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The Government of the Federal Republic of Germany has pledged an assistance of 100,000 Euros to support communities impacted by the devastating floods of September 2024 in Nepal.

 Ambassador Dr. Thomas Prinz, the German Envoy to Nepal, on behalf of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany, signed the grant agreement with One Heart Worldwide for a project titled “Emergency Response and Recovery Plan for Continuation of Maternal and NewbornHealth (MNH) Services in Flood-Affected Areas of Sarlahi, Rautahat and Kavrepalanchowk Districts,” that aims to provide vital healthcare services in the affected regions. Surya Bhatta, Co-CEO of One Heart Worldwide signed the agreement on behalf of the organization, reads a statement issued by the Embassy of Germany.

One Heart Worldwide is an organization dedicated to improving access to healthcare for mothers and newborns in remote areas of Nepal for over a decade. Through this project, One Heart Worldwide will focus on maintaining access to basic health services, ensuring water and sanitation facilities, and delivering emergency supplies to pregnant women, new mothers, and their families in the three most heavily affected districts from the recent floods and fire: Sarlahi, Rautahat, and Kavrepalanchowk.

Rautahat, one of Nepal’s poorest districts, is home to a significant Muslim and Dalit population, who have been disproportionately affected by recurring disasters. Frequent floods, fires, and cold waves have made survival increasingly difficult for vulnerable communities. The recent fires have affected 25 households, while 53 people are rendered homeless. Similarly, Sarlahi and Kavrepalanchowk were heavily affected during the recent floods caused by the incessant rains.

The project will provide affected individuals with Dignity Kits, Winterization Materials, Hygiene Kits, and Kitchen Utensils, as well as Health Facility Medical Equipment and Supplies, and establish WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) stations at healthcare facilities. The cold season is expected to have a particularly severe impact on pregnant women, new mothers, and young children.

“This is an important project for districts heavily affected by the recent disasters. With the harsh winter, we are relieved thatthe most vulnerable populations are receiving the support they urgently need,” said Ambassador Dr. Thomas Prinz, according to the statement.

“We are pleased to have signed this agreement with the German Embassy. This grant will provide critical assistance to mothers and newborns in these vulnerable communities, ultimately supporting the Government of Nepal’s ongoing efforts,” shared Mr. Surya Bhatta.

The project is slated to complete by June 2025.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has intensified diplomatic efforts to secure the release of Bipin Joshi, a young Nepali held captive by Hamas. Following reports that some hostages under Hamas control are being freed, Foreign Minister Arzu Rana has urged countries mediating with Hamas for a ceasefire to prioritize efforts for Joshi’s release.

As part of these efforts, Minister Rana held a telephone conversation this morning with Qatar’s Minister of State at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mohammed bin Abdulaziz bin Saleh al-Khulaifi, who serves as Qatar’s chief negotiator and mediator in peace talks with Hamas.

During the call, Minister Rana emphasized Qatar’s pivotal role in facilitating ceasefire negotiations and appealed for special intervention to secure Joshi’s release. She highlighted Qatar’s long-standing friendship with Nepal and expressed hope that Qatar’s ongoing diplomatic engagement with Hamas would include efforts for Joshi’s safe return.

Minister al-Khulaifi informed Minister Rana that progress is being made in bringing Hamas and Israel to a ceasefire. He assured that Qatar is actively working to facilitate the release of hostages held by Hamas. Regarding Joshi, al-Khulaifi stated that Qatar would prioritize his case and expressed confidence that he would be freed, either in the initial phase of hostage releases or subsequent rounds.

Earlier, Minister Rana also sought assistance from the Egyptian government, which is similarly engaged in ceasefire negotiations with Hamas. Last week, she conveyed Nepal’s appeal through the ambassadors of Egypt and Qatar, urging both nations to intervene for Joshi’s release.

Additionally, Minister Rana had approached the Israeli government via Israeli Ambassador to Nepal,  Shmulik Arie Bass. The ambassador informed her that Israel had received reports of Hamas planning to release 34 hostages, including the elderly, women, children and those with critical health conditions.

The crisis traces back to Oct 2023, when Hamas launched a surprise attack on Israeli soil, killing over 1,000 people, including 10 Nepalis, and taking hostages, including Joshi. Since then, the Nepal government has been pressing for his release through diplomatic channels. Minister Rana has raised the issue at various bilateral and multilateral forums, including the United Nations, urging the international community to assist in securing Joshi’s freedom.

Most commercial banks in Nepal have kept their interest rates unchanged for the month of Magh (mid-Jan to mid-Feb). Of the 20 commercial banks in the country, 17 have maintained their interest rates on individual fixed deposits for the 10th month of fiscal year 2024-25, while two have lowered their rates, and one has raised.

Interest rates on deposits are not increasing as credit expansion by banks has been slow due to the prolonged economic slowdown. Because of excess liquidity in the banking system, the central bank mopped up Rs 40bn through a deposit auction on Sunday.

Laxmi Sunrise Bank is the only Class ‘A’ bank that has raised its interest rate for the new month. The bank, which offered 5.5 percent interest on individual fixed deposits in Poush (mid-Dec to mid-Jan), is now offering 5.75 percent in Magh.

Agricultural Development Bank Ltd (ADBL) and Nepal SBI Bank have lowered their interest rates on individual fixed deposits. ADBL, which offered 5.57 percent interest in Poush, is now offering 5.51 percent. It has kept the interest rate on institutional fixed deposits unchanged at 3.25 percent. Meanwhile, Nepal SBI Bank has decreased its rates by 0.5 percentage points for both individual and institutional deposits. Nepal SBI has fixed interest rates for individual and institutional fixed deposits at 5.5 percent and 4.5 percent, respectively, for Magh.

Citizens Bank International has raised its interest rate on institutional fixed deposits by 0.5 percentage points to 4.5 percent. The bank has kept the interest rate on individual fixed deposits unchanged at 5.65 percent.

NIC Asia Bank and NMB Bank are offering the highest interest rate of 6.6 percent on individual fixed deposits in Magh. The two banks are also offering the highest interest rate of 5.6 percent on institutional fixed deposits. Nepal SBI Bank is offering the lowest interest rate of 5.5 percent on individual fixed deposits. ADBL and Standard Chartered Bank are offering the lowest interest rate of 3.25 percent on institutional fixed deposits.

Nepal Bank Ltd, which has kept its interest rate on individual fixed deposits unchanged, has lowered interest rate on institutional fixed deposits by 0.55 percentage points to 4.15 percent.

Everest Bank Ltd, Global IME Bank Ltd, Himalayan Bank Ltd, Kumari Bank Ltd, Machhapuchchhre Bank Ltd, Nabil Bank Ltd, Nepal Investment Mega Bank Ltd, NIC Asia Bank, NMB Bank, Prabhu Bank Ltd, Prime Commercial Bank Ltd, Rastriya Banijya Bank Ltd, Sanima Bank Ltd, Siddhartha Bank Ltd and Standard Chartered have kept their deposit interest rates unchanged.

The government has paved the legal way for Nepali Information Technology (IT) companies to invest abroad by amending existing laws through an ordinance. An ordinance to amend some Nepal acts—one of the three ordinances that the government has recommended to the President to issue—enables Nepali IT companies to invest abroad, open their branch offices abroad and bring their earnings back to Nepal.

According to an official at the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (MoCIT), interested companies must submit applications to the MoCIT to avail the facilities. “After studying the application and assessing the company’s capability, the central bank will provide foreign exchange facility to the company on the recommendation of the ministry,” the official said.

While the government is drawing flak for bypassing parliament to amend laws, industry people say the provisions introduced through the ordinance are crucial for the growth of Nepali IT industry.  They say the government’s fresh moves align with the policies and programs that the government brought for the IT sector through its policies and programs for the fiscal year 2024/25. While recognizing IT as a crucial sector for economic transformation, the budget speech stated that the government aims to achieve IT exports worth Rs 3 trillion and create 500,000 direct jobs over the next decade. 

Nepal exported $515m worth of software and IT services in 2002—a growth of 64.2 percent compared to the previous year, according to a study conducted by the IIDS. As many as 14,728 independent software developers, over 106 companies and more than 50,000 freelancers are involved in the IT service export industry, the report states.

Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli has said that the legal reforms brought through the ordinance will allow Nepali IT companies to invest abroad, open branch offices and legally repatriate their earnings home. “There were some legal hurdles in the IT sector, which the government has addressed through this ordinance,” Oli said in a social media post on Saturday. “We facilitate bringing IT earnings back to the country. We believe this will develop IT as a foreign currency-earning industry.”

The Nepal-India Inter-Governmental Committee (IGC) has made a detailed review of all areas of bilateral trade and economic relations. The IGC is a bilateral mechanism aimed at strengthening trade and business relations between the two countries.

The meeting of the IGC related to trade, transit and cooperation to control unauthorized trade was held in Kathmandu on January 10 and 11.

The agenda included review of transit treaty and trade treaty including electrification of Raxaul-Birgunj railway line, proposed amendments to existing agreements, coordination of norms and gradual development of trade infrastructure. The two sides also reviewed issues related to mutual market access, IPR and taxes.

In the meeting, the Indian side informed that Nepal's request for supply of 200,000 metric tonnes of wheat has been approved.

The Nepali side thanked the Indian side for its continued support in ensuring the supply of essential commodities to Nepal.

At the request of the Nepali side, the Indian side has agreed that in the case of cargo-in-transit in Kakarbhitta (Nepal)-Banglabandh (Bangladesh) via Phulbari (India) route, the maximum axle weight of 18.5 tonnes for two-axle vehicles and 28 tonnes for three-axle vehicles can also be applied in the case of Nepali vehicles as per the prevailing regulations of the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways.

Responding to the request of the Nepali side, the Indian side informed that Sal (Shorea robusta) seeds and squash have been included in India's plant quarantine order.

Requests for inclusion of Jatamsi-root extract, Fragrant Kokila Berry extract, Fragrant Rhizome extract and Timur Berry extract in the list of processed products have also been accepted.

At the request of the Indian side, the Nepali side said that it was positive to review the documents related to reclassification of products such as 'IPAQE 28' in its technical system.

The Indian side briefed about the problems seen in the export of milk to Nepal. The Nepali side has agreed to positively consider the Indian side's request for milk products, including mohi (whey), cheese, which are not produced in sufficient quantities in Nepal.

The meeting welcomed the bilateral initiatives aimed at strengthening uninterrupted inter-country connectivity between India and Nepal through construction of new integrated check posts and railway links, among others.

The two sides expressed their commitment to advance bilateral connectivity, reflecting the shared vision of prosperous bilateral trade.

The two sides have agreed to form a joint working group to discuss the online approval with Nepal and the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA).

Secretary at the Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Supplies Govinda Bahadur Karki led the Nepali delegation to the meeting.

Similarly, the Indian delegation was led by Sunil Barthwal, Commerce Secretary at the Ministry of Commerce of India in the meeting attended by senior officials from the Embassy of India in Kathmandu and various ministries.

A joint secretary-level inter-governmental sub-committee (IGSC) meeting on trade, transit and cooperation to control unauthorized trade was held in Kathmandu from January 12 and 13, 2024.

Nepal and China have reaffirmed their commitment to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), highlighting the framework agreement signed during Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli’s visit to China in December last year. This development has been described as a milestone in enhancing bilateral ties.

In a political document presented to the Central Committee of his party, CPN-UML, Oli emphasized the significance of the agreement for Nepal-China relations. While the ruling coalition’s Nepali Congress (NC) has remained silent on the matter, China has actively engaged with Nepal’s political leadership to implement the agreement. Both Nepal’s Ambassador to China, Krishna Prasad Oli, and Chinese Ambassador to Nepal, Chen Song, have expressed optimism about the initiative, using strikingly similar rhetoric on its potential benefits.

A new era of cooperation

Ambassador Oli noted that the framework agreement marks a turning point in bilateral cooperation under the BRI, nearly seven years after the initial memorandum of understanding. He stated that projects under the BRI would help transform Nepal from a landlocked to a land-linked nation. Citing examples, he mentioned plans to enhance the operational capacity of Bhairahawa and Pokhara international airports.

A centerpiece of this cooperation is the proposed cross-border railway between Nepal and China, part of the Trans-Himalayan Multi-Dimensional Connectivity Network. This ambitious project is envisioned to facilitate the flow of goods, people and services, further deepening Nepal-China ties.

Ambassador Oli dismissed concerns over a so-called ‘debt trap’ linked to Chinese financing, calling such claims baseless. In an interview with The Global Times, he underscored the BRI’s global success, noting its partnerships with over 150 countries in its decade-long history.

Progress on infrastructure

Feasibility studies for the cross-border railway are underway and expected to conclude by 2026. Upon completion, the project will enter the implementation phase. Additionally, efforts are being made to strengthen Nepal’s transmission grid lines, which are critical for enhancing regional connectivity.

Ambassador Oli also expressed Nepal’s support for China’s Global Development Initiative and Global Civilization Initiative, reflecting broader alignment with Beijing’s strategic priorities.

According to Chinese official media outlets, Ambassador has said that Nepal supports the initiatives launched by China which were not mentioned in the bilateral documents.

In a meeting with Yang Wanming, President of the Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries, according to The Global Times, Oli stated that Nepal supports the Global Development initiative and Global Civilization initiative proposed by China.  

China’s perspective

Chinese Ambassador Chen Song echoed the sentiments of deepening mutual trust and cooperation.

In an interview with The Global Times, he described the BRI framework agreement as a symbol of growing political and economic ties between the two nations.

According to Chen, the agreement will not only enhance bilateral relations but also contribute to regional stability and development by fostering collaboration between China and South Asian countries.

Chen highlighted the BRI’s role in strengthening people-to-people exchanges and cultural cooperation, particularly in the tourism sector, according to The Global Times.

Addressing debt-trap concerns

Ambassador Chen countered accusations of a ‘debt trap’, citing data from Nepal’s Public Debt Management Office. As of the 2023-24 fiscal year, Nepal’s external debt stood at Rs 1.25trn ($9.12bn). Of this, multilateral loans constituted 88.98 percent, while bilateral loans made up only 11.02 percent. Among bilateral creditors, Japan and India ranked first and second, with China accounting for a modest 2.82 percent of Nepal’s total external debt.

Chen criticized Western narratives about Chinese loans as attempts to discredit China’s partnerships with developing nations. He emphasized China’s commitment to offering low-interest loans, development assistance and investments tailored to Nepal’s needs.

Political dynamics

Domestically, the ruling UML has showcased the BRI framework agreement as a major achievement of Prime Minister Oli’s government. However, the NC has largely remained noncommittal, while the main opposition CPN (Maoist Center) has downplayed the agreement, seemingly to avoid crediting the Oli administration.

Meanwhile, China has intensified its engagement in Nepal, lobbying for further progress under the BRI framework. This proactive approach underscores Beijing’s strategic interest in Nepal as a critical partner in its broader Belt and Road vision.

The second meeting of Nepal-India Joint Business Forum (JBF) has laid emphasis on expansion of bilateral trade and business.

The meeting aimed at further deepening the economic and business relations between the two countries concluded on Saturday.

On the occasion, Minister for Industry, Commerce and Supplies Damodar Bhandari said that India is Nepal's largest trading partner and both countries should take the decisions of the JBF meeting into implementation.

He also underscored on carrying out works for resolving the problems seen in the import and export between the two nations in an easier manner.

Ministry Secretary Govinda Bahadur Karki spoke of the need of practical implementation of the topics decided in the JBF meeting.

Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FNCCI) President Chandra Prasad Dhakal said there is immense possibility in the economic sector between Nepal and India. He stressed on moving ahead through policy reforms and exploring practical solutions for addressing the problems seen in both trade and business sectors.  

He called for removing the non-tariff barriers, facilitating in resolving the problems arising due to the certification process of the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) in export of Nepali goods, for air connectivity between Bhairahawa and Pokhara airports of Nepal with various Indian cities and for the smooth supply of explosives required for construction and development of hydroelectricity projects.

The FNCCI President also raised the topic of expanding Nepal's access to various Indian ports, including Mundra (Gujarat), Dhamara (Udisha) and Jawaharlal Nehru port (Mumbai).

The JBF meeting is a part of Nepal-India Commerce Secretary-level Meeting. In the meeting, the representatives of Nepal and India had discussed trade, investment, energy, tourism, agriculture, information technology and infrastructure development, among other topics.

An agreement was reached in the JBF meeting for the promotion of clean energy through collaboration in hydroelectricity and renewable energy, solar and wind projects, of tourism and connectivity, of easing the trans-border trade by strengthening the road, railway and air connectivity and of enhancing trade and cross-border investment, agriculture and medicinal plants, providing high-yielding seeds and technology by removing the quota for agricultural productions, of collaboration in research and commercialization of medicinal herbs and of cooperation in digital technology and startups.

The agreed upon topics of the meeting have been handed over to the Commerce Secretary of Nepal and India on Saturday itself.

JBF President Bhawani Rana and Santhil Kumar handed over the agreement to Commerce Secretary of India Sunil Barthwal and Nepal's Commerce Secretary Karki.

The Indian Commerce Secretary expressed the commitment to take the initiative for the implementation of the agendas raised in course of the JBF meeting.

Ambassador of India to Nepal, Naveen Srivastava said this meeting is important in terms of the economic issues between the two countries and that he would take initiatives for facilitating the topics raised in the JBF meeting.

JBF Nepal President Bhawani Rana reiterated that there is extensive possibility of investment and trade between Nepal and India, and there should be the required facilitation for taking benefit from this.

Similarly, from the Indian side N Sunil Kumar believed that there would be more convenience in the coming days, as the road, railway and air connectivity between Nepal and India is improving.

It is agreed that the JBF next meeting will be convened in New Delhi, India.

It has been more than six months since Nepal’s two major political parties, the Nepali Congress (NC) and the CPN-UML, pledged to make amendments to the 2015 constitution. However, despite their promises, tangible progress remains elusive. A few weeks ago, they announced plans to form a two-party mechanism to address constitutional amendment issues. Yet, this initiative appears stalled, with little to no significant development.

Statements from Prime Minister and CPN-UML Chairperson KP Sharma Oli suggest that a constitutional amendment is not on the immediate horizon. In fact, it may not occur until after the 2027 national elections. Without giving away the specifics, Oli indicated that any potential amendment might only take place in 2030. Regarding the flaws in the constitution, he remarked, “There are some flaws in the constitution which need to be rectified, but it will take place only in 2030 because now we do not have the two-thirds majority required for it.”

The NC has remained notably silent about its position on constitutional amendments. There have been no substantial deliberations within the party, and it is unclear if there is any agreement between the NC and UML on key issues. Both parties appear to share an interest in reforming the current electoral system to ensure political stability, but dissenting voices from Madhesi and Janajati leaders within their ranks could complicate such efforts.

If the two major parties fail to take the initiative, constitutional amendments are unlikely to materialize. When the NC and UML announced their willingness to amend the constitution while forming the government in July last year, it prompted other parties to clarify their positions. The Rastriya Swatantra Party (RSP), which did not exist when the constitution was promulgated in 2015, has established a task force led by Chief Whip Santosh Pariyar to determine the party’s stance on constitutional issues. The RSP’s position on governance, federalism, and the electoral system remains ambiguous. The party’s decision not to field candidates for provincial assemblies in 2022 sparked speculation that it might oppose the federal structure. However, leaders like Pariyar have expressed support for federalism and related agendas.

Meanwhile, Madhes-based parties have begun consolidating their positions on constitutional amendments. These parties are working towards forming a loose alliance to present a unified stance. The first amendment to the constitution in 2016 addressed some of their demands, bringing an end to the Madhes Movement and lifting a four-month-long blockade imposed by India. However, the Madhes-based parties still advocate for further changes to fully address their grievances.

Constitutional amendment was also a key topic of discussion at the recently concluded Central Committee meeting of CPN (Maoist Center), the main opposition. The party has outlined three primary amendments: the introduction of a directly elected president, the adoption of a fully proportional electoral system, and ensuring 50 percent representation for women in state organs. Maoist Chairperson Pushpa Kamal Dahal has championed these radical reforms, which could reshape Nepal’s political landscape if implemented.

The fifth-largest party, the Rastriya Prajatantra Party (RPP), has also initiated internal discussions on constitutional amendments. The RPP’s agenda includes abolishing federalism, reinstating Nepal as a Hindu state, and reviving the monarchy. These proposals stand in stark contrast to the positions of most other parties and are unlikely to gain widespread support.

Despite these activities among smaller parties, the NC and UML’s lack of substantive discussion on constitutional amendments is striking. For instance, during a recent UML Central Committee meeting, there was no mention of the specific changes the party seeks to introduce. According to UML leaders, the party’s strategy is to prioritize constitutional amendments only after securing a majority in the House of Representatives.

The 2015 constitution is widely regarded as a product of compromise among four major political forces: the NC, UML, Maoists, and Madhes-based parties. While this consensus allowed for the constitution’s promulgation, it has also resulted in ambiguities and areas of contention that require resolution. The UML’s current stance appears to favor amendments tailored to its terms, further delaying the process due to the lack of cross-party consensus.

As Nepal approaches the 10th anniversary of the 2015 constitution, there has been no expert-led review of its implementation. A senior UML leader has emphasized that the government’s priority is to evaluate the constitution’s effectiveness before deciding on amendments. This cautious approach reflects broader hesitations within the NC, where internal dynamics and divergent views prevent the party from supporting UML’s amendment proposals wholeheartedly.

The road to constitutional amendment is fraught with challenges. Beyond the lack of political will among major parties, there are ideological divides that hinder consensus. For instance, the UML’s preference for amendments that align with its agenda clashes with the more inclusive demands of Madhes-based parties and Janajati leaders. Similarly, the Maoist party’s call for radical reforms faces resistance from parties advocating for minimal changes.

Furthermore, the failure to address constitutional issues risks deepening public disillusionment with Nepal’s political leadership. Many citizens view the 2015 constitution as a landmark achievement that needs refinement to better serve the nation’s evolving needs. The lack of progress undermines confidence in the political process and raises questions about the commitment of major parties to democratic principles and governance.

To move forward, Nepal’s political leadership must prioritize dialogue and consensus-building. A comprehensive review of the constitution’s implementation, involving legal experts, civil society, and diverse political voices, could provide a roadmap for amendments that address the nation’s pressing challenges. 

Article 93(1) of the Constitution of Nepal, 2015 states that the interval between the two consecutive sessions of the federal parliament shall not be more than six months. The budget session was prorogued in mid-September 2024, meaning that the deadline for convening the winter session has not passed.

Notwithstanding this provision, the winter session should already have begun in accordance with a prevailing practice of convening the session within three months after the prorogation of the budget session.

With over 20 bills pending, lawmakers have their hands full. The parliament will need ample time for deliberations on each bill and for incorporation of concerns coming from lawmakers as law-making in a democracy is not done at the crack of a whip.

So, what is stopping the government from recommending the President to summon the winter session?

Some existential crisis, fear of criticism or some other factor?  

What’s exactly cooking in the corridors of power?

Media reports point out that the government has some other designs. Rather than stepping up preparations for the session, the two major ruling parties—the CPN-UML and the Nepali Congress—are in talks to introduce an ordinance that will actually ‘facilitate’ the splitting of political parties.

 These dark-room negotiations and delay in convening the session have not gone unnoticed. Speaking at a program of the Federal Parliament Secretariat recently, the Speaker of the House of Representatives expressed dissatisfaction over the delay in convening the session. Describing the government as the child of the parliament, he accused the child of sidestepping, undermining and even boycotting the mother.

Lawmakers from the opposition parties have objected to this style of functioning, accusing the government of seeking to rule through ordinances, ignoring the voices of the people and trying to avoid criticism.

On their part, some ministers and ruling party leaders have conceded that inter-party talks on whether or not to present the bill on splitting of political parties during this session are in progress, indicating that the winter session may convene in about a fortnight.

Summing up, the government should learn some bitter lessons from similar misadventures instead of trying to ‘facilitate’ the split of parties for temporary gains, rule through ordinances and undermine the concerns of the opposition and the people if it indeed wants the polity to stabilize and deliver.

Nepal’s agricultural landscape is under threat as human-wildlife conflict intensifies. One of the most pressing issues is the frequent maize raids by monkeys. Habitat loss, forest fragmentation, and rapid urbanization have driven monkeys to croplands, with maize—nutrient-rich and easily accessible—becoming their preferred target. For farmers already grappling with low profitability and labor shortages, these raids exacerbate an already challenging livelihood.

A closer look at maize raids

Maize, a staple crop in Nepal, is vital for human consumption and livestock feed. Yet, during the monsoon growing season, monkey raids peak, typically in the early morning hours. Traditional deterrents such as scarecrows, noise-making devices, and vigilant guarding have proven ineffective. Many farmers, unable to cope with persistent losses, are abandoning maize cultivation altogether, leaving a gap in agricultural productivity.

Silage production: A transformative solution

Amid these challenges, silage production has emerged as an innovative solution to combat crop losses and livestock feed shortages. Silage involves cutting fresh maize fodder, compacting it, and storing it in airtight conditions to allow controlled fermentation. Within three weeks, the process yields high-quality, long-lasting livestock feed. By harvesting maize early—before it becomes an attractive target for monkeys—farmers can protect their crops and secure a reliable feed source for livestock. This dual benefit addresses both food security and the challenges posed by monkey raids.

Benefits beyond crop protection

Silage production offers a cascade of advantages for farmers and livestock. It alleviates livestock feed shortages, particularly during the dry and winter seasons when forage is scarce. This consistent, high-quality feed enhances livestock health, digestion, and milk production, boosting farm productivity. Additionally, silage production reduces the labor required to guard fields, freeing farmers to focus on other income-generating activities. The process is cost-effective, requiring minimal resources like plastic sheets, pits, or drums for storage. Though initial training is necessary, the long-term benefits far outweigh the investment, promoting self-sufficiency and resilience among farmers. This innovation reduces dependence on expensive external feed, alleviates financial strain, and supports a stable agricultural system.

Global lessons for local solutions

Kenya’s experience offers valuable insights. Kenyan farmers, facing similar primate raids and feed shortages, have successfully adopted silage production. Early harvesting and silage conversion have minimized crop losses and ensured consistent livestock feed. Community-based silage programs, supported by government and non-governmental organizations, have empowered farmers economically and improved livestock productivity. Nepal can draw inspiration from these initiatives to address its challenges.

Expanding silage adoption in Nepal

Despite its benefits, silage production is limited in Nepal, primarily practiced in government farms and large agricultural enterprises. Expanding its adoption among smallholder farmers requires coordinated efforts. Training and awareness programs are essential to educate farmers on silage-making techniques and benefits. Government agencies, agricultural cooperatives, and nonprofits should organize workshops and demonstrations to promote its adoption. Financial support, such as subsidies for materials like plastic sheets and storage drums or low-interest loans, can help farmers invest in this cost-effective technology. National policies encouraging silage production and incentives for early maize harvesting are critical to scaling this solution.

A sustainable path forward

Silage production is a win-win solution for Nepalis farmers, safeguarding maize crops from monkey raids and securing reliable livestock feed. This practice enhances farm productivity, reduces labor burdens, and builds resilience against feed shortages. To scale this solution, stakeholders must work together to provide training, financial support, and necessary tools.

Farming in Nepal is more than a profession; it is a way of life. By embracing innovative practices like silage production, farmers can safeguard their livelihoods, strengthen rural economies, and ensure agriculture remains a cornerstone of Nepal’s economy and culture. The path is clear: Protect crops, sustain livestock, and build a resilient future for Nepalese agriculture.

The judiciary in Nepal has been under increased criticism in recent years due to claims of political meddling, corruption and incompetence. Historically seen as the last bulwark of justice and the last judge of constitutional norms, the court has revealed weaknesses in its defenses. These cracks expose a deeply ingrained misconception: that Nepal’s court is completely impartial and impervious to corruption. In actuality, Nepal’s judiciary’s independence is still a complicated illusion that is influenced by both internal and foreign factors. It should serve as a check on authority, a defender of the law, and an upholder of justice, as is the case in many democracies. But in Nepal, a number of issues make it less successful, which makes people wonder if it really reflects these principles or if it is just a façade. The independence of a court is essential for upholding the rule of law. 

However, political interests frequently exert pressure on Nepal's court, undermining its independence. Appointments and decisions can be influenced by political parties and their leaders, raising questions about potential bias. A conflict of interest arises when judges are chosen based more on their political connections than their qualifications, raising questions about their capacity to make unbiased decisions.

Political appointments

Political meddling in the selection of judges is the main grievance directed at Nepal’s judicial system. Although political forces frequently exert excessive influence, the constitution has procedures intended to guarantee neutrality in appointments. There is a contradiction of independence inside dependency since the Judicial Council, which is in charge of nominating judges, has members who are also chosen by political players. This system, which is supposed to maintain a balance of power, unintentionally makes it possible for political objectives to influence the court. The politicization of Nepal’s court is another mistake. 

Decisions that are influenced by politics undermine the justice and impartiality that the legal system is supposed to provide. Politicians frequently have excessive control over judicial nominations, guaranteeing that their supporters hold important posts. As a result, judges may feel pressured to support the interests of those who made their appointment possible, which undermines their capacity to act impartially and independently.

Myth vs reality

One of the main myths that is still spread is that corruption does not exist in Nepal’s courts. Although the court is generally regarded with respect by the people, persistent allegations of bribery and corrupt activities cast doubt on its impartiality. Subtle and pernicious corruption spreads through a number of avenues, from lower courts to higher judicial seats. The rule of law is allegedly undermined and public faith is eroded when judges are accused of favoring parties with financial incentives or influence.

Justice fatigue

The widespread backlog of cases in Nepal’s courts is another serious problem. Despite the basic right to a fair and prompt trial, many litigants must wait a long time for justice. Overwhelming caseloads, little resources and a shortage of staff are problems for courts. Some call this ‘justice fatigue’—a situation when litigants completely lose trust in the legal system—is brought on by the procedural delays. The idea that justice postponed is still justice is erroneous; in actuality, it is justice denied.

Obstacles to reform

Political opposition and bureaucratic delay have made Nepal’s judiciary reform a difficult process. Because of entrenched vested interests and a lack of political will, several attempts at structural transformation have failed. Constitutional clauses intended to protect judicial independence have been construed selectively, frequently in a way that benefits the powerful. Enacting significant change is difficult since it involves not just changing the legislation but also the culture in which the judiciary functions.

Restoring trust

Systemic reforms are necessary to rebuild public trust in Nepal's judiciary. Important initial measures include tackling corruption openly, ensuring that judge appointments are made on the basis of qualifications rather than political ties, and implementing technology to expedite case handling. More accountability, which may be attained by open audits and supervision, may also lessen the likelihood of corruption and rebuild confidence.

In summary, Nepal’s judiciary is at a turning point as it struggles with the myths of independence and incorruptibility. Both institutional change and a change in public opinion are necessary to achieve an independent and equitable legal system. Only until these ingrained misconceptions are confronted and dispelled by an unshakable dedication to justice and openness will Nepal’s judiciary be able to live up to these values. Significant obstacles confront Nepal’s court, undermining its function in the democratic process. Public trust is undermined by problems with accountability, independence and openness as well as political meddling. The judiciary must distance itself from political influence and make a commitment to impartiality and openness in order to operate efficiently. Nepal’s judiciary cannot genuinely become a pillar of justice until these changes are implemented.

Commercial banks in Nepal are experiencing a decline in dividend capacity due to weak credit demand and high non-performing loan levels amid a prolonged economic slowdown. Most banks declaring dividends for the fiscal year 2023/24 have reduced their payouts, with some opting not to distribute dividends at all.

Of the 20 commercial banks in the country, 11 have decided to distribute dividends from their earnings in the previous fiscal year, while five have opted not to distribute dividends. Four are yet to announce their decision on dividend payouts. Among the 11 banks which provided dividends to their shareholders, seven have reduced their rates compared to the previous fiscal year.

Himalayan Bank Ltd, Machhapuchchhre Bank Ltd, NMB Bank Ltd, Rastriya Banijya Bank Ltd and Prabhu Bank have announced they would not distribute dividends from last fiscal year’s profits. Among these, Machhapuchchhre had distributed 14 percent dividend in 2022/23 (13.3 percent bonus shares and 0.7 percent cash for tax purposes). Rastriya Banijya Bank had provided 5.5 percent cash dividend last year. Himalayan, NMB, and Prabhu Bank did not distribute dividends last year either.

Four commercial banks—Kumari Bank Ltd, Nepal Investment Mega Bank Ltd, Nepal Bank Ltd and NIC Asia Bank Ltd—are yet to make their dividends announcements. Despite low credit expansion, commercial banks posted a profit of Rs 64.15bn in 2023/24, a 13.4 percent compared to net profit of Rs 56.57bn in 2022/23. However, most banks could not increase their dividend payouts as they had to set aside substantial funds for provisioning for their non-performing loans.

Commercial banks set aside a combined Rs 201bn for provisioning in 2023/24, compared to Rs 147bn in 2022/23. Himalayan, NMB and Prabhu have not distributed dividends for two successive fiscal years. Himalayan is not in a position to distribute dividend because non-performing loans of its merging partner—Civil Bank—was 27 percent at the time of the merger which necessitated provisioning of substantial funds. The two Class ‘A’ banks started joint operation after merger on Feb 24 last year.

Four banks have increased their dividend payouts compared to the previous fiscal  year. Standard Chartered Bank Nepal has announced a dividend of 25.5 percent (6.5 percent bonus shares and 19 percent cash) from its profits of 2023/24 compared to 19 percent cash dividend a year earlier. Payout of Nepal SBI’s dividend payout has increased slightly from 10.55 percent (3.75 percent bonus shares and 6.8 percent cash) to 10.65 percent (3.8 percent bonus shares and 6.85 percent cash). Prime Commercial Bank Ltd and Agricultural Development Bank (LTD), which didn’t provide dividends from the earnings last year, have announced five percent cash dividend and 10.53 percent dividend (three percent bonus shares and 7.53 percent cash), respectively, this year. However, Everest Bank Ltd, Nabil Bank Ltd, Global IME Ltd, Laxmi Sunrise Ltd, Sanima Bank Ltd, Citizens Bank International Ltd and Siddhartha Bank Ltd have reduced their dividend rates.

Since Sept 2019, the United States has provided over $700m in foreign aid through programs administered by the US Department of State and USAID. These aid initiatives have focused on health, economic growth, democracy and governance, and food security, according to a spokesperson for the US Department of State.

The US is committed to deepening its long-standing partnership with Nepal in supporting its democratic resiliency, promoting economic opportunity, and protecting and advancing its sovereignty, the Spokesperson  said in an email interview.  “Our robust people-to-people ties are the cornerstone of our relationship, fostering friendship, understanding, trust, and goodwill.”

According to the Spokesperson , the $500m Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) Compact, along with the Government of Nepal’s additional $197m contribution, is another great example of the US commitment to Nepal.  The Spokesperson said the MCC projects will bring high quality, green energy and improved roads to the people of Nepal to power continued economic growth. “$260m in US International Development Finance Corporation loans and equity investments will support agricultural and small and medium sized enterprises, particularly women-run enterprises.”

With the re-election of Donland Trump as president of America, foreign policy watchers in Nepal and India are keenly watching whether there will be any changes in US policy toward South Asia and Nepal. The Spokesperson  assuaged the doubt by stating that the US do not have any changes in policy to announce at this point of time. Nepal recently signed the Cooperation Framework for Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), raising eyebrows in New Delhi and Washington. Both New Delhi and Washington have advised Nepal to accept the support under BRI in a transparent way to prevent debt burden.

Commenting on Nepal’s BRI agreement, the Spokesperson said, “It is up to the Government of Nepal to determine which agreements and partnership will benefit its people.” He, however, added that such partnership between two countries should be open, transparent, and mutually beneficial. That is the basis of our partnership with Nepal, and we will continue to seek opportunities to support Nepal’s ongoing development efforts.

During Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli’s visit to China on Dec 2-5, the two sides came up with a statement which has been a topic of discussions in the political and diplomatic circles. The statement says that Nepal firmly supports China’s efforts to achieve its national reunification and opposes Taiwan’s independence.

Though the issue of Taiwan independence and shift from one China policy to one China principle was mentioned in the joint statement during former Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal’s China visit last year, China’s “national reunification” effort is a new development.

Addressing this issue, the Spokesperson said that their approach to Taiwan has remained consistent across decades and administrations. “The United States has a longstanding one China policy, which is guided by the Taiwan Relations Act, the three Joint Communiques, and the Six Assurances.” The Spokesperson further added that their one China Policy is distinct from China’s one China principle. “We do not take a position on the ultimate resolution of Cross-Strait differences, and we maintain that Cross-Strait differences must be resolved peacefully, free from coercion, and in a manner acceptable to the people on both sides of the Strait.” 

Nepal received foreign investment commitments worth Rs 20.77bn for 319 projects over the first five months of the current fiscal year 2024/25. According to the monthly report on Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) approvals published by the Department of Industries (DoI), a total investment commitment of Rs 2.11bn was recorded in the fifth month (mid-November to mid-December) alone.

FDI commitments for 138 projects worth Rs 2.13bn came via the automatic route, while investment commitments for 181 projects worth Rs 18.64bn were made through the normal approval route. These projects have proposed to create 9,206 new jobs.

Likewise, commitments of another Rs 1.54bn have been made for share purchase approvals for 27 projects.

The investment commitments have been made across six sectors—manufacturing, agriculture and forestry, tourism, services, infrastructure, and information and communication technology (ICT).

According to the report on foreign investment commitments, the tourism sector attracted the highest number of projects and the largest investment during the review period. Out of the 319 projects receiving FDI commitments, 145 (or 45 percent) were in the tourism sector. In terms of the committed amount, a significant 62 percent—equivalent to Rs 12.76bn—was directed toward tourism. The service sector ranked second, with total FDI commitments of Rs 4.83bn for 40 projects, followed by the manufacturing sector, which received commitments worth Rs 1.81bn for 22 projects.

While the ICT sector ranked second in terms of the number of projects, it attracted investment commitments of only Rs 678.71m.

However, just over a third of the total commitments are actually realised. According to Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB), only 37.89 percent of the total FDI pledged over the past decade was realised. Between fiscal years 2014/15 and 2023/24, Nepal received total FDI commitments worth Rs 395.92bn. Of this amount, only Rs 126.29bn translated into actual investment.

In the fiscal year 2023/24, Nepal received Rs 61.9bn worth of FDI commitments. Only 13.57 percent of the committed amount, or Rs 8.4bn, was realised.

Rs 1.61bn repatriated in five months

Foreign investors took home Rs 1.61bn over the first five months of 2024/25 as returns from their investments.

According to the report, foreign investors transferred Rs 382.25m as royalty, Rs 851.6m as dividend and Rs 380.86m as service fee.

FDI approvals over first five months of FY 2024/25

To be a journalist in Nepal is to take on a role that is both revered and challenging. The profession is often seen as a picture-perfect job—one that demands precision, integrity, and diligence. Journalists are regarded as the eyes and ears of society, trusted to bridge the gap between events and the public. From the layperson to those in positions of power, journalists hold a unique place in society. Yet, while the profession commands respect, it is fraught with complexities that make it one of the most demanding careers in Nepal.

Despite being regarded as a prestigious profession, journalism in Nepal is not always valued as it should be. The job can be exciting and even addictive, but it’s also fraught with scrutiny. In my personal experience as a journalist, I have often found myself being questioned more than I question others. Even when working as a camera person, I’ve felt the weight of critical eyes observing me. The profession’s appeal diminishes when you face relentless questions about why you wrote a certain piece, whether you are targeting someone, or which political party you support. Over time, these inquiries overshadow the essence of journalism, making it a challenging profession to sustain.

Working conditions for journalists in Nepal are often disheartening. Many media houses exploit their employees, compelling them to work long hours for insufficient pay. Some even require journalists to work without pay for extended periods, promising eventual compensation that may never fully materialize. Monthly paychecks, when they do arrive, are frequently delayed, incomplete, or barely enough for survival. While not all media houses operate this way, such exploitation is widespread. These practices lead many early-career journalists to abandon the profession in favor of more stable opportunities.

Journalism in Nepal has evolved significantly, influenced by advancements in technology and shifts in societal expectations. Citizen journalism has taken root, content creation has surged, and online-based journalism has flourished. Digital creators who double as journalists have become part of everyday conversations. While these developments have opened new avenues, they have also introduced challenges.  

Citizen journalism and platforms like YouTube have further complicated the landscape. While these platforms have democratized information sharing, they have also been marred by unethical practices such as spreading fake news, using clickbait, and sharing misinformation. These issues have tarnished the credibility of online journalism and affected the public perception of traditional journalists. Being labeled as a YouTuber has become a point of contention for many professional journalists in Nepal. While some established journalists have embraced YouTube as a way to expand their reach, there is a clear divide between those who transitioned to the platform after years of professional experience and those who started on YouTube without formal training. 

Unfortunately, the prevalence of misinformation makes it difficult for the public to distinguish between credible journalism and sensationalized content. Nepal’s journalism landscape now includes YouTubers presenting themselves as reporters and numerous individuals going live on media platforms. This blending of traditional and modern journalism has created opportunities but also raised concerns about credibility and ethics. YouTube has undoubtedly created new opportunities for journalists, offering a platform to connect with wider audiences. However, it has also introduced challenges, particularly for traditional journalists who have spent years building their credibility. The platform’s larger audience comes with its own issues, such as the lack of regulation and the rapid spread of misinformation. This has led to an internal conflict within the profession, further complicating the already difficult role of journalists in Nepal.

The challenges of journalism in Nepal go beyond external pressures. The profession often forces journalists to confront truths they cannot always share. Hidden stories, suppressed narratives, and untold accounts weigh heavily on journalists. Exposing these truths can be dangerous, especially when they involve powerful individuals or institutions. As a result, many journalists in Nepal carry the burden of these stories, adding to the psychological toll of their work. The internal struggle to balance truth-telling with personal and professional safety is a defining feature of the profession.

Being a journalist in Nepal means navigating a complex relationship with the public. While journalists are often seen as truth-tellers and watchdogs, they also face criticism and skepticism. People frequently question the motives behind certain stories, assuming political affiliations or personal biases. This lack of trust can be disheartening, especially for journalists who enter the field with a genuine passion for uncovering the truth. The evolving media landscape has further blurred the lines between professional journalism and amateur reporting. With the rise of citizen journalism and social media, anyone with a smartphone can report news. While this democratization of information has its benefits, it has also led to an oversaturation of content, much of which lacks credibility. This has made it increasingly difficult for professional journalists to stand out amid the noise.

Despite these challenges, journalism in Nepal remains a dream for many and a necessity for others. The profession offers unparalleled opportunities to connect with the public, shed light on important issues, and document history. At the same time, it can be a source of lifelong trauma, stemming from exploitation by employers, criticism from the public, and the internal conflicts that come with the job. For some, journalism is a calling that fulfills their passion for storytelling and truth-seeking. For others, it is a means to an end, pursued out of necessity rather than choice. 

Ultimately, what it means to be a journalist in Nepal is to navigate a fine line between truth and perception, between what can be reported and what must remain untold. The profession demands resilience, dedication, and a willingness to operate in the gray areas of truth and ethics. Whether viewed as a blessing or a curse, journalism remains an integral part of Nepal’s societal fabric, shaping how we understand and engage with the world around us. It is a profession that offers both unique rewards and unparalleled challenges, reflecting the complexities of the society it seeks to serve.

Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) in Nepal are becoming a significant hazard in the Himalayas, driven by climate change and an increasing number of glacial lakes. Nepal's GLOF history is marked by several catastrophic events that have caused widespread devastation. The earliest recorded GLOF occurred about 450 years ago in Seti Khola but its details are not available.  A recent article by Byers, Chand, and their team also reconstructed the GLOF history in the Kanchenjunga region, where they found the occurrence of GLOF since 1921. They found at least seven GLOF events in that region with the help of remote sensing and field observation, which were not recorded before. Besides, ICIMOD has compiled 24 events out of which 14 occurred in Nepal and 10 in Tibet (China), causing extensive damage in Nepal. A notable GLOF event occurred in 1985 when Dig Tsho burst, leading to a destructive flood that destroyed infrastructure, including a hydropower plant under construction. Another study by Shrestha and her team recorded 54 events in Nepal. These datasets also indicated that several events occurred and are occurring in remote mountains that were not noticed due to their impact being insignificant and remote in nature. The Thame GLOF that occurred in Aug 16 this year is another noticeable event that caused damage to Thame village and the downstream ecosystem despite the small size of the breached glacial lake.

The underlying causes of GLOFs are tied to the unique geographical and climatic conditions of Nepal. The Himalayas are home to thousands of glaciers, which have formed numerous glacial lakes, particularly in the high-altitude regions. These lakes are formed when glaciers retreat, leaving behind large volumes of water contained by unstable moraines. As global temperatures rise, the rate of glacial melting increases, leading to the expansion of these lakes. The moraines that contain them are often weak and prone to collapse, especially under the pressure of additional water, seismic activity or other triggering factors like avalanches or landslides.

GLOFs have severe impacts on both the natural environment and human settlements. The floods can destroy agricultural land and hydropower, disrupt transportation networks and lead to loss of life and property. In addition to physical destruction, GLOFs also contribute to long-term environmental changes, such as the alteration of river courses and the degradation of ecosystems. The socio-economic impacts are profound, particularly in rural and remote areas where communities rely heavily on agriculture and where infrastructure is limited.

Over the decades, Nepal has tried to monitor and mitigate the risks associated with GLOFs. The establishment of early warning systems, such as the one implemented at Tsho Rolpa back in the 1990s, one of Nepal's largest glacial lakes located in Dolakha district in the Tamakoshi river basin, is a critical step in disaster risk reduction. Initially, an experimental siphon system was installed in 1995 to release the water and lower the lake volume, but it stopped working after 15 months. In 1997, the then government installed additional siphones and an early warning system. An automatic early warning system was installed in 1998 with a GLOF sensing system and a GLOF warning system along the Rolwaling and Tamakoshi river valleys. Engineering interventions, such as the lowering of lake levels by three meters through controlled drainage, have also been employed to reduce the risk of outbursts through the GLOF risk reduction project, with funding from the World Bank, the Netherlands International Development Agency and the government of Nepal. However, a lack of continuous funding, research and proper coordination among agencies, along with the period of Maoist insurgency, hindered the progress of mitigation work. Again, in 2015, the Early Warning System was revitalized with the installation of hydrological, precipitation and automatic weather stations at different locations in the downstream region.

The community-based Flood and Glacial Lake Outburst Risk Reduction Project, also known as the Imja Glacier Lowering Project in the Dudhkoshi basin, was implemented between 2013 and 2017 to mitigate the risks of glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) and to reduce human and material losses in Solukhumbu district and catastrophic flooding events in the Tarai and Churia range. The project was implemented by the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology (DHM) in partnership with different stakeholders and funded by Global Environment Facility-Least Developed Countries Fund (GEF-LDCF), UNDP. Imja was considered one of the most potentially dangerous glacial lakes for GLOF, which is rapidly increasing in size and volume due to glacial melt and the action of lake water that continuously triggers the calving of the glacier. Key activities of the project included the establishment of early warning systems, community training for disaster preparedness and the construction of protective infrastructure. The project also emphasized community participation, ensuring that local knowledge and needs shaped the initiatives. Through these efforts, the project successfully improved local capacities to respond to flood risks, ultimately contributing to enhanced safety and security for affected populations. By excavating a channel through the moraine that holds back the lake, the project successfully lowered the water level by 3.6 m, thereby enhancing drainage capacity and reducing the risk of catastrophic flooding downstream. This intervention significantly improved safety for local communities, alleviating fears and allowing residents to pursue their livelihoods with greater security. Additionally, the project facilitated environmental monitoring of glacial dynamics, contributing to a better understanding of the ongoing changes in the region due to climate change. It also promoted awareness of GLOF risks and enhanced community capacity for disaster preparedness through training programs focused on emergency response. Furthermore, the project emphasized the importance of sustainable practices, reinforcing the need for ongoing research and actions to manage the impacts of climate change on Nepal’s glaciers. Overall, the Imja Glacier Lowering Project stands as a proactive model for disaster risk reduction, highlighting the critical integration of scientific research, community engagement, and sustainable environmental management in safeguarding vulnerable populations in the Himalayas.

Additionally, the government, in collaboration with different organizations, has undertaken research and mapping projects to identify high-risk lakes and develop preparedness strategies. The government has identified four additional glacial lakes—Thulagi in Gandaki basin and Lower Barun, Lumding and Hongu in the Koshi basin—to implement the structural intervention along with the early warning system and capacity-building. The government has proposed about $36.1m to the Green Climate Fund and the initiative is expected to start in 1-2 years.

Despite these efforts, challenges remain in effectively managing the risks associated with GLOFs. The remote and inaccessible nature of many glacial lakes makes monitoring difficult, and the unpredictable nature of GLOFs complicates forecasting efforts. Furthermore, the rapid pace of climate change poses a growing threat, as the continued retreat of glaciers is likely to create new glacial lakes and increase the volume of existing ones. As temperatures continue to rise, the frequency and intensity of GLOFs are expected to increase. Not only large-sized glacial lakes but small lakes may also have significant impacts. Thousands of such lakes in the high mountains have significant implications not only for Nepal but also for the downstream countries in the Himalayan region that share river basins with Nepal. Collaborative regional efforts are essential to address these transboundary risks. Updating current inventory, categorization of potentially dangerous glacial lakes, and regular monitoring mechanisms should be established under the government in collaboration with research institutions.