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The 10^th Edition of Nepal-Pakistan Friendship T20 Cricket Tournament concluded on Sunday.

The event commenced on February 8, 2025 and 12 teams of various clubs participated in the tournament.

Dhruba Acharya, Vice President of National Sports Council of Nepal, graced the ceremony as Chief Guest and awarded the trophy to the winning team Himalayan Cricket Academy. Whereas Angles Sports Academy won the runners-up trophy.

Special guests included Noha Hamdy Ahmed Elgebaly, Ambassador of Egypt to Nepal, Chen Song, Ambassador of China to Nepal, Pema Gyamtsho, Director General, ICIMOD, Humayun Kabir, Charge d’Affaires, Bangladesh Embassy,  Yu Pengcheng, Director Political & Media, China Embassy, Surendra Raj Regmi, CEO Global IME Bank, Manju Ratna Sakya, President Nepal-Pakistan Friendship and Cultural Association (NPFCA), Rabi Raj Shahi, Chairperson, K2 Everest Society.

The event was also attended by media fraternity and friends of Pakistan, representatives of civil society, Pakistani community and diplomats and officials of the Pakistan Embassy and their families. The Special Guests presented the prizes to prominent players and officials of the T20 Cricket Tournament.

Addressing the ceremony, the Chief Guest Acharya lauded the Pakistan Embassy’s initiative for successfully organizing the event. He added that the event is now on the sporting calendar of Kathmandu and a manifestation of close relations between Nepal and Pakistan.  He congratulated the winning team and lauded the organizers on successfully materializing the event. He added that the tournament contributed in providing opportunities to emerging cricket players of Nepal.

Ambassador of Pakistan Abrar H Hashmi, in his closing remarks, committed to continue to bring the youths of two countries together by organizing such events in future as well. The Ambassador congratulated all the teams, especially the winning team Himalayan Cricket Academy. He thanked the Chief Guest, special guests and the participants for their interest and presence in the event.

He also extended his gratitude to Himalayan Bank Limited and IME Global Banks for supporting the event. He appreciated the organizing team for making the event a success and also greeted the families of the Embassy officials.

With the introduction of federalism in Nepal, the policy to establish commercial bank branches in all 753 local levels to ensure financial access for every citizen has finally been completed after eight years. Although Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB) initiated this plan in 2017, one rural municipality remained without a bank branch until now. Saipal Rural Municipality in Bajhang, located in Sudurpaschim Province of far west Nepal, officially inaugurated its first bank branch on Monday, marking the completion of this initiative. The branch was opened by Everest Bank under the supervision of NRB Governor Mahaprasad Adhikari.

Until now, the absence of a bank in Saipal Rural Municipality forced residents, including elderly individuals, to undertake arduous three- to four-day journeys to the district headquarters, Chainpur, to access their old-age allowances. The bank had previously cited extreme remoteness and a lack of infrastructure as reasons for not opening a branch.

Saipal Rural Municipality is one of the most remote regions in the far west, unlike other municipalities connected by roads. The hilly terrain makes travel between villages time-consuming, with journeys between settlements taking an entire day. Additionally, the area has a sparse population; according to the 2018 census, only about 2,650 people reside in the municipality. Due to the lack of roads and a low population, banks initially proposed handling all government transactions, including social security payments, through Jaya Prithvi Municipality instead of opening a local branch.

In the fiscal year 2021/22, three local levels nationwide lacked commercial bank branches, including remote areas in Dhading and Junichande Rural Municipality of Jajarkot. However, by June 2022, bank branches had expanded to 752 local levels, leaving Saipal as the only remaining location without one. Now, with the establishment of a branch in Saipal, NRB spokesperson Ramu Poudel confirms that financial access has been achieved at all local levels.

Poudel acknowledged the difficulty of opening a bank branch in such a remote area but emphasized that Everest Bank has now provided access where local infrastructure allows. Reaching the new branch in Dhalaun, a village in Saipal Rural Municipality, is itself a challenge. From Chainpur, Bajhang’s district headquarters, one must take a three-hour jeep ride to Talkot, followed by a seven- to eight-hour trek to Dhalaun.

The administrative center of Saipal Rural Municipality is in Kanda, which requires an additional six- to seven-hour walk from Dhalaun. Given this geographical difficulty, the bank opted to establish its branch in Dhalaun rather than Kanda, ensuring relatively better access for residents.

To promote financial inclusion, the government had previously introduced the ‘One Person, One Account’ campaign. Under the federal structure, NRB directed commercial banks to ensure at least one branch was established at every local level. However, complaints persisted from residents of remote areas who were forced to travel long distances to access banking services for everything from old-age allowances to salary payments for government employees.

Former chairperson of Saipal Rural Municipality, Rajendra Bahadur Dhami, had previously stated that banks were aware of the region’s geographical challenges, including the high cost of house rentals, but still hesitated to open branches. The absence of banking services meant that some transactions in the village were conducted informally, and elderly residents had to endure 70-kilometer treks to the district headquarters just to collect their social security allowances.

Bankers had long resisted expanding to such remote areas due to the lack of essential infrastructure, including roads, electricity, internet connectivity, and secure office buildings. Many banks submitted formal letters to NRB citing these logistical challenges. In response, NRB implemented a round-robin system to ensure all commercial banks contributed to financial expansion across Nepal’s remote regions.

To expedite the process, NRB placed significant pressure on commercial banks to establish branches in all local levels. A lottery system was introduced, dividing responsibilities among the 27 commercial banks operating at the time. Under this system, Everest Bank was assigned the task of opening a branch in Saipal, Bajhang.

As of December 2024, Nepal had 107 banks and financial institutions, including microfinance entities. Among these, 20 were commercial banks, 17 development banks, 17 finance companies, 52 microfinance institutions, and one infrastructure development bank. The number of bank branches, including microfinance institutions, had reached 11,530 by July 2024 and increased to 11,545 by January 2025. With the addition of the Saipal branch, financial inclusion has now extended to every local level in Nepal.

The opening of the bank branch in Saipal represents a significant milestone in Nepal’s journey toward financial accessibility, particularly for marginalized and remote communities. While challenges remain, this achievement marks an important step in ensuring that every Nepali, regardless of location, has access to essential financial services.

Nepal and India have agreed to develop a high-quality transmission line for cross border power trade.

This agreement would be a crucial deal as the Government of Nepal has set an ambitious goal to generate 28,500 megawatts of electricity by 2035.

Spokesperson and Joint Secretary at the Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation, Sandip Kumar Dev, the two new transmission lines will be completed by 2034/35, and the capacity of an existing transmission line will be upgraded.

A meeting of Joint Steering Committee and  JSC Secretary-Level Committee of Nepal and India, have agreed to construct the Nijgadh-Harnaiya Motihari and Kohalpur-Lucknow transmission lines of 400 KV. 

Likewise, the existing Dhalkebar-Muzaffarpur transmission line of 400 KV will be replaced with a high-capacity conductor. Currently, 800 megawatts of power are being imported through this transmission line.

During the meeting, a consensus was reached to import and export up to 1,000 megawatts of power. 

The 29th meeting of the Secretary-Level Joint Steering Committee held in India on February 11 was attended by Secretary at the Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation, Suresh Acharya and Secretary of the Ministry of Electricity, India, Pankaj Agrawal.  

The two countries have already agreed to construct the Inaruwa-Purniya and Dodhara-Bareli cross border transmission lines of 400 KV. 

In the quiet corners of Nepal’s bustling cities and serene villages a silent crisis is unfolding. Hidden behind veils of cultural norms, economic hardship and peace, is a chorus of silent cries echoing in the shadows. While the nation takes pride in its rich heritage and culture, resilient people, an alarming number of children and adolescents struggle with their mental health that remain unacknowledged and untreated.

Mental health issues among children in Nepal are on the rise. According to a 2023 report by UNICEF, nearly 20 percent of Nepali children show signs of anxiety, depression and other psychological conditions. Yet, only a few of them receive the help they need. In a society where mental health remains heavily criticized, their children often endure their struggles in silence, their cries enveloped by cultural norms.

Parents often push their children to excel academically, believing success in education is the only pathway to succeed in life. To add to their burden, children are often forced to follow passions or career paths chosen by their parents. They are forced into professions their parents once dreamt of but could never achieve themselves. However, this pressure can lead  to anxiety, depression and even suicidal thoughts. According to a 2022 study by the Nepal Health Research Council, Suicide was the leading cause of death among Nepal youths aged 15 to 24.

One of the most significant barriers in addressing the issue is societal perception of mental health. Many parents, bound by traditional beliefs and limited exposure to psychological conditions, perceive mental health conditions as a sign of weakness or even spiritual imbalance. They even believe it to be karma or some sort of evil spirit. Some parents even unacknowledged their kids’ conditions thinking they are making excuses to hold back from their responsibilities. Furthermore, the cultural emphasis on obedience and respect often leaves little room for children to voice their own dreams or dissent.

This lack of understanding and autonomy from parents is the reason why kids nowadays are distant from their parents. They seek solace elsewhere, their eyes glued to glowing screens, scrolling endlessly through the comfort of social media. They find the sense of belonging in the digital world, the happiness that seems absent at home. The only comfort or understanding they get from their parents is when they score 100 percent on a test or when they do better than some relatives’ kids. They are often called disrespectful or ungrateful when they try to isolate themselves from their parents hoping that would help them or they would find peace .

The consequences of neglect puts an impact on their social , academic and emotional behaviors, with some contemplating  self harm. Children feel like they are screaming underwater, the hidden cries not letting them find the way out. Silent cries are more dangerous than open cries as silent cries affect them from deep inside their heart and brain which leads them self-isolating, losing empathy and hating themselves. 

Despite the challenges, hope is not lost. There are many organizations and activists working tirelessly to break the stigma surrounding mental health in Nepal. But first and foremost, the house environment and family support is necessary and important as home is the place they are suffering most at.. Nepali parents are simply too uneducated about mental health; they neglect the silent cries so awareness should be spread.

The World Health Organization South-East Asia Region has thanked Nepal's Ministry of Health and Population for contributing Rs 1.54m, approximately $11,000, to the South-East Asia Regional Health Emergency Fund (SEARHEF), a unique funding mechanism to support member countries in the region to prepare for and respond to health emergencies.

“WHO thanks Nepal for its contribution to SEARHEF. Nepal has championed the regional health emergency fund at various forums. The country has been demonstrating great leadership in building capabilities and responding to emergencies, with many lessons for the region and the world to emulate,” said Saima Wazed, WHO regional director for South-East Asia, in a letter addressed to Health Minister Pradip Paudel.

Nepal’s contribution is a testament to its support, ownership and commitment to SEARHEF, which is transparently managed by WHO for member countries of the region.

Established in 2007 as part of lessons learnt after the Indian Ocean tsunami that hit multiple countries in the region, SEARHEF was set up with the aim to fund immediate health sector response during health emergencies, which is critical to save lives.

Till date, the SEARHEF has supported 49 emergencies across 10 countries with disbursements over $8m.

The scope of SEARHEF was expanded in 2016 to include emergency preparedness, with three countries using this funding mechanism to strengthen their health emergency operations centres and rapid response teams.

Prone to natural disasters, Nepal has utilized SEARHEF for responding to Koshi floods in 2008 and the earthquakes in 2015 and 2023. The funds were used for coordinating health response to provide life-saving services and minimize disabilities through deployment of medical teams; prevent and respond to impending outbreaks; and support continuity of essential health services through establishment of temporary healthcare facilities.

Recognizing the critical role played by SEARHEF in public health response in the region, at the annual governing body meeting of WHO South-East Asia Region in October 2024, the member countries agreed to increase the corpus of the fund from $1m to $3m.

Nepal is the fourth country, after Thailand, India and Timor-Leste, to contribute to the enhanced corpus of SEARHEF. The WHO regional director said the health organization stands committed to supporting member countries to build resilient health systems that are well prepared for responding to public health emergencies of any magnitude.

Nepal, a country famed for its stunning natural beauty and varied biodiversity, is home to myriad marginalized communities whose lives are deeply intertwined with the forests that cover around 40 percent of its landmass. These localities include indigenous people, Dalits and diverse ethnic populations struggling with extensive hurdles due to factors like socio-economic disparities and ecological shifts. At the same time, these communities exhibit significant resilience and adaptability in facing the challenges in their daily lives.

A lifeline 

Forests in Nepal are not just natural wonders; they also serve a fundamental to survival and cultural essence of various marginalized communities. Indigenous groups in particular depend on forests for vital resources such as food, medicine, firewood and income through non-timber forest products (NTFPs). According to a study by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), over 60 percent of rural households depend on forest resources for their livelihoods, though restricted forest policies often limit the access to those resources.

Policies and impact

Despite their heavy resilience on forests, marginalized groups frequently experience difficulties due to national forestry strategies that value conservation more than community rights. Local voices have been historically ignored in the process of policy-making due to the government’s centralized framework for forest management strategies. Many indigenous community people are unaware of the legal validation of their land holdings, exposing them to risk to displacement and deforestation. 

To illustrate, the Forest Act of 1993 was implemented with the goal of shifting forest control and advocating community forest-based management but many marginalized groups are still facing challenges vis-a-vis integration and recognition.

Cultural identities

The cultural value of forests cannot be exaggerated. For many marginalized groups, forests serve as a divine sanctuary. Traditional environmental knowledge passed on to descendants plays an important role in sustainable forest management. Indigenous practices often reinforce the conservation of biodiversity and sustainable resource use.

As the entry to forest declines due to external challenges such as logging, harvesting and agricultural expansions, these cultural links become fragile. Waning ancestral forest conservation practices not only disrupt biodiversity but also undermine the cultural history of communities.

A harsh climate 

Climate change creates more challenges, especially for marginalized communities that rely on forests for their livelihoods. Unpredictable rainfall patterns increase the risk of natural disasters and bring about changes in ecosystem patterns, exacerbating economic instability as well as food insecurity. As an example, shifts in the weather cycle are mainly to blame for crop loss/damage and decrease in farm productivity in several parts of Nepal. 

More often than not, marginalized communities lack commodities and assistance needed to tackle these challenges effectively, to the detriment of their health, education and the economy.

Rights, wrongs and roles 

In response to these challenges, grassroots movements have surfaced for defending the marginalized communities’ rights over land and forest resources. Organizations such as the Nepal Federation of Indigenous Nationalities (NEFIN) have been raising the voices of these communities in policy-making processes and political discussions for years. 

Resilient community forestry programs have shown how local populations influence sustainable management practices. A case in point is Ramechhap where community-led initiatives have shown that putting local communities at the forefront of forest conservation yields encouraging results.

Conclusion 

Problems facing marginalized communities living around forest areas in Nepal show the need for inclusive forest protocols that honor their rights and roles in conservation initiatives. 

By promoting an alliance between government agencies, NGOS and local communities in forest conservation, Nepal can create a more balanced approach to conservation. Educational advancement and capacity-building training can help these communities manage forests more sustainably. 

In conclusion, realizing the hardships and adaptability of marginalized communities is crucial for ensuring sustainable development of Nepal’s forestry sector. By admiring their traditional knowledge

and practices vis-a-vis conservation, Nepal can move forward to a more inclusive future where both communities and forest coexist and thrive.

Nepal has initiated a significant endeavor to incorporate Artificial Intelligence into its national strategy with the introduction of the National AI Policy 2025. This policy serves as a foundational document for fostering AI innovation and governance, with the goal of transforming Nepal into an AI-centric nation, in line with the swift technological progress observed worldwide. Despite the policy’s forward-looking aspirations, it reveals critical deficiencies in implementation, funding and ethical regulation, which may influence its actual effectiveness.

AI has transitioned from a futuristic idea to a transformative force that is redefining industries, governance and interpersonal relationships on an unparalleled scale. Its ability to improve public administration and revolutionize healthcare highlights AI’s documented potential for driving economic and social change. As a developing country aiming for digital inclusion, Nepal has much to gain from the responsible integration of AI technologies. The government's acknowledgment of AI as a vital element for national advancement is praiseworthy. However, the mere creation of a policy does not signify readiness. The effectiveness of a policy is determined by its execution, which presents Nepal with its most significant challenge.

A key feature of the policy is the creation of an AI Supervision Council and a National AI Center, both designed to manage AI governance, research and ethical issues. Furthermore, the government has established the AI Regulatory Authority, a new entity tasked with ensuring adherence to AI regulations, promoting transparency and establishing governance standards for AI. According to the policy, the AI Supervision Council will be under the Minister for Communications and Information Technology and include representatives from the academia, private sector and the civil society to guarantee that AI is developed and utilized responsibly. This institutional framework represents a positive advancement, aiming to prevent unchecked AI development. Nevertheless, the document lacks clarity regarding the specifics of regulatory enforcement. Who will be responsible if AI systems inflict unintended harm? What strategies will be implemented to address AI-generated biases in a nation with low digital literacy? The absence of definitive actions to tackle these critical issues may undermine the policy’s effectiveness.

One of the significant challenges facing AI adoption in Nepal is its vulnerable digital infrastructure. In contrast to leading global AI nations that benefit from advanced data centers and high-performance computing capabilities, Nepal continues to experience unreliable internet connectivity in numerous regions. The policy does stress the importance of developing AI infrastructure, which includes creating cloud computing platforms and national AI databases. It underscores the necessity for high-performance computing (HPC) facilities and AI-capable data centers to bolster research and development initiatives; however, it lacks specific details regarding the funding for these projects. This raises the critical question: where will the financial resources originate? While the policy mentions public-private partnerships (PPP), it fails to provide clear incentives to draw in investment. In the absence of a dedicated budget or a financial strategy, Nepal risks repeating the familiar pattern of policies that appear promising in theory but struggle to be implemented effectively.

A significant challenge facing the country is the limited availability of professionals skilled in AI. The policy advocates for the integration of AI curricula in universities and vocational training institutions, a step that is both essential and timely. The policy emphasizes that “AI education will be incorporated into the national curriculum at various academic levels to cultivate a sustainable AI workforce.” However, educational reform is a long-term strategy. Nepal must also consider immediate solutions such as international partnerships, AI boot camps and specialized training programs for current  professionals. Without a competent workforce, the aspirations for AI innovation and governance will remain unfulfilled.

While the advantages of AI are considerable, its associated risks must not be overlooked. Worldwide discussions on AI governance focus on ethical deployment, bias reduction and data privacy. Nepal’s AI policy recognizes the significance of ethical AI but falls short of providing a comprehensive framework for responsible implementation. Challenges such as misinformation from deepfakes, AI-enabled surveillance and algorithmic bias necessitate rigorous oversight, especially in a nation where digital rights protections are still developing. The lack of clear data protection measures is a notable gap. Although “the government aims to establish a Data Protection Act to regulate AI-related data collection and processing,” there is scant mention of how these regulations will be enforced. For AI to gain public trust, it must be accountable, and such accountability requires a legal framework that is currently absent in Nepal’s policy.

One of the most encouraging elements of the policy is its acknowledgment of AI’s potential across various sectors, such as healthcare, agriculture, energy and tourism. AI-enhanced healthcare solutions could extend medical services to underserved regions, while predictive analytics in agriculture may improve crop production. The policy outlines that “AI applications in agriculture will encompass automated irrigation systems, pest management solutions and climate monitoring technologies to boost productivity.” However, the successful implementation of AI across sectors hinges on robust collaboration among government entities, the private sector and academic institutions. While the policy expresses optimism, it lacks clarity on how these partnerships will be cultivated and does not address the possible resistance from traditional industries concerned about AI-induced changes.

A significant concern is whether Nepal’s AI policy is in line with global best practices. Given that AI is a global technology, Nepal must avoid developing its AI ecosystem in a vacuum. The policy would be strengthened by clear commitments to align with international AI governance standards, such as those established by the OECD and UNESCO. Although the policy states that "Nepal will engage with international AI governance bodies to align its regulatory framework with global standards," the absence of specific actions could lead to regulatory inconsistencies and hinder Nepal's integration into global AI markets.

The government has invited public input on the AI policy, which is a positive indication of its openness to refining its strategy. However, effective engagement necessitates widespread participation, extending beyond policymakers and experts to include civil society, businesses and the general populace. Nepal’s AI initiative should evolve into a national movement that harmonizes innovation with inclusivity, security with accessibility and ambition with practicality.

The National AI Policy 2025 represents a positive advancement, yet its effectiveness will depend on its ability to move beyond mere statements. Nepal has the chance to establish a distinctive approach to AI integration, but this requires a focused effort to tackle issues such as infrastructure shortcomings, funding limitations, workforce deficiencies and ethical dilemmas. AI should be viewed not only as a means of technological progress but also as a societal catalyst that, when handled appropriately, can drive Nepal forward. The primary challenge ahead is to ensure that this policy leads to real, measurable outcomes rather than becoming just another unfulfilled initiative.

The author is the founder of ‘Teach Me AI’

Nepal has officially banned solo expeditions on all mountains above 8,000 meters, including Sagarmatha, by amending its mountaineering regulations, according to the government publication Nepal Gazette. The sixth amendment to the mountaineering regulations prohibits solo expeditions on all 8,000-meter peaks.

Under the new regulations, every two members of a mountaineering team must be accompanied by at least one altitude worker or mountain guide. This rule applies to all mountains above 8,000 meters, including Sagarmatha. “When climbing a mountain peak with an altitude of more than 8,000 meters, every two members of the mountaineering team must be accompanied by at least one altitude worker or mountain guide. For other mountains, the mountaineering team must take at least one mountain guide with them,” states the newly introduced provision.

With these regulations now in effect, solo climbing on Nepal’s peaks has officially ended. The government is determined not to allow anyone, regardless of experience, to climb alone. This restriction applies to both alpine-style and expedition-style climbers.

The new regulations also formalize an increase in the royalty fee for foreign climbers attempting to summit Sagarmatha via the standard south route in spring, raising it to $15,000 per person from the previous $11,000. Climbing royalty fees for other seasons have also been revised. The fee for autumn expeditions, which run from September to November, has been increased from $5,500 to $7,500. For winter expeditions from December to February and monsoon expeditions from June to August, the fee has been raised from $2,750 to $3,750.

Additionally, the updated provisions include revised fees for other 8,000-meter peaks. The spring expedition fee has nearly doubled, rising from $1,800 to $3,000. The autumn fee has increased from $900 to $1,500, while the winter and monsoon fees have been raised from $450 to $750.

For Nepali climbers, the royalty fee for normal routes in the spring season has doubled from Rs 75,000 to Rs 150,000. In 2015, Nepal switched from a group-based royalty system to a uniform fee of $11,000 per climber for Everest’s spring season via the normal route.

As part of the new regulatory measures, family members of climbers, guides, and high-altitude base camp workers are now banned from staying at base camps. However, with prior approval from the tourism department, family members may stay at base camp for up to two days.

Another key change is the requirement for high-altitude guides to ‘self-declare’ their clients’ successful summits. To verify a summit, expedition organizers and liaison officers must submit original photos clearly showing the climber’s face. These photos must include mountain ranges in the background, a new eligibility criterion for receiving an Everest summit certificate.

Beyond climbers, the revised provisions also increase wages for liaison officers, high-altitude guides, and base camp workers. The daily allowance for liaison officers has increased from Rs 500 to Rs 1,600 per day. Sirdars (lead Sherpas) will now receive Rs 1,500 per day, up from Rs 500. High-altitude guides’ wages have jumped from Rs 350 to Rs 1,200 per day, while base camp workers’ daily wages have increased from Rs 300 to Rs 1,000.

In an effort to curb pollution in the high mountains, climbers are now required to bring all their waste, including human waste, back to base camp for proper disposal. Biodegradable bags must be used for waste collection in the upper reaches.

Since 1953, nearly 8,900 people have summited the world’s highest peak from Nepal’s side. The new provisions will take effect on Sept 1, marking the start of the spring expedition season.

By all accounts, the country is not on the right path. Nepal is facing a multitude of challenges that require immediate and concerted efforts to address. From agriculture and corruption to climate change and political instability, the issues are deeply interconnected. Without urgent action, the country risks further decline, with long-term consequences for its economy, society, and democracy. To support my argument, I have identified the 10 major problems Nepal is facing today.

Agriculture

I do not want to rely on government statistics, but based on my visits to Karnali, Sudurpashchim and areas surrounding the Kathmandu valley, I can say that Nepal’s agricultural sector is witnessing an alarming decline, with decreasing productivity. On one hand, there is a lack of youth willing to work in agriculture; on the other, a small group of local politicians and government officials are hijacking government subsidies, sidelining genuine farmers. One must be an active member of a political party to receive fertilizer and seed subsidies. Additionally, some people are forging fake agricultural documents to siphon funds that never reach the farmers. Market access for local farmers remains a major issue. Fertile agricultural lands are dangerously becoming barren, and their visible impact will be evident within the next 10 years.

Corruption

For a long time, everyone has been saying that corruption is everywhere, so this issue may seem redundant. However, believe me, it has reached an alarming level, especially at the local level. Corruption has severely compromised the quality of infrastructure projects. There is a dangerous nexus between politicians, government officials and contractors. For instance, I have personally witnessed cases where less than 30 percent of the allocated budget is actually spent on infrastructure projects. Corruption exists even in small health posts—people do not receive the free government-provided medicines because they are diverted to private pharmacies for profit. Corruption has permeated every level of budget allocation and project implementation.

Economy

Government indicators may suggest a gradual economic recovery, as it is also a necessity for the government to manipulate economic data to show progress. For example, the current government has claimed improvements compared to the previous administration. However, the overall sentiment in society clearly indicates that the economy is struggling. Business owners are under severe stress. Visit any small shop, and you will hear about the difficulties they face. People are hesitant to start new businesses due to high loan risks. Even top businesspeople are gradually losing confidence in the national economy. Whether you talk to a small tea shop owner or a leading business figure, optimism is hard to find.

Climate change

Again, this may not sound like a new issue because everyone is talking about it, but Nepal is facing a severe crisis due to climate change. Unfortunately, for our politicians, it is not a matter of urgency. But don’t just blame them—even US President Donald Trump called climate change a hoax. However, visit farms and talk to farmers, and you will feel its devastating effects firsthand. The September floods swept away agricultural lands around the Kathmandu valley. Over the past few months, prolonged droughts have seriously affected winter crops. In the coming years, both floods and droughts will continue to impact vital areas such as water availability, crop production, biodiversity and human settlements.

Misinformation and disinformation

This has emerged as one of the biggest risks to society. Social media platforms are filled with disinformation, and it is disheartening to see that people believe misinformation more readily than the facts. There is a low level of awareness about deepfake technology and how such content is created. This issue could lead to social unrest at any time. Politicians are aware of the spread of disinformation, yet there is no urgency to address it. Passing a few laws alone will not be enough; the government must launch a large-scale awareness campaign. Without it, disinformation could create security threats and other serious problems.

Youth migration

Every young person with a high school degree wants to go abroad. At college classrooms, I hear students discussing their plans to leave. In tea shops, I hear young people talking about how to gather funds to migrate. And in my home village in Kavre, I rarely see young people—most have already left. When I travel abroad, I find many Nepalis working and studying there. This trend does not need further explanation; its long-term economic impact will be severe, especially in the next decade.

Geopolitical tensions

Growing geopolitical tensions are gradually affecting Nepal. The Russia-Ukraine war has had economic and social repercussions here. Additionally, the escalating tensions between the US and China during Trump’s administration will not spare Nepal. Meanwhile, the growing influence of major global powers is increasing polarization within Nepali society. Our politicians are losing their ability to manage or leverage these global developments for the country’s benefit.

Political vacuum

Nepal currently has seven national political parties. Three major ones—Nepali Congress, CPN-UML, and CPN (Maoist Center)—united to promulgate the 2015 constitution. Superficially, it appears that these parties still dominate the political landscape. However, dissatisfaction is growing. More and more people are beginning to believe that traditional parties can no longer solve the country's problems, yet credible new political alternatives have not emerged. Even dedicated local-level cadres of major parties—except those who benefit directly—are considering changing their voting preferences in the next election. This has created a political vacuum at the local level. Which political force will fill this gap?

Pessimism

Nepalis are getting increasingly pessimistic about the country’s future. A majority believe conditions will worsen rather than improve. Many have lost hope that economic growth will create jobs and opportunities. This growing pessimism is contributing to rising mental health issues, which in turn are causing a surge in crimes.

Constitution

The 2015 constitution played a crucial role in maintaining peace, but it is now under threat. Anti-constitution forces are gaining momentum. Meanwhile, the commitment of political parties to the constitution is wavering. If the constitution and current system come under attack, the public is unlikely to rally to protect them because they feel the constitution has failed to improve their lives. If people do not safeguard the constitution, political instability could worsen at any time, potentially endangering democracy itself.

It can’t be denied that we rely all too much on imported goods, whether it be for clothes, perfumes, makeup items, bags, shoes, or toys. Many people ApEx spoke to confessed that they shopped when they traveled and that they don’t find what they need in the local markets in Nepal. They say the choice is between cheap Chinese products that don’t last more than a month and exorbitantly priced branded items that actually cost a fraction of the retail price on the brand’s website or at outlets in India and abroad.

But there are local businesses that actually sell good stuff. And their number is increasing by the day. We have rounded up some local brands and businesses that you can check out the next time you are shopping. We, at ApEx, believe this can help boost the local economy as well as entice entrepreneurs to come up with innovative ideas and products in the long run. But that doesn’t mean you have to compromise on the quality as these made in Nepal products have been made with care and caution and are some of the best you will ever come across.

Abir

Next time you want to shop for clothes, check out Abir near Pimbahal, Lalitpur. It’s a sustainable clothing brand. All the fabrics—bamboo, cotton, linen, hemp, and their blends—are made in Nepal. In winter, they used wool that was sourced from Nepal. Bini Bajracharya, co-owner of Abir, says they take pride in the fact that their clothes have minimal impact on the planet. The business is run by a small team of 10 to 12 people and they design clothes for both men and women. Recently, they have also started incorporating crochet in their designs, making their pieces unique and interesting. We spoke to some of their customers and they all agreed that Abir’s clothes are comfortable, don’t fade or shrink, and are designed to look great on all body types.

Maya Handicrafts Jewelry

This could be your go-to stop for dainty and stunning pieces of jewelry that you can wear every day. Maya Handicrafts has two physical outlets—one in Sanepa, Lalitpur and the other in Lazimpat, Kathmandu. But you can also browse through their collection on Instagram and order from there as well. However, we recommend visiting the stores to see their pieces up close. You will notice that they are simple and stylish and have been made really well. They have silver jewelry, gold-plated ones, and even some gold and diamond pieces. The prices are reasonable and they have quite a good collection. Their bangles and bracelets are especially made for daily wear. Maya Handicrafts is also a business with a conscience. They help charities and causes whenever they can. In the past, they donated two percent of their sales to Astitwa Nepal to help victims of acid and burn violence.

Nepal Knotcraft Center

If you want to buy home decor items and other little accessories like purses, pouches, and bags, look no further than Nepal Knotcraft Center. They have an outlet in Kupondole and their products are also available in Thames at Ekadeshma Collective. The company was founded in 1984 to create jobs for women and empower them. When it started out, it had three employees. Now, there are hundreds of women from all over Nepal working for the company. Most of the products are made from natural fibers and recycled wood. If you want placemats, rugs, and other home decor pieces like baskets, bowls, wall hanging etc, Nepal Knotcraft Center has a lovely selection of them all.

Jamarko

Founded by a sister duo and now run by their daughters, Jamarko is a paper recycling company that was started in 2001. They make various recycled paper and lotta paper products. They have notebooks, boxes, pencils, wrapping paper, frames, gift bags, and many other items. The designs are appealing and the products, despite being handmade, have a factory-finish to them. The company collects paper waste from various sources and recycles them to make beautiful products that can be used at home. Kritica Lacoul, executive director at Jamarko, says their short term goal is to minimize paper waste whereas their long term goal is to conserve our natural resources and reduce consumption. Buy from Jamarko for a guilt-free shopping indulgence. Another good thing is that their products aren’t pricey at all.

Gallery VS

You don’t have to buy expensive perfumes anymore. These handcrafted blends of essential oils smell great and are really long lasting. There are many variations available for both men and women and the fragrances range from mild to strong. The base of these roll-on perfumes are solvents and not alcohol and that ensures the smells stay for long. The proprietor says he wants to make good quality perfumes that are inexpensive but of good quality. The company also sells essential oils and diffusers as well as hand creams that aren’t greasy and are, again, long lasting. The company has a kiosk in Chhaya Center, Thamel as well as puts up stalls at the Saturday market at Labim Mall, Pulchowk, and the Le Sherpa Farmer’s Market on Saturday.

Nepal has raised the issue of new air routes with India yet again.

During a recent meeting with the visiting Ministry of External Affairs Additional Secretary, Munu Mahawar, in Kathmandu, Minister for Foreign Affairs Dr Azu Rana Deuba raised the issue of new air routes that Nepal has been demanding for a long time. 

Nepal has been in discussions with India for over a decade regarding new air entry routes. The government has been negotiating with the Indian government to utilize the airspace of Bhairahawa, Mahendranagar, Nepalgunj and Janakpur for air route access. However, Nepal has not yet secured air routes from these locations.

Gyanendra Bhul, the information officer at the Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal (CAAN), said that Nepal has presented all proposals to India regarding new routes. “Nepal has raised the issue of new air routes in all bilateral meetings - from the Prime Minister level to the ministerial level. While Nepal has presented its case, the Indian side has not yet reached a decision,” he added.

Due to India’s inability to provide a conclusive decision on new routes, the government’s plan to bring aircraft into Nepal using the airspace of Bhairahawa, Mahendranagar, Nepalgunj and Janakpur has been stalled.

Nepal had formally requested India to allow air access through Janakpur, Bhairahawa, Nepalgunj and Mahendranagar during Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s visit to Kathmandu in 2014. In May 2023, talks were held in New Delhi between officials from Nepal's Ministry of Culture, Tourism, and Civil Aviation, the Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal, and the Airports Authority of India, but no conclusion was reached.

According to CAAN, if India provides new air entry routes as requested by Nepal, it would save flight costs and time, and also resolve the issue of air traffic congestion. Currently, 90 percent of international flights enter Nepal through Simara, while flights from China enter through the Makalu region in Sankhuwasabha district and flights from Bhutan enter through Mechi. The air routes for exiting Nepal include Simara, Biratnagar, Janakpur, Mahendranagar and Bhairahawa.

Nepal has been facing several challenges such as air traffic congestion, disrupted flight schedules, and the need to hold aircraft in the air for extended periods due to the reliance on a single route. CAAN has been saying that if additional routes are made available, managing air traffic would become easier. If India agrees to at least allow the Bhairahawa and Nepalgunj routes, the distance for flights entering Nepal would be significantly reduced, CAAN officials say.

Currently, aircraft coming to Gautam Buddha International Airport in Bhairahawa from Gulf countries enter the Nepali airspace from Simara and fly westward to Bhairahawa as they are not allowed to enter the country from the west. Experts say new international airports in Bhairahawa and Pokhara will be unfeasible if aircraft are not allowed to enter from the west.

Mark Tolley is the regional director of inDrive Asia Pacific region with over 15 years of experience driving growth and operational excellence in the global QSR, cloud kitchen, and mobility industries. As the Regional Director for inDrive, he oversees several markets across [SEA+O], focusing on strategic market expansion, operational efficiency, and sustainable growth. Here’s an interview excerpt between Tolley and ApEx:

What factors have driven inDrive’s success in Nepal?

inDrive is always looking at markets where we can make a significant impact to local communities, we can bring affordable convenient mobility solutions and Nepal is one of those markets that we identified very early. There is a tangible transformed infrastructure where urbanization is outgoing. And Nepal again is a key market where we have seen right across 30 percent year in a year. The passengers  growth in the platform again is 30 percent plus and we have seen our drivers grow over 50 percent as well. And really what we put into that, I think the big thing we see in many countries and Nepal is our pay to pay model system and  where we are focused on fare transparent pricing for our customers. So, they can have the choice of value for money when you use our services. 

And on top of that we can have our low market leading commissions and when we put this together in a package when we enter a market, we see that there is a fairness and transparency that reflects with customers and drivers expectations. With this, the ecosystem has really allowed us to have more markets in Nepal and grow the market significantly. We only hope to continue growing up with this model of fairness without disrespecting our passengers.

inDrive emphasizes a people-centric and community-based approach. How does this strategy translate into the regional operations, and how do you ensure it resonates with local markets?

It’s always a case of how do we take a business at a lower price and I think we really work through this model allowing the environment through choice and control towards drivers and passengers.  So, what I mean by that is while our passengers are making their trip, they can choose the ride on the basis of ratings, varied costs and based upon the car that is comfortable and on top of that also the distance that they are. So, we have given these options to make their choice. In addition, the drivers can accept and decline too where I have also given power to the drivers and to be some of the entrepreneurs where they can choose when they work, how they work and which passengers do they want to take. And what this allows us to do, I am thinking of Nepalis in flexibility in freedom and underlining that this  you see great pricing which between the passenger and the driver is so unique and so aligned to people-centric mission and we see quite success.

Recently, we have been facing challenges related to some roaming cases. We have addressed this matter, and as part of our commitment to safety, inDrive maintains a strict zero-tolerance policy toward any harmful behavior or misconduct by users. The safety and satisfaction of our users, especially the safety and experience of women, is our top priority. We deeply regret and apologize for the incident experienced by our user.

At inDrive, we are a responsible company, and we are fully cooperating with the relevant authorities to ensure fairness and justice in this matter. We are dedicated to continually improving our services, as trust is a core value for us globally. Incidents like this do not reflect the values of inDrive or the quality of service we aim to provide. In fact, we are strengthening our measures to do better in the future. We want to ensure that every choice made on the inDrive platform is safe and secure. To that end, we offer several safety features to protect our users: Safety Button that provides quick access to contact support, the police, or ambulance services from the main screen. You can also easily access the phone numbers of their friends or family, which can be activated at any time, even during a ride. Share Your Ride feature allows passengers and drivers to share their ride details with friends or family, including real-time tracking. Rate Your Passenger/Driver where they can rate each other, providing transparency and helping others make informed decisions based on ratings. Lastly, a 24/7 Customer Support team is available around the clock to assist with any concerns. We are fully committed to enhancing safety on our platform and ensuring that every experience with inDrive is safe and secure.

Sustainability is a growing concern in the transportation industry. What steps is inDrive taking to incorporate sustainable practices in its operations?

Sustainability has been a focus of inDrive for a while and globally we see the shift among more sustainable options in a mobility industry. If we look at inDrive in Nepal, what are we doing to address that is, a few months ago we started the feature of comfort cars and that allows for comfortable ride among passengers in certain vehicle types. One important thing to know about the comfort cars is that most of them are electric vehicles and we have seen the response from the customers to want this type of ride. So, we are fully committed over the next year and beyond to  increase the demand for electric vehicles that we have.

What are the biggest challenges facing the ride-hailing industry in this region, and how is inDrive positioning itself to overcome them?

The biggest challenge we’ve observed in South and Southeast Asia is the growing demand for mobility options. In South Asia, the sector is expected to experience double-digit growth over the next 4-5 years. With this growth comes tighter regulations and constant changes, which require us to collaborate closely with local regulators. It’s essential to ensure that the regulations support businesses, drivers, and passengers alike. This is a challenge we see across Asia, and we’re addressing it in Nepal by fostering strong partnerships and adapting to regulatory environments. The second challenge stems from the increasing demand, which brings heightened competition. In many markets, we see more players entering the space, and sometimes we compete with ourselves. To stand out, we rely on our unique and straightforward model. By focusing on affordability and maintaining market-leading low commission rates, we’re able to enter and thrive in these markets. Our approach not only makes rides affordable but also supports drivers in maximizing their earnings. This innovative strategy allows us to remain resilient and adaptable as new challenges and competitors emerge.

How is the company leveraging innovation to enhance user experience and stay ahead in a competitive market?

Besides affordability, inDrive differentiates itself through our unique peer-to-peer pricing model, which promotes transparency and fairness, ensuring that both riders and drivers are satisfied with the mutually-agreed price.

Our peer-to-peer model is both innovative and highly suitable for entering this nascent market. This model of transparency and fairness is a significant advantage for us and reflects the innovation we aim to bring. When it comes to commissions for drivers, we are deeply focused on ensuring fairness and maximizing their earnings. By maintaining low commission rates, particularly in countries like Nepal, we enable drivers to earn more per order. This approach ensures that at the end of the month, they have more money in their accounts.

Additionally, we prioritize safety. We have a rigorous onboarding process and a robust verification system for drivers. Real-time tracking is another essential feature that enhances safety. These elements, combined with our continuous efforts to innovate, demonstrate our commitment to both safety and fairness.

What are inDrive’s primary goals for Nepal, and how do you see the brand evolving over the next five years?

Personally, I would say our focus is to continue expanding in the Kathmandu market while exploring new opportunities as they arise. Beyond that, we aim to ensure added insurance benefits for our drivers, providing them with greater security. We are also in the process of establishing a local office, which will serve as a valuable resource for customers and passengers who wish to engage with us directly. Additionally, we are actively working to grow our electric vehicle fleet within Nepal, which aligns with our commitment to sustainability and innovation. These three areas—expansion, driver support, and the adoption of EVs—are key priorities for us over the next five years

Can you share some impact/CSR projects by inDrive in Nepal?

Nepal is one of the cornerstones of our focus for 2025 and beyond. We have our invision program, which collaborates with communities worldwide. Recently, we partnered with the Nepal Centre of Disaster Management (NCDM) to officially unveil our first inDrive house for victims of floods and landslides. This marked the first of five houses in the region, and seeing the tangible impact of these collaborations was truly a proud moment. We have our YourPace program, where we actively engage with the community. For instance, we’ll be participating in the Kathmandu Marathon with a dedicated team encouraging people to run—I’ll personally be there as well. Furthermore, we’ve supported cultural initiatives, such as sponsoring several events, including the Alternative Film Awards.

Nepal faces the risk of being added to the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) ‘gray list’—an informal designation for countries with strategic deficiencies in combating money laundering and terrorist financing. The warning comes as the FATF Plenary and Working Group meetings, scheduled for Feb 17-21 in Paris, France, are set to review Nepal’s progress in addressing these issues.  

Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB) Governor Maha Prasad Adhikari acknowledged the risk, stating that Nepal is currently in the listing phase after completing its mutual evaluation period. “Even if we are listed, we have laid a strong foundation to exit the grey list,” Adhikari said, during Anti-money Laundering Day celebrations in Kathmandu. 

Officials say the FATF, an intergovernmental body that sets global standards for anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorist financing (CFT), has expressed concerns over Nepal’s slow progress in key areas. Although Nepal has made legislative reforms, international observers have criticized the delays in investigations, prosecutions and enforcement of AML/CFT measures.  

Nepal’s mutual evaluation process, which began in June 2022, identified several gaps in the country’s AML/CFT framework. A team from the Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering (APG), comprising experts from Australia, Bangladesh, Fiji, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka, had made 11 immediate recommendations for improvement. However, government officials admit that progress in implementing these reforms has been unsatisfactory.  

The government had prepared to amend over a dozen laws through an ordinance in Oct 2022. The proposed amendments targeted key legislation, including the Money Laundering Prevention Act, Cooperative Act, Tourism Act, Nepal Penal Code, and Foreign Investment and Technology Transfer Act. However, the President declined to issue the ordinance.  

It was only in February 2023 that Parliament passed the anti-money laundering bill, amending several laws to align with international standards. Despite these efforts, experts say challenges remain in addressing issues such as proxy ownership of assets, underreporting of property values and large cash transactions.  

Law Secretary at the Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers, Phanindra Gautam, Prime Minister’s Office said that while Nepal has completed the third round of mutual evaluation, the results have not been entirely satisfactory. “The current context does not reflect effective implementation,” he said.  

Chief Secretary Ek Narayan Aryal acknowledged that Nepal has adequate laws, structures, and human resources to combat money laundering but stressed the lack of reporting, enforcement, and active implementation. “This has led to repeated questioning by international institutions,” he said.  

Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister Bishnu Paudel admitted that Nepal has not done enough to address money laundering risks. “Efforts have been made to avoid being pushed into a high-risk or monitored category, but we have not been as effective as required,” he said. Paudel emphasized the need for strict adherence to international commitments and the implementation of domestic programs.  

If Nepal is gray-listed, it could face significant economic repercussions, including reduced foreign investment, higher transaction costs, and reputational damage.

After the April 2015 earthquake in Nepal, India committed $250m in grant assistance for post-earthquake reconstruction in Nepal, the Embassy of India in Kathmandu said on Monday. “The grant was allocated in four different sectors—Housing ($100m), Education ($50m), Health ($50m) and Cultural Heritage ($50m). A JPMC (Joint Project Monitoring Committee) mechanism was set up in Aug 2017 to monitor the progress of these projects,” the statement added.

India and Nepal held the fifth meeting of the JPMC on post-earthquake reconstruction projects on Monday in Kathmandu. The Indian delegation was led by Munu Mahawar, Additional Secretary (North), Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India and the Nepalese delegation was led by Padma Kumar Mainalee, Joint Secretary, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of Nepal.

The meeting was also attended by several other representatives of the Governments of India and Nepal, consultants and other stakeholders engaged in implementation of the projects.

The meeting carried out a comprehensive review of the progress of the Government of India assisted post-earthquake reconstruction projects in housing, education, health and cultural heritage sectors in Nepal. It acknowledged the successful completion of the projects agreed under the housing sector in 2021 and the education sector in 2024.

According to the Embassy of India, Kathmandu, in health and cultural heritage sectors, both sides expressed satisfaction on the progress achieved and agreed to expedite the early completion of projects under these sectors.

Since the last JPMC meeting in Oct 2023, Government of India has handed over 26 projects in the education sector including Tribhuvan University Central Library in Kathmandu, 32 projects in the health sector and three projects in the cultural heritage sector, amounting to Rs 3.35bn.

In addition, 43 projects in the health sector and nine projects in the cultural heritage sector amounting to Rs 1.73bn have been completed during this period, as per the Embassy of India Kathmandu.

Both sides appreciated the positive socio-economic impact of the reconstruction projects, particularly in employment generation and extension of health and education facilities in remote areas.

AS (North) also visited the Gusthal Mahavihar reconstruction project, a cultural heritage site located in Guita Tole, Lalitpur Metropolitan City-8. During the visit, he reviewed the project’s progress and engaged with members of the user community.

Both sides agreed to hold the next meeting of the JPMC on a mutually convenient date.

The real estate sector in Nepal has undergone significant transformations over the past few decades, serving as a vital component of the nation’s economy. Despite its potential to drive growth, employment and investment, the sector has faced persistent challenges, including regulatory bottlenecks, valuation discrepancies and market saturation. Recent government initiatives, coupled with evolving demographic and economic trends, suggest a cautious revival, although policy and structural adjustments remain critical to unlocking its full potential.

Nepal’s real estate sector has been fraught with systemic challenges. Among the most prominent is the restrictive land ceiling provision, which has hampered the free transfer of land ownership. Developers managing large-scale projects—spanning 50 to 200 ropanis of land—often find themselves unable to sell properties due to these limitations. This has created a bottleneck, stalling the market and leading to financial distress for developers, who struggle to repay loans to financial institutions.

The problem is compounded by Nepal Rastra Bank’s (NRB) stringent policies, which have tightened real estate financing. Cooperative organizations, heavily invested in real estate using depositors’ funds, faced liquidity crises, leading to their collapse in some instances. These failures not only hurt the sector but also eroded public trust in financial institutions.

Demographic factors have also played a role. Many young Nepalis emigrate for education or employment, selling their properties before leaving. Simultaneously, those abroad often remit funds to their families, who purchase land or property, resulting in market saturation. This oversupply, coupled with weak demand, has further destabilized the sector.

One critical issue undermining Nepal’s real estate sector is the disparity between government valuation of land and its actual market price. Government valuations, often a fraction of market prices, enable opportunities for illicit fund laundering. For instance, land valued by the government at Rs 1m can fetch over Rs 10m in the market. Such discrepancies hinder transparent transactions and create inefficiencies in the market. Experts have suggested involving private sector professionals in valuation committees to ensure accuracy and curb malpractice.

In an attempt to address these longstanding challenges, the government recently introduced amendments to the Land Act, National Parks Act and Forest Act through an ordinance. These amendments include limited exemptions in real estate transactions, a move aimed at revitalizing the sector. However, critics argue that such provisions may be susceptible to policy misuse, raising concerns about potential corruption.

One contentious provision allows landless squatters to gain ownership of plots they have occupied for extended periods. While proponents argue this addresses social equity, detractors warn it could encourage encroachments. The ordinance has also been lauded for easing land ceiling restrictions, which the Nepal Real Estate and Housing Development Federation believes will stimulate sectoral growth.

After years of stagnation, Nepal’s real estate market is showing signs of recovery. In the first five months of the current fiscal year, banks and financial institutions disbursed NPR 20.34bn in real estate loans, representing an 8.62 percent year-on-year growth. This resurgence aligns with an increase in registered land deeds, which climbed from a pandemic-induced low of 12,000 to over 40,000 monthly transactions in 2023-24. The revival has been attributed to growing market confidence and increased business activity. Rise in transactions and loans indicates a positive trend. However, there is a need for more practical income assessment criteria and flexible loan limits to sustain momentum.

Real estate activity has seen uneven growth across Nepal. Districts such as Sunsari, Morang, Jhapa, Kailali and Dhanusha have emerged as transaction hubs, consistently recording over 1,000 monthly transactions. In contrast, regions like Sirdibas, Gorkha, have witnessed minimal activity. This regional disparity underscores the need for localized policy interventions to address unique challenges and opportunities.

Despite its struggles, Nepal’s real estate sector holds immense potential. Urbanization, population growth and the allure of modern lifestyles continue to drive demand for residential and commercial properties. Additionally, the tourism industry offers opportunities for real estate development in hotels, resorts and homestays.

The integration of digital platforms has further revolutionized the industry. Online marketplaces like Daleykaka.com have streamlined transactions, enhancing transparency and efficiency. Additionally, increasing interest from foreign investors and the Nepali diaspora presents an opportunity to attract new capital and expertise.

To fully harness the potential of Nepal’s real estate sector, a comprehensive and strategic approach is necessary. This includes implementing policy reforms that prioritize revising land ceiling regulations to foster large-scale development while maintaining equity in land distribution. The introduction of an Urban Development Act would serve as a significant milestone, facilitating systematic urban settlement and encouraging private-sector engagement in large-scale urban projects. Ensuring valuation accuracy is equally vital. By involving private professionals in land valuation committees, discrepancies between government and market valuations can be mitigated, fostering greater transparency and reducing the prevalence of illicit transactions.

Financial accessibility remains a cornerstone for driving market participation. Nepal Rastra Bank should consider revising its income assessment criteria and loan limits, thereby creating an environment where financing becomes more attainable for both buyers and developers, which in turn would stimulate market activity. Moreover, given Nepal’s susceptibility to natural disasters, it is imperative to adopt disaster-resilient construction practices. Sustainable and resilient building methods not only ensure long-term structural stability but also contribute to safeguarding investments in the sector.

Lastly, the simplification of legal and administrative processes is crucial. Streamlined land administration procedures, coupled with the removal of bottlenecks in land revenue regulations, would significantly enhance governance efficiency, making the real estate sector more dynamic and investor-friendly.

Nepal’s real estate sector stands at a crossroads. While recent policy interventions and market trends offer hope, sustained growth requires coordinated efforts across stakeholders. By addressing structural and regulatory challenges, enhancing transparency and leveraging technological advancements, Nepal can unlock the true potential of its real estate sector. This transformation would not only bolster economic growth but also fulfill the aspirations of millions seeking stability and prosperity through property ownership. With the right blend of policy, innovation and stakeholder collaboration, Nepal’s real estate sector can evolve into a cornerstone of its economic development, fostering sustainable growth for years to come.

Neo-fascism, a modern revival of authoritarian ideologies characterized by nationalism, anti-liberalism, and the erosion of democratic norms, is increasingly shaping global politics. Once associated with the authoritarian regimes of the early 20th century, such as Benito Mussolini’s Italy, neo-fascism is now emerging in various parts of the world, including Nepal. Despite its democratic framework, Nepal is witnessing the rise of neo-fascist elements within its political parties and leaders, threatening core democratic principles and minority rights.

While South Asia has had limited direct exposure to European fascism, authoritarianism, nationalism, and militarism have manifested regionally in troubling ways. Countries like India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Nepal exhibit patterns resembling neo-fascism, challenging democratic norms and inclusivity. In Nepal, both old and emerging political parties and their leaders are adopting tactics and ideologies reminiscent of fascism, undermining the nation's democratic ethos.

Nepal, with its fragile democracy and history of political instability, provides fertile ground for the rise of neo-fascist tendencies. Political parties—both traditional and new—have displayed authoritarian traits, employed exclusive nationalist rhetoric, and sought to centralize power at the expense of democratic institutions and minority rights.

A remnant of the bygone royal regime, Rastriya Prajatantra Party (RPP) embodies a yearning for monarchical centralization. The RPP often calls for the restoration of a Hindu state, promoting exclusionary nationalism that marginalizes Nepal’s religious and cultural diversity. Its leaders glorify the monarchy as a symbol of unity and stability, reminiscent of fascist ideals of a strong, centralized authority. The party’s resistance to federalism and advocacy for a unitary state align with neo-fascist tendencies of eroding regional autonomy.

The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre), under the leadership of Pushpa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda), has also exhibited authoritarian characteristics. During the decade-long insurgency, the Maoists relied on militarization and the glorification of Prachanda’s leadership, fostering a cult of personality that echoes Mussolini’s tactics. Even in the post-insurgency period, the party’s hierarchical structure and intolerance for dissent within its ranks reveal authoritarian tendencies. The party's leaders have used populist rhetoric to consolidate power while sidelining opposition voices, undermining democratic discourse.

In recent years, concerns have grown over the influence of neo-fascism within Madhes-based political parties in Nepal. These parties, which represent the Madhesi community, have historically advocated for marginalized groups’ rights and greater autonomy. However, some factions are increasingly adopting ultra- regionalist, authoritarian ideologies, characterized by aggressive regionalism, ethnic superiority, and exclusionary politics. This shift threatens the inclusive federalism enshrined in Nepal's constitution, raising fears about undermining democratic values and political pluralism. As these parties navigate their identity and power, it is crucial for Nepal to ensure that democratic principles and federalism are upheld amidst rising nationalist pressures.

Emerging political figures like Rabi Lamichhane and his Rastriya Swatantra Party (RSP) have capitalized on populist and nationalist sentiments. Lamichhane’s rhetoric often targets foreign influence, invoking fears of national sovereignty being undermined. While this approach garners public support, it risks fostering xenophobia and scapegoating minorities, particularly the Madhesi and indigenous communities. This exclusive nationalism, combined with Lamichhane’s attempts to position himself as a strong leader, reflects neo-fascist tendencies.

Even mainstream parties like the Nepali Congress (NC) and the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) are not exempt from neo-fascist tendencies. Leaders like KP Sharma Oli of the UML have frequently used divisive nationalism to strengthen their hold on power. During his multiple terms as prime minister, Oli oversaw a growing centralization of authority, efforts to undermine parliamentary processes, and the sidelining of provincial governments. His frequent use of national security threats to justify his policies echoes neo-fascist tactics of consolidating power through fear and division.

Neo-fascism in Nepal often manifests in exclusive nationalist rhetoric that sidelines ethnic, linguistic, and religious minorities. Political parties frame federalism and decentralization as threats to national unity, undermining the representation and autonomy of Madhesi, Dalit, and indigenous communities. The opposition to inclusive policies fosters a narrow vision of national identity, eroding Nepal’s rich multicultural heritage.

The suppression of dissent is another hallmark of fascism evident in Nepal. Successive governments have restricted media freedom, targeted journalists and activists, and leveraged cyber laws to curb online expression. These actions echo tactics used by neo-fascist regimes globally to silence opposition and control public discourse. The increased surveillance of civil society groups and restrictions on peaceful protests further signal a drift toward authoritarianism.

Nepal’s political leaders frequently invoke national security concerns to justify expanding military and police powers. For example, the government’s decision to militarize border areas under the pretext of protecting sovereignty has been criticized as overreach. Similarly, the increased reliance on security forces to manage civil unrest fosters a climate of fear and normalizes authoritarian measures.

Social media has become a powerful tool for spreading nationalist rhetoric and neo-fascist ideologies in Nepal. The widespread use and abuse of platforms have fueled the rise of figures like Kathmandu Mayor Balendra Saha and RSP leader Lamichhane. Political leaders and parties leverage platforms such as Facebook and Twitter to amplify ultra-nationalist messages, frequently targeting minorities and critics. The swift spread of misinformation and polarizing content divides society, providing fertile ground for neo-fascist ideas to flourish.

The rise of neo-fascism in Nepal threatens its democratic framework, inclusivity, and civil liberties. Continued erosion of democratic institutions, suppression of dissent, and centralization of power could undermine Nepal’s progress toward becoming a stable, pluralistic society.

Moreover, Nepal’s geopolitical position between India and China makes rising nationalism particularly risky. Anti-foreign rhetoric could strain diplomatic relations, disrupt trade, and hinder regional cooperation.

As Bertrand Russell warned, fascism thrives in times of unrest, using propaganda and nationalism to scapegoat minorities and consolidate power. Nepal’s path forward requires vigilance, an informed citizenry, and a robust civil society. Political parties must commit to democratic norms, promote inclusivity, and resist the temptation to exploit nationalist sentiments for short-term gains.

Strengthening democratic institutions, ensuring media freedom, and fostering interethnic dialogue are critical to countering neo-fascist tendencies. Nepal must safeguard its democratic achievements and uphold the values of pluralism, equity, and justice for all its people.