infractions such as spitting and farting, offering a fascinating glimpse into the social norms and legal practices of the time.

The current translation will greatly aid scholars, researchers, and those interested in the socio-economic and political environment of South Asia and Nepal. One of the translators rightly argues that legal codification, a first step towards constitutional law, is not entirely a positive law nor based on the modern concept of equality before the law. However, it should be understood and analyzed as a historical text, a unique example of the codification process in South Asia at a time when such processes were limited to the Western world, starting from Europe with Prussia (1794), France (1804), the Habsburg monarchy (1812), and Japan (1896-1898).

Saubhagya Pradhananga, former head of the National Archives of Nepal, echoes this sentiment in the preface, stating that the book will become a crucial resource for understanding the role of law in the formation of modern Nepal. It will be useful for scholars, students, journalists, and others interested in how Nepal has evolved over time. Originally published by Heidelberg University, Vajra Books has now made this seminal work readily available to Nepalese and South Asian audiences. Bidur Dangol and Vajra Books deserve congratulations for bringing this work to the public. The book was published on the 20th anniversary of Vajra Books in Thamel, with a 20 percent discount offered on it.