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Chinese President Xi Jinping is expected to clinch power for a third consecutive term this week. On October 16, hundreds of party delegates—provincial representatives, top military brass, and representation from farmers and minority communities—will assemble in the Great Hall of China to endorse Xi. The gathering will also pick new faces who shall dictate China’s military, economy, and foreign policies. Over the past decade, China has become more assertive, projecting itself as a superpower.  So what can Nepal expect from five more years of Xi?  Since he took office in 2013, like everywhere, China adopted an aggressive policy towards Nepal, particularly to counter Western influence. In 2019, Xi visited Nepal to elevate comprehensive bilateral ties into a “strategic” one. He pledged to transform Nepal from a “land-locked country to a land-linked country”. Since Xi’s trip, China has been pressing Nepal to implement the agreement reached between the two countries. Pramod Jaiswal, who follows China’s South Asia policy, says Xi is one of the few Chinese presidents to visit Nepal so he places a high priority on Nepal. “Xi sees Nepal as a gateway to South Asia,” says Jaiswal. “He views South Asia as a very important region to materialize his pet project, the Belt and Road Initiative. I believe that he is going to further deepen ties with Nepal during this third term.” Soon after taking charge as the president of China in 2013, Xi stressed peripheral diplomacy.  Doing well in peripheral diplomatic work, he said at the time, was necessary for China to achieve the "Two Centuries" objective and realize the great rejuvenation of Chinese nation. In the final days of this second term, Xi dispatched his senior colleagues to Nepal to keep tabs on the Western influence in Kathmandu. With growing tensions between Beijing and Washington over numerous issues, including the human rights issues of the Tibetan community, Xi’s China is likely to adopt a more aggressive approach to protect its security interest. Beijing is already pushing its new campaigns, such as Global Security Initiatives and Global Development Initiatives, which has put Kathmandu in a precarious position. Upendra Gautam, general secretary at China Study Center, says China’s key priorities are security and development. “Nepal can take a lot of economic benefits, but we do not have any clear vision on our engagement with China. We could not even take advantage of what Xi had pledged during his Nepal visit in 2019,” says Gautam. “The main problem is we are unable to take independent decisions when dealing with major powers.” He adds Nepal seldom does enough homework to identify its needs to present them before China. “Nepal should pursue an independent foreign policy. Geopolitical pressures and concerns are always there, but we can handle those issues with right vision and leadership.”

In February this year, Nepal’s parliament decided to endorse the $500 grant assistance from the US under its Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) amid intense uproar from some political parties. Eight months later, the hullabaloo over the US program has subsided. It is no longer a political agenda for the parties who had raised a stink over its ratification. It will take another 10 months for the US compact to formally begin (Aug 23) their five-year time-bound projects. Signed in 2017, the MCC was scheduled to begin in 2019, but it got delayed due to the controversy generated by some political parties and a section of society over some of its provisions. Since its endorsement, the two components of the compact, construction of transmission line and road maintenance, are taking off, albeit gradually. Rajiv Dahal, information officer of Millennium Challenge Account Nepal, says there are no political or security challenges for project implementation. To speed up the construction of the transmission line, he tells ApEx that MCA-Nepal is handling the issues related to land acquisition for the construction of substations, lines, and key towers. Land acquisition process for setting up four sub-stations is almost over. There are some minor issues, but they will not pose a big problem. As for acquiring land for the tower and line, Dahal says the process may take some time because the affected population may raise some issues. Officials doubt the land acquisition process will be easily settled. Another challenge for the project is conducting forest census and clearing trees to erect around 850 towers. But despite the challenges, officials remain hopeful about starting the projects within the stipulated date. For this, they are closely working with the concerned district administration offices. Another component of the MCC is road upgradation. Again, there are a few challenges here. Initially, there was an agreement for carrying out upgradation work on road sections with a combined length of 305 km. But there have been some changes on the original plan. Now, under the pilot program, a 40-km section of the East-West Highway, from Shivakhola to Dhankhola in Dang district, will be upgraded adopting latest technology. Based on the success and experience of this pilot program, the road project could be expanded. Officials say there are no problems concerning the budget. The MCC headquarters that had previously withheld the funds following the program’s controversy in Nepal has been released now. The MCC headquarters, as well as the Nepal government, are releasing the required money for land acquisition and payment to international bidders. There have been some push backs against the MCC compact by fringe communist parties, including the Netra Bikram Chand-led Communist Party of Nepal, but not on a large scale. Meanwhile, China, which had previously expressed strong disdain for the US program, is maintaining a silence. The fact that major parties are not protesting the compact anymore is a respite for the MCC officials, though some politicians are still showing concerns over the 12-point interpretative declaration endorsed by Parliament along with the compact. While Nepal has been maintaining that the interpretative declaration is an essential part of the compact, the US side has not said anything. The current five-party alliance, which endorsed the MCC, is likely to return to power after the November elections. So officials expect the projects under the compact to move ahead smoothly. For more than three years, political parties were sharply divided over the MCC. Now, as the parties are busy preparing for the November 20 polls, the heavily contested topic has suddenly become irrelevant. Binoj Basnyat, strategic affairs analyst and a former Nepal Army major general, believes the MCC projects will move smoothly and that chances of opposition are very low. Once the projects start delivering and people start realizing their benefits, he says, there will be no room for opposition.  

Nepali voters will head to the polling stations on Nov 20 to elect their representatives to the federal parliament and provincial assemblies. It will be the eighth general election conducted to elect the House of Representatives (HoR), which is responsible for electing government and law making. The first was conducted in 1959. This week, ApEx reflects on the electoral history of Nepal. 1959 The first general election of Nepal was held in multiple phases, which began in February and lasted 45 days. This was the first election conducted on the principle of adult franchise and secret ballot. The voting took place to elect a bicameral house—House of Representative (HoR) and Upper House. Nine political parties and some independent candidates were in the fray. There were 109 members in the HoR and all of them were elected under first-past-the-post (FPTP) category. Candidates from six parties and four independents got elected. The Nepal Congress (NC) secured a two-thirds majority in the HoR, bagging 74 seats. Following the election, BP Koirala of the NC became the first democratically elected prime minister of Nepal. But King Mahendra dismissed Koirala in 1960. Thus, started the 30 years of party-less Panchayat regime. The monarchy set up a rubber- stamp legislature. One notable election conducted during the Panchayat period was the 1980 referendum between either multiparty democracy or reformed Panchayat regime. 1991 The first general election after the restoration of democracy in 1990 was conducted on May 12, 1991.  The polls took place in 205 constituencies and the number of candidates was 1,345. Eighty women candidates contested in the historic election but only seven were elected to the HoR. The NC won 110 seats to form a single majority government. The party’s immediate rival, CPN-UML, won 69 seats. Leaders from eight political parties and three independent candidates were also elected. Samyukta Janamorcha, Nepal Sadbhawna Party and Rastriya Prajanatra Party (Chand) won nine, six and three seats respectively. Likewise, Nepal Majdoor Kisan Party and Nepal Communist Party settled for two seats each, while the Rastriya Prajatantra Party (Thapa) won just one seat. After the election, Congress leader Girija Prasad Koirala became prime minister. But he dissolved the parliament after three years due to the party dispute, paving way for the mid-term elections. 1994 The mid-term election was held on Nov 13, 1994. Altogether 24 political parties contested in the polls. Five parties and seven independent candidates emerged victorious, with the UML becoming the largest party after winning 88 seats. The Congress came a close second with 83 seats. The Rastriya Prajatantra Party, Nepal Sadbhawana Party and Nepal Majdoor Kishan Party won 20, three, and four seats respectively. UML leader Manmohan Adhikari became the first communist prime minister after the election. He formed a coalition government securing support from royalist parties. Eighty-six women had contested the election but only seven women won. 1999 The 1999 general election was staged in two phases on May 3 and May 17. Out of 39 political parties fighting the election, six emerged victorious to become national parties. The NC became the largest party after winning 111 seats, followed by the UML with 71 seats. The Rastriya Prajatantra Party won 11 seats, while CPN (ML) and Nepal Sadbhawana Party secured five seats each. Samyukta Janamorcha and Nepal Majdoor Kisan Party won one seat each. Twelve women lawmakers were also elected. After this election, NC leader Krishna Prasad Bhattarai became prime minister. 2008 The election to the first Constituents Assembly (CA) was conducted on April 10, 2008. Of the 601 seats in the assembly, 240 were directly contested under first-past-the-post (FPTP) voting system, 335 under the proportional representation (PR) and 25 members were nominated by the Council of Ministers. The CPN (Maoist Center)—UCPN (Maoist) at the time—emerged as the largest party, securing 226 seats and the chairman of the party Pushpa Kamal Dahal became prime minister. After the unification with other fringe parties, the number of Maoist seats reached 240. NC and UML secured 109 and 103 seats respectively. Initially, there were 19 parties in the CA, which later reached 32 due to multiple splits among the fringe forces. Two independent candidates also won the elections, while 25 members were nominated by the Council of Ministers. But the CA was dissolved in 2012 after it failed to deliver on the mandate of promulgating a new constitution.  2013 The second CA election took place on Nov 19, 2013. The government led by the then chief justice Khil Raj Regmi conducted the polls. Altogether 240 members were elected under the FPTP system and 335 under the PR category. Similarly, the Council of Ministers appointed 24 members. The NC emerged as the largest party with 196 seats, while the UML and Maoist party came second and third after winning 179 and 80 seats respectively. Sushil Koirala of Congress became the prime minister with the support of the UML. The second CA drafted and promulgated the new constitution of Nepal in September 2015. 2017 The first parliamentary and provincial level elections under the 2015 constitution were held in two phases on Nov 26 and Dec 3, 2017. Under the FPTP category 55 political parties and under PR 49 political parties participated in the elections; 165 lawmakers were elected under the FPTP system and 110 under the PR category.  The UML emerged as the largest party securing 121 seats, while the NC came second with 63 seats. The Maoist party secured 52 seats. Soon after the elections, the UML and Maoist merged to form the Nepal Communist Party (NCP), the largest communist force in Nepal’s political history. KP Oli then became prime minister. Altogether 10 parties were represented in the HoR. Note: This compilation does not include the local elections, elections of the upper house, and elections held by the erstwhile monarchy during the 30 years of partyless Panchayat regime.  

On March 3, Nepal along with 141 countries voted in favor of a resolution that ‘deplores in the strongest terms the aggression by the Russian Federation against Ukraine.’ Five countries voted against the motion, while 25 countries remained absent. Nepal’s voting led to a souring of the relationship between Kathmandu and Moscow. Immediately, Russia through public and diplomatic channels expressed its displeasure. Domestic opinions were also divided over the government’s position on the Russia-Ukraine war. “We condemned the attack on Feb 24 and voted in the UN as well, and our position remains the same but there is a realization that we need to restore our cordial ties with Moscow,” says a senior Foreign Ministry source.  Despite the Kremlin's displeasure, the official says, Nepal is still on Russia’s friendly list. He goes on to claim that Vladimir Putin himself places high importance to Nepal. Milan Kumar Tuladhar, Nepal’s newly appointed ambassador to Russia, says though Nepal’s position with respect to the Ukraine conflict did not go down very well in Moscow, “our long-standing ties with Russia need to be further developed for our own benefit.”  Tuladhar has extended an invitation to Putin to visit Nepal in 2023 when the Russian leader is scheduled to visit India.   At a time when European and western countries have imposed sanctions on Russia, the Kremlin is keen to deepen ties with Asian countries, which could provide an opportunity for Nepal as well, say officials.  South Asian countries like India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh have already started to expand their areas of cooperation with Russia. Ambassador Tuladhar says this is the right opportunity to deepen collaboration with Moscow in areas such as tourism, trade, and investment.  “Over the past few years, Nepal is facing a chronic problem with fertilizer and we can easily seal a deal on it with Russia to overcome the crisis, says Tuladhar.” “Tourism is another vital area where the two countries can cooperate.”

Who takes a final call on Nepal’s foreign policy matters?  Obviously, it is the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers can only offer advice, or, to some extent, dictate some issues pertaining to foreign affairs.  But our leaders, senior officials and ministries always tend to bypass the Foreign Ministry in the decision-making process. The latest example of this is President Bidya Devi Bhandari’s participation in a high-level meeting of Global Security Initiatives (GSI), a global governance and security architecture unveiled by Chinese President Xi Jinping at the Boa Forum for Asia in April. As Nepal has not made any position on GSI, the Foreign Ministry had advised President Bhandari not to participate in the meeting. The letter sent to the Office of the President by the ministry, which has been leaked to the public reads: “Discussions are under way at the high-level whether to participate in GSI and there is not a concrete position on it so it is appropriate not to participate in it.”  Yet, the president went against the advice and joined the meeting anyway. Her decision, many foreign policy experts say, goes against the stated position of not joining any military alliances. This has raised a serious question on who advised Bhandari to attend the meeting or whether she deliberately defied Foreign Ministry’s advice. “The ministry should be at the center of all external engagements and communication but this is not happening which must be immediately corrected,” says Ramesh Khanal, career diplomat and former Nepali ambassador to Germany.  According to a high-level political source, Bhandari did not take the decision on her own. Top leaders of major parties including Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba advised her to attend the meeting, saying that discarding the invitation will not send out a good message to China.  Nepali leaders and high-ranking officials have long been ignoring the input of Foreign Ministry. Just a few months ago it was revealed that the then Nepal Army chief Rajendra Chhetri had written a letter to the US expressing willingness to join America’s State Partnership Program (SPP) without informing political leadership and the ministry. Similarly, the country’s leadership had sidelined the Foreign Ministry from the entire process of America’s Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) project.  The mess in the conduct of foreign policy has become more evident after the formation of the current five-party-coalition in July 2021. Members of the ruling coalition are not on the same page on the issue of international relations. They have their own vision and priorities.   Prime Minister Deuba is more inclined toward the democratic world and less keen on engaging with China, while Pushpa Kamal Dahal, leader of CPN (Maoist Center), prefers more close ties with China. Meanwhile, President Bidya Devi Bhandari, who comes from the main opposition, CPN-UML, is reportedly unhappy with several decisions related to foreign affairs taken by the Deuba government. A high level source tells ApEx to appease Dahal, Prime Minister Deuba has taken some unpleasant decisions on foreign affairs.  Arun Subedi, prime minister’s foreign policy advisor, also admits there are gaps when it comes to coordination among key state institutions and they are working to fix it.   As big countries like the US and China are coming up with new strategies in order to counter each other in the Indo-Pacific region, institutions like the Foreign Ministry should be strengthened.  “Our leaders should strengthen Foreign Ministry and its subordinates, including government think-tanks to study the strategies of big countries,” says a senior official at the ministry. “And to avoid controversy, they should speak or take position on the basis of the report prepared by the think-tanks.” But politicians, who lack nuanced understanding of critical geopolitical decisions, have hijacked the decision-making process of the Foreign Ministry, creating more problems than resolving them. One example of this is Nepal’s position on the Russia-Ukraine war. A senior official at the Foreign Ministry says though they had advised the political leadership to stay neutral in the UN voting, the government decided to vote against the Russian invasion. Since Nepal’s institutions are not strong and lack the habit of coordinating among one another, representatives of big countries directly contact their favorable leaders or government ministries whenever they need something from Nepal. For instance, China relies on CPN (Maoist Center) to convey its key messages to the government, while other countries have a direct approach in Baluwatar. Instead of visiting the Foreign Ministry, ambassadors are often seen frequenting the residences of politicians, ministries, Baluwatar and Sheetal Niwas with their agendas. “Ideally, each and every issue relating to external affairs should be cleared from the Foreign Ministry but in Nepal, it seems like other ministries have a free hand to take decisions,” says former ambassador Khanal. According to a ruling party leader, Deuba and Dahal take decisions on key foreign policy matters in mutual consultation these days.  “Many of the Deuba’s foreign policy, be it America’s SPP or India’s Agnipath, were shaped by Dahal’s position. Deuba simply relented due to keep the coalition intact,” says the leader.  Meanwhile, Minister for Foreign Affairs Narayan Khadka, who can play a vital role to ensure the coordination among the major actors, has not been showing much enthusiasm in his work.   He has been known to delegate his duties to others. The source at the ministry says Khadka keeps visiting his electoral constituency in Udayapur, ignoring his ministerial responsibilities.  In fact, ever since his appointment, Khadka has barely agreed for an interview with the press.  Former ambassador Khanal says Foreign Ministry’s role should be further expanded and strengthened in order to address the current mess.   “Had the ministry been allowed to play its role properly, so much of the controversies regarding MCC and SPP could have been avoided.”

Nepal government has appointed Milan Raj Tuladhar as its new Ambassador to Russia. Tuladhar assumes his office amid a critical time in history. Russia is waging a war in Ukraine, much to the disapprobation of the democratic countries around the world. Kamal Dev Bhattarai of ApEx talked to Tuladhar about the ongoing war, its implications to the larger world and the bilateral ties between Nepal and Russia.  How do you see the current state of Nepal-Russia relations?  Nepal and Russia share a deep and meaningful relationship since its establishment in 1956. Even during the difficult years of 1990s both in Nepal and Russia, we continued our bilateral engagements. Some of the countries had closed their embassies in Moscow during the period.  Russia has changed as a country since 2001 when the country started seeing a rapid growth in its economy. It, once again, became a superpower in the present multipolar world. So, our relationship with Russia is very important. Both countries place high priority on maintaining good relations. How has the ongoing war impacted bilateral relations?  Well, I have to explain what Russia has to say in this regard. Russia does not call it a war, but it is "a limited military operation". The insurgency in the eastern Ukraine called Donbas has been a well-known reality since 2014. In fact, the predominantly Russian-speaking people there have maintained their apprehension ever since the separation of Ukraine from the Soviet Union in 1991. In recent times, the situation has gotten more complicated for various reasons.  We have always stood for peaceful settlement of all conflicts. One notable point here is that Russia has been advocating for increasing cooperation in Eurasia, which also offers us a good opportunity to augment our cooperation. The ongoing situation in east Europe should not come in the way of the development of our mutual relations. What are your key priorities as a new ambassador to Russia?   Promotion of tourism is one of my key priorities. As per the record of the World Trade Organization, Russia was one of the largest tourism exporting countries before the covid pandemic. Post-pandemic, there is great potential in store for us. After I arrived here in Moscow, I have seen many such interests from the people here. In view of this, we have made available relevant materials in Russian language on our embassy website. I would also like to request hoteliers and other tourism entrepreneurs of Nepal to take some proactive action such as using Russian booking websites like Travel.ru and yandex.ru for providing links to their business and also establishing contacts with agents here.  Recently, there were issues with using booking.com and other sites here. Doing direct marketing with Russia would be highly profitable. We are talking about the market of 60m potential tourists here. I also see a scope for religious relations. Out of 22 republics, four republics have a dominant population of Buddhists. In other places also, there are a large number of Buddhist followers. As Nepal is the birthplace of Shakyamuni Buddha, there is a great potential of their interest in Nepal.  I recently visited one of the oldest Buddhist temples of the country in Saint Petersburg. I conducted Buddha Puja to consecrate the Buddha statue that I had brought from Patan as a gift to the temple.  I saw great interest from the monks and other large numbers of visitors there. This weekend, I will be visiting another Buddhist dominated area in Buriyati, in the Baikal region of Russia. The Russian Buddhists are also making a Russian temple in Lumbini. With all these activities, I hope that the peaceful path of Buddhism can help further strengthen our relations. [caption id="attachment_31763" align="alignnone" width="1024"] Tuladhar handing over a Buddha statue to the head priest of the Buddhist Temple in Saint Petersburg, Russia on 2 Sept 2022.[/caption] What about cooperation in Trade and Investment? Russia is the biggest exporter of fertilizer, wheat and many other products in the world. It has been organizing distribution of 300,000 tons of fertilizer to Africa for free as international trade with Russia has been restricted as a result of sanctions. I see that direct trade with Russia can meet some of Nepal’s dire needs.  Similarly, there is also a great demand for Nepali tea, coffee, handicrafts, etc. There has to be an initiative from our side to find a long term-solution to our acute fertilizer shortage. I hope that there will be an increase in trade in the coming days. It is reported that Russia is unhappy with Nepal’s position in the Russia-Ukraine war. Do you sense that?  Nepal is a non-aligned country. We have committed to non-alignment, Panchasheel and adherence to the UN charter by enshrining their principles in our constitution. It is true that our position in February 2022 in respect to the Ukraine conflict did not go down very well here. Despite that, our long-standing ties with Russia need to be further developed for our own benefit.  What is the current status of Nepali students and workers in Russia?  There is a large number of Nepalis living in Russia. It all began with thousands of Nepali students coming here during the 1960s and 1970s for their studies. There are almost a dozen former ministers in Nepal who were ex-students of the Soviet Union. You will find hundreds of good doctors and engineers who were educated in the Soviet Union and later in Russia. Some of the Nepali people have settled in Russia. Because of a large number of Nepali diaspora, the Non-resident Nepali (NRN) movement started from Russia and it has become a worldwide organization now. Similarly, the high quality educational institutions in Russia are attracting more and more of Nepali students here. All interested students are requested to directly contact the institutions through emails if they wish to study here. The Russian Cultural Centre in Kathmandu can also help them. Here, I feel it is also important to talk about the recent phenomenon of distortions and extortions by some manpower agencies. They have been wrongly advising the Nepali youths that Russia can be a conduit to enter into other parts of Europe with present conflict as a pretext. This misinformation and exploitation have resulted in many innocent people landing in difficulty here. The rules here are very strict including the border security. Some of such misguided visitors were stranded without money and food here. So, I request the general public to be aware of such unscrupulous agents. We have placed a notice in this regard on our website as well.

The 77th session of the United Nations General Assembly is under way in New York, US. The key session or the general debate, where world leaders are addressing, started on Sept 20 and it will end on the 26th. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, UNGA was held in a hybrid format in 2020 and 2021. This year, it is going to be a fully in-person event. The gathering of world leaders is an opportunity for high-level dignitaries to visit the UN headquarters and discuss world issues. It is also an opportunity to hold bilateral talks on the margins of the assembly. Indian and Chinese foreign ministers S Jainshankar and Wang Yi respectively are scheduled to address the assembly. Nepal’s Foreign Minister Narayan Khadka, however, sent Foreign Secretary Bharat Raj Paudyal in his lieu. Geopolitical analyst Geja Sharma Wagle says it would have been better if there were a high-level participation from Nepal in the UNGA. “It may be due to the internal political situation but it seems the foreign minister is not working proactively since assuming the office,” he says. Khadka refused to attend, citing the looming elections. But this is not the first time he has passed on the chance to represent Nepal at the global stage. Back in April, he had refused to attend the Raisina Dialogue organized by Observer Research Foundation in New Delhi. A source at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs says Khadka is not comfortable visiting foreign countries, particularly if that meant participating in international programs. He has not shown interest in the works of the ministry as well. He has been known to delegate his duties to others. The source at the ministry says Khadka keeps visiting his electoral constituency in Udayapur, ignoring his ministerial responsibilities. Ever since his appointment, he has barely agreed for an interview with the press. There has been no prime ministerial-level participation from Nepal in the annual UN gathering of member countries since 2018. That year, KP Sharma Oli led the Nepali delegation to the UN headquarters. In 2019, the UNGA was attended by then foreign minister Pradeep Kumar Gyawali, and in 2020 and 2021, Nepal’s prime ministers had virtually addressed the event.  

India, China and the US have stepped up their engagements with Nepal in recent months. There has been a series of diplomatic exchanges and visits to and from these countries, which some foreign affairs experts say is unprecedented.  But these are unprecedented times. China-US rivalry for global supremacy is at an all-time high. India, meanwhile, has its own set of security and economic concerns as its influence in South Asia, its old stomping ground, is fast waning due to China’s aggressive economic diplomacy.   Nepal is in a tight spot as it seeks to maintain a balanced relations with India, China and the US all at the same time, says Arun Subedi, foreign affairs advisor to Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba “China’s expectations, for instance, have gone up recently. It is seeking our support in the South China Sea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and other issues,” he says.  Recently, China’s top legislature Li Zhanshu spent four days in Nepal. During his stay, he met with Nepali leaders and discussed a wide range of issues.  China’s concern that Nepal is tilting towards the West, particularly under the current leadership of the Nepali Congress, is no secret. It is also obvious that Beijing wants to implant a strong foothold in Kathmandu. One of his key agendas of Li’s recent visit was inking an agreement that allows cooperation between Nepal’s parliament and China’s National People’s Congress, a rubber stamp parliament of China.  From the Nepali leaders, the top Chinese leader got the oft-repeated reassurance that they are committed to ‘One China’ policy, that they won’t allow Nepali soil to be used for any anti-China activities. Soon after Li’s visit, Chinese state media Xinhua reported that Nepal supports China’s position on Taiwan and Xinjiang.  “He [Li] thanked the Nepalese side for unswervingly adhering to the One-China principle, and supporting China's position on the Taiwan question and issues concerning Tibet, Xinjiang and human rights,” wrote Xinhua. The Deuba government is reportedly unhappy with what was reported by the Chinese media, for it has the potential of causing rifts with India and the US.    Earlier, Chinese Ambassador to Nepal Hou Yanqi had written an article stating that Nepal actively supports the Global Development Initiative and China’s Global Security Initiatives. Then, too, the Nepal government was put ill at ease.  But on both occasions, the government made no effort to clarify the matter.  Deuba’s foreign affairs advisor Subedi, who is known to be critical of Chinese policies, is of the view that Nepal should revisit its long-standing non-alignment policy to get out from the current diplomatic tangle involving multiple parties. Foreign policy experts say for Kathmandu, maintaining a balanced ties with the US and China has become more of a demanding job than between India and China in recent times.   The dust-up between Beijing and Washington over whether Nepal should or should not join the US-sponsored Millennium Corporation Challenge and State Partnership Program show how deep Kathmandu is caught up in the geopolitical rivalry of these two giants. Amid growing tensions between China and US, India too has stepped up its engagements with Nepal and other South Asian countries, like Bangladesh, Maldives and Sri Lanka, to retain its traditional sphere of influence.  Time and again, India has voiced its concern regarding China’s flagship Belt and Road Initiative, warning that it is a debt trap diplomacy that upended Sri Lanka’s economy.  All the while Nepal’s leadership is caught in a paralyzing indecision on matters vital to the country’s foreign policy. One of the major reasons for this indecision is the divergent views, ideology and priority within the ruling five-party coalition.  The Nepali Congress has historically supported India and the West. The CPN (Maoist Center), on the other hand, is more inclined towards China. Political analysts say you get indecisive when parties with diametrically opposite ideologies are placed in the governing seat. If this situation persists, they say future projects by big countries in Nepal can easily plunge into a controversy.  Rajan Bhattarai, foreign affairs advisor to former prime minister KP Sharma Oli, blames the current government for failing to maintain a balanced relationship with China, India and the US.  “This government has taken the approach of appeasing one power at the cost of antagonizing the other,” he says. “If we do not correct the course, the balance will tip irrevocably.”   A source at the Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers says the government has been facing increasing pressures from Beijing, New Delhi and Washington.   “They are taking the liberty of issuing press statements saying that Nepal supports some specific agendas or projects.” The source adds like India did in the past, now China and the US are trying to dictate how Nepal should conduct its foreign policy.   Experts on political affairs and foreign relations say Nepali leadership should stop giving into diplomatic arm-twisting by the forign powers and come up with a clear roadmap to engage with them.    Don McLain Gill,  a Philippines-based geopolitical analyst and author specializing in Indo-Pacific affairs, says small states must be able to provide major powers with a less ambiguous roadmap of engagement without fearing the loss of support from either state. “This does not mean that small states should seek to disturb the balance. Rather, they should aim to maintain the status quo without further exacerbating the balance of power,” he says. “This will provide them with a more conducive environment for growth, development, and security.”   In the era of great power competition, they say smaller countries like Nepal, there is not much that small countries can do, says Zhiqun Zhu, professor of political science and international relations as well as the inaugural director of the China Institute, at Bucknell University, US. “The best strategy for small countries in South Asia and elsewhere is perhaps to focus on domestic development and not get involved in the great power rivalry.”  And if some small countries prefer to be more vocal, he says: “Perhaps, they can learn from Singapore and tell the two great powers to not force them to choose sides and resolve their differences peacefully.”