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Pervasive presence of plastics in our environment has raised significant concerns globally, and Nepal is no exception. From the deepest ocean trenches to the highest mountains, microplastics and other plastic pollutants have infiltrated ecosystems and, alarmingly, the human body. Plastics, derived from petrochemicals and synthetic materials, are ubiquitous in modern life due to their durability, lightweight nature, and versatility, which have led to widespread use in packaging, textiles, construction, and healthcare. However, plastics present a substantial downside: they do not biodegrade easily. Instead, they break down into smaller particles known as microplastics—particles less than 5mm in size—that have been found in various food items, beverages, and even the air we breathe.

The pathways through which plastics enter the human body are diverse, starting with food sources. In Nepal, the consumption of freshwater fish from the country’s rivers and lakes is a significant avenue for microplastic contamination. Research conducted by the Nepalese Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) revealed concerning levels of microplastics in common fish species, such as Rohu and Catla, which form staple protein sources for many Nepalis. Marine organisms, mistaking microplastics for food, ingest these particles, leading to bioaccumulation up the food chain. When humans consume these fish, they inadvertently increase their microplastic intake, raising potential health concerns.

In agriculture, the practice of using plastic mulch has become commonplace among Nepalese farmers due to its benefits in weed control and moisture retention. However, this practice contributes to plastic pollution in the soil. As plastics decompose, they disrupt the availability of micronutrients essential for plant health, resulting in potential residues on produce grown in contaminated soil that may eventually enter human diets. Furthermore, the rise of packaged food products in urban areas like Kathmandu and Pokhara has increased exposure to microplastics. Many food items are sold in plastic packaging that can leach harmful chemicals into the contents, particularly under high temperatures during storage and transportation. The National Institute of Health and Population (NIHP) recently indicated concerns about certain packaged snacks containing microplastics, contributing to the overall apprehension about their health impacts.

Environmental exposure is another critical pathway. Air pollution in urban centers is a growing health concern, and airborne microplastics have been detected in air samples across Nepal. High levels of construction, vehicle emissions, and industrial activity suggest that individuals may be inhaling microplastic particles. Dr. Anuja Tamang, a pulmonary specialist in Kathmandu, noted that these inhaled particles could lead to respiratory issues and other chronic health conditions. Additionally, water sources in Nepal are increasingly threatened by plastic pollution. Rivers and lakes, often used as dumping grounds for plastic waste, pose a risk of microplastic contamination in drinking water supplies. A recent survey conducted by the Department of Water Supply and Sewerage detected microplastics in drinking water sources across several districts, raising serious concerns about the health implications for consumers.

Daily habits also contribute to plastic ingestion. Personal care products often contain micro plastics, known as "microbeads," found in soaps, scrubs, and toothpaste. Many consumers in Nepal remain unaware that their everyday skincare routines could lead to plastic exposure. Dr. Sabin Sharma, a dermatologist in Kathmandu, encourages consumers to seek out products free from micro plastics, advocating for natural alternatives that pose fewer risks to human health and the environment. Household items made from synthetic materials, such as cleaning supplies and furniture, can also release micro plastics. With regular use, these products can shed tiny plastic fibers into the air, presenting another route of inadvertent exposure over time.

The health implications tied to microplastic ingestion are still under investigation, but research is beginning to uncover potential risks. Studies suggest that microplastics may provoke inflammation, disrupt endocrine functions, and even contribute to various diseases, including cancer, metabolic syndrome, and reproductive issues. In Nepal, where healthcare resources may be limited, the growing burden of plastic-related health problems poses additional strains on the healthcare system. Dr. Pramila Shrestha, a public health expert, emphasizes the urgency of raising awareness regarding these health risks while advocating for more comprehensive studies to understand and mitigate the impact of microplastics on the population.

In conclusion, while the benefits of plastics in modern society are undeniable, the growing challenge of plastic pollution—particularly as it relates to human health—demands urgent attention, especially in resource-limited settings like Nepal. Comprehensive measures, including improved waste management practices, public education campaigns, and regulation of plastic use, are critical to mitigating the impact of plastic contamination in food, air, and water. As the data continues to emerge, it is essential for stakeholders, including policymakers, health professionals, and the general public, to collaborate in adopting sustainable practices that safeguard both human and environmental health.

Nepal and Thailand have signed two separate Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) related to tourism and culture.

The MoUs were signed in the presence of Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli and his Thai counterpart Paetongtran Shinawatra.

PM Oli is currently on an official visit to Thailand.

Minister for Foreign Affairs Arzu Rana Deuba signed on the MoUs on behalf Nepal while Minister of Culture Sudawan Wangsuphakijkosol signed the MoU related to culture and Minister of Tourism and Sports Sorawong Thienthong the MoU related to tourism cooperation on behalf of Thailand.

Similarly, various MoUs in the non-government sector and related to health, education, and trade and commerce were signed in the witness of the two Prime Ministers.

PM Oli arrived here on Tuesday in connection with an official visit to Thailand and to participate in the Sixth BIMSTEC Summit, leading a Nepali delegation.

Nepal welcomed 121,800 foreign tourists in March, 2025. Such a number of tourists entered Nepal by air, according to the Nepal Tourism Board.

A total of 298,000 tourists visited Nepal in the first three months of 2025, added NTB. Total 79,900 tourists entered Nepal in January, 96,800 in February. 

Nepal welcomed the highest number of tourists from India in March which is 21,412.

Similarly, 11,443 tourists entered Nepal from China and 11,092 from USA, 8,886 from Sri Lanka, 5,995 from London as well as 35,287 from South Asia in March.

India has reaffirmed its commitment to strengthening ties with neighboring countries through a consultative, non-reciprocal, and results-oriented approach. Pabitra Margherita, Minister of State for External Affairs, emphasized in a statement to the Lok Sabha that India’s neighborhood policy is guided by the core principles of Samman (respect), Samvad (dialogue), Shanti (peace), and Samriddhi (prosperity). These principles shape India’s engagements, ensuring that partnerships are built on mutual trust and shared progress.

India’s development assistance and capacity-building initiatives are tailored to the specific needs and aspirations of neighboring nations, supporting their long-term economic growth. The minister highlighted that India’s contributions range from large-scale infrastructure projects to community-driven development, including financial, technical, and humanitarian aid. This multifaceted approach underscores India’s role as a reliable partner in fostering regional stability and prosperity.

In Nepal, India’s cooperation focuses on enhancing connectivity, economic collaboration, and energy and digital infrastructure, alongside cultural exchanges. A key component of this partnership is the High Impact Community Development Projects (HICDP), which have delivered critical infrastructure such as hospitals, schools, and water and sanitation facilities. While the initiative faced some challenges last year, it has since moved forward smoothly. Originally launched in 2003 as a modest program, HICDP was expanded and rebranded in 2024 to maximize its developmental impact.

With the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) remaining inactive, India has prioritized the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) as a more dynamic platform for regional collaboration. Margherita described BIMSTEC as a strategic convergence of India’s Neighbourhood First policy, Act East policy, and the SAGAR vision, which emphasizes security and sustainable growth in the Indo-Pacific. Through BIMSTEC, India is deepening cooperation in areas such as trade, security, connectivity, and digital innovation, while also promoting partnerships in health, education, and people-to-people ties. 

The upcoming BIMSTEC Summit, scheduled for April 3-4 in Thailand, is expected to produce a vision statement outlining future regional cooperation. Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli has already left for Thailand to attend the summit, while Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi is also set to participate.

Margherita reiterated that India’s Neighborhood First policy is widely appreciated by partner countries, ensuring the continuity of assistance programs even amid political changes. She stressed that India’s relationships with its neighbors stand independently of their ties with other nations, reflecting the depth and resilience of these bilateral connections.

On national security, the minister affirmed that India remains vigilant, closely monitoring regional developments to safeguard its interests. He expressed confidence in the enduring strength of India’s partnerships and reaffirmed the country’s commitment to advancing mutual benefits while protecting its strategic priorities in the region.

Poverty in Nepal remains widespread, especially in rural areas. Many poor people struggle to earn enough to meet their basic needs, relying on small, often unproductive pieces of land. This land doesn’t produce enough crops or generate enough income, making poverty more severe in rural areas compared to urban ones.

In 2010-11, about 25 percent of Nepal’s population lived below the poverty line. By 2023-24, this number had decreased to 20.3 percent, a reduction of 18.8 percent. While this shows some progress, many people still struggle to make ends meet. A 19 percent reduction in poverty over a decade is but a small improvement. Progress has been slow, and many still face difficulties, especially in rural areas. Efforts to fight poverty have not been strong enough to make a significant impact. According to a recent World Bank report, most of the poverty reduction can be attributed to remittances. This suggests that government efforts alone have not been enough to bring significant change.

This highlights the need for more action within Nepal to tackle poverty. There should be more local job opportunities, better access to education and healthcare, and better support for farmers so that people can improve their lives without having to migrate. While remittances help, they are not a long-term solution to poverty. The government and relevant organizations need to address the root causes of poverty and provide local opportunities for growth.

To reduce poverty further, Nepal must improve conditions for rural communities. This includes better access to education, healthcare, and technology, as well as improving farming practices. It’s also important to create more job opportunities outside of farming, so people don't have to rely solely on agriculture for survival.

Meanwhile, inequality in income or spending has decreased. In 2010-11, the Gini coefficient (GC), which measures income distribution, was 0.33. By 2023-24, it dropped to 0.30, a three percent decrease. The Gini coefficient ranges from zero (perfect equality) to one (extreme inequality). A GC of 0.3 shows that while inequality has decreased, it is still at a moderate level, meaning there is still a gap between the rich and the poor in how resources are shared.
Although the reduction in inequality is a positive sign, more work is needed. The three percent decrease suggests that efforts to reduce inequality are moving in the right direction, but there is still a long way to go to ensure fairer distribution of wealth and opportunities across Nepal. The government and organizations must focus on policies that help reduce inequality further. This could include improving access to education, healthcare and job opportunities for everyone, especially those in rural areas or from poorer backgrounds. By creating more equal opportunities, Nepal can continue to reduce inequality and move toward a more balanced society.

In conclusion, while poverty and inequality have decreased in Nepal, the changes are still not enough. Stronger and more effective efforts are necessary, particularly in rural areas. Remittances have played a key role, but they are not a long-term solution. The government needs to create more local opportunities for people to improve their lives and address inequality to ensure a fairer distribution of resources and opportunities across all communities.

The 13th meeting of the India-Nepal Joint Working Group (JWG) on Border Management (BM) was held in Pokhara, Nepal on March 27-28.

In the meeting, the two sides reviewed the decisions taken in the last JWG on BM that took place in New Delhi on 15-16 June 2022, particularly with respect to repair and maintenance of border pillars.

They also deliberated on issues related to trans-border criminal activities; strengthening of border infrastructure particularly ICPs, roads and railway-network; empowerment and capacity building of various security-related institutions; and ways to strengthen cooperation in disaster risk reduction and management.

The JWG on BM also reviewed progress on concluding the Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty (MLAT) and the working of Border District Coordination Committee (BDCC) between the two sides.

The two sides agreed to ensure that the meetings of the JWG on BM are held regularly.

The Indian delegation extended an invitation to the Nepali delegation for the next JWG on BM to be held in India next year. Mihir Kumar, joint-secretary (Border Management), Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, led the Indian delegation while Ramchandra Tiwari, joint-secretary (Security and Coordination), Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of Nepal, led the Nepali side. 

Every time we hear the term “alcohol” or “beer”, we often resonate it with addiction and health issues. However, it’s essential to acknowledge that in developing countries like Nepal, the beverage industry plays a pivotal role in economic development. This sector contributes significantly to employment generation, government revenue and tourism industry.

The alcohol industry is projected to become a billion dollar industry by 2025, including both in-home and out-home revenue. A report by World Travel And Tourism Council suggests that Nepal’s tourism sector generated Rs 327.9bn ($2.5bn) in revenue and supported 1.19m jobs directly and indirectly in 2022. In 2019, tourism contributed seven percent to Nepal’s GDP—much like the measured alcohol content that gives a beer its perfect kick. Even as pandemic sedated this vital sector, its upsurge now offers a unique opportunity to the alcohol industry to be able to cash in. Nepal can boost its economic flavor by intertwining beverage traditions with tourism.

The history of alcohol in Nepal has a close relation to its bioclimatic and ethnic diversity. For countless generations, several ethnic communities have been crafting and consuming fermented alcoholic beverages. Ethnicities such as Newar, Rai, Limbu, Tamang etc. consider alcohol an integral part of their tradition. People normally produce alcohol for local consumption and use it as a formal greeting during marriage and other occasions. Some households include a certain amount of alcohol into the fabric of daily life. In some communities, they are offered to guests and tourists that are prepared right in the household kitchen. A common form of drinks  called “raksi”, “aila” and “jaand” are made from the distillation of millet,rice or wheat, and are typically consumed.

Apart from the cultural contribution, there are families, making a living through production of local-alcohols. Domestically produced alcohols are cheaper as they skip labelling and branding, nevertheless, in reality they hold immense potential in gaining a premium market if launched with proper strategies.

In Nepal, the regulation on alcoholic beverages comes under “Madira Ain”. This law sets limitations in local production of alcohol because of branding, labelling and quality concerns. A lack of coordination can be seen between these governments and these communities. Much like the ongoing debate on the legalization of Marijuana, the indigenous alcohol’s are perceived as harmful to health whilst their massive economic benefits are overlooked. The legal alcohol industry still seems illegal as the regulations are not fostering authentic and local production while the international brands are being imported in heavy amounts. Although effective commercialization channels may be lacking, the locally produced alcoholic beverages are being recognized on the global stage. In 2018, “Raksi” was ranked 41th among the world’s 50 most delicious drinks.

However, commercializing local alcohol brands in Nepal faces several challenges, especially with the dominance of well-established competitors. Despite the presence of many Nepali beer industries producing and exporting outside the country, the lack of global recognition makes it difficult to compete. The challenge is further intensified by distribution barriers and consumer trust. Due to the lack of  consumer trust issues due to concerns about the quality of beverage and raw materials used, the local industries are unable to scale. Nevertheless, this can be reversed if the government comes together with the producers and incentivizes tourism-related alcohol production. Initially, making a strong capital investment is important, where visitors simultaneously experience the culture and  the products. After this, aiming for global expansion can change the course of the alcohol industry in Nepal. As we make a global recognition, the beverages will export our culture and promote tourism for good.

Moreover, these drinks include higher content of alcohol making it tough for commercialization to tourists who are generally accustomed to milder options like beer.

If we want to uplift national revenue, prioritizing the local production over the import of fancy beers is important. “Beerification” of  traditional alcoholic beverages such as: raksi, jaad and xyaang into internationally appealing products in Nepal can represent a transformative approach to rebranding our traditional alcohols. By rebranding these conventional drinks into premium beverages, our tourism industry will gain an edge over our neighbors. Visitors in Nepal seek experiences that celebrate our tradition and culture with authenticity. By presenting our unique, locally produced drinks, we celebrate our heritage while crafting unforgettable moments that enrich every traveler’s journey.

Upon navigating the  data from across the world, the contribution of the alcohol industry to their respective economy is quite remarkable. For example, the Scotch Whisky Association reported that the whisky industry supported Scotland with around 40,000 jobs and generated over £5.4bn in exports where whisky tourism alone added roughly £68.3m in annual revenue. Similar is the case of Ireland and its reputed beer industry.

In the USA, the reintroduction of legal beer during the Great Depression revitalized the nearly decimated beer industry, spurring job creation and rejuvenating local economies. As argued by Professor Jason E Taylor in his book, “The Brew Deal”, allowing 3.2 percent beer to return played a crucial role in the economy during the nation’s darkest of times. Having said that, comparison of Nepal with politically stable countries might not be fair, but Nepal can always capitalize on the ever-expanding alcohol industry bolstered by its tourism potential.

Much like the ongoing debate on legalizing marijuana for its beneficiary production commercialization, the indigenous alcohol production in Nepal is suppressed and stakeholders are brushing aside  its potential. The blend of the tourism industry with the flavor of local-alcohol can galvanize Nepal’s economy,especially in the post-pandemic era. Immense support from the government to promote “Aila”, “Jhaand” and “Raksi” is necessary, whereas, “Beerifying” the alcohol with the aim of diverse exposure and making subtle changes in marketing strategies can enhance our tourism industry as well as overall economy. 

The World Bank’s Board of Executive Directors today approved a financing package of USD 150 million for Nepal’s Third Bridges Improvement and Maintenance Program (BIMP-III). The support is to help strengthen the resilience of bridges in the Strategic Road Network, ensuring safer and uninterrupted connectivity across the country’s diverse and challenging terrain. 

Nepal's bridge system serves as critical lifelines connecting remote and urban communities to essential services, including healthcare, education, and economic opportunities. Vulnerabilities caused by frequent climate-induced disasters such as floods, landslides, and earthquakes severely affect the bridge infrastructure.

The program, led by Nepal’s Department of Roads, will focus on climate-resilient measures such as enhanced structural designs and innovative technologies, including real-time monitoring systems to safeguard bridges against extreme weather events. The program will also support bridge designs prioritizing accessibility for all users, connecting marginalized communities to vital services, according to a press release issued by the Bank today.

Meanwhile, Division Country Director for Maldives, Nepal, and Sri Lanka David Sislen has said the resilience of Nepal’s bridge network is fundamental for safe and sustained connectivity. This program emphasizes resilient infrastructure development and promoting access to markets and services for vulnerable communities while promoting Nepal’s sustainable growth.

The program includes capacity-building initiatives for the Department of Roads, promoting innovative solutions and strengthening institutional systems for effective infrastructure management.

Nepal’s first modern highway, Tribhuvan Rajpath (named after King Tribhuvan), is not just a road but also a historical heritage. Famous by the name ‘Bairod Ko Bato,’ this route was the first motorable road connecting Kathmandu with the southern Tarai. Before the construction of this road, the only means of transport in Nepal were foot travel, horse-drawn carts and caravans of pack animals. The development of this Rajpath (Royal Path, later renamed Lokmarg et al to reflect political changes) had a profound impact on Nepal’s economy, trade and the lives of people.

Construction and historical events

Before the 1950s, the Kathmandu Valley was completely isolated from the outside world. Nepal had no paved roads, making the transportation of goods and travel quite difficult. After the end of the Rana rule in 1951, a plan was made to construct the first modern highway in Nepal with Indian assistance. With collaboration between Indian engineers and Nepali workers, the project initiated in 1953 got completed in 1956 and was named Tribhuwan Rajpath in honor of the then King.

When the artery was completed, in 1956, a jeep made its first trip from Birgunj to Kathmandu marking a historic moment when Nepal saw its first motor vehicle travel to the capital. That same year, the first bus service was also introduced in Nepal. People were so eager to see the bus that they would wait for hours to catch a glimpse of it. It was a marvel for everyone, from children to elders. Even today, this road is considered one of the toughest driving routes in Nepal. Sim Bhanjyang (2,483 meters) is the highest point of this route, where the cold climate and sharp turns pose a constant risk of vehicle overturning.

Stories of a hard road

In the past, traveling along the road used to be quite challenging for drivers, especially for those operating buses and trucks. When a new driver took a bus on this route for the first time, experienced drivers would perform a special ritual to ensure the new driver’s safety. One such tradition involved a brake test, where drivers would place stones on the road to check if the vehicle’s brakes were working properly before starting the journey. There were also times when buses or trucks would break down, and drivers and passengers would end up stranded overnight in the cold, surrounded by forests. With no help available in those remote areas, they had to spend the night waiting for assistance, facing the harsh conditions until they could continue their journey.

Center of trade and development

The completion of the road marked the beginning of organized trade in Nepal. Freight trucks started transporting goods from Birgunj to Kathmandu, making it easier to supply goods to shops. Hetaunda became one of Nepal’s major trading hubs, with trade in timber, tea and agricultural products growing. Daman is considered the most beautiful spot along this highway, offering a breathtaking view of the Himalayas, which made it a popular tourist destination. In the 1970s, as the Prithvi Highway and Mahendra Highway were constructed, people began to find easier and safer alternatives, and gradually the use of the old artery decreased. However, it remains a favorite route for bikers, adventure enthusiasts and lovers of history. Many tourists in Nepal still choose this route to experience the journey of the old times.

Full operation necessary

Transportation in Nepal is often disrupted due to monsoon rains, floods and landslides. The Banepa-Bardibas and Kathmandu-Mugling highways suffer heavy damage during the rainy season, disrupting traffic between the Kathmandu Valley and Madhes. Therefore, it is crucial to bring the good ole artery into full operation as an alternative and safe route.

A rugged terrain aside, this historic highway, which connects Kathmandu with Hetaunda and Birgunj, can play a vital role in improving Nepal’s transport safety if it is revived and upgraded. If the narrow bends of the route are widened, the road improved, and safety measures enforced, it can help ensure smooth traffic between Kathmandu and Madhes.

Revival

The history of the Rajpath reveals that it was not just a road, but Nepal’s first step toward modernization. As new highways continue to be developed in the country, it’s essential to modernize this historic route as well. One of the major challenges of this highway is its sharp bends, narrow roads and steep descents. In many areas, the road is so narrow that two vehicles can’t pass each other. To improve safety, it’s necessary to widen these dangerous bends, add safety railings, and place warning signs. Installing solar lights and reflector sign boards along the route would also make night travel much safer.

Over the years, the road has suffered significant damage due to rain and landslides, with potholes and broken surfaces being major contributors to vehicle accidents. To address this, regular maintenance and repairs should be planned, and efforts should be made to widen and pave the road so that even heavy vehicles can travel more easily.

There was a time when this road was the most important trade route in Nepal, connecting towns like Hetaunda, Palung and Daman, which thrived because of it. Today, to boost tourism and business, developing tourism hubs in places like Daman and Hetaunda would be a great idea. These towns could be promoted as part of a historic tourist route, with new markets and eateries created to support local businesses and attract visitors.

Though most people now use the Prithvi Highway and other modern routes, it’s important to recognize that the Rajpath is more than just a road; it is a significant part of Nepal’s heritage. The road should be preserved and developed as a heritage route. The government could declare it an adventure and heritage driving route to encourage more people to use it. Additionally, installing memorials and information boards at key historical sites along the route would help educate visitors and preserve its rich history for future generations.

Conclusion

To restore the lost identity of ‘Bairod Ko Bato,’ it is the right time to modernize and make it safe, reviving Nepal’s pride. This road is more than a road; it is a symbol of Nepal’s historical, cultural and economic transformation. This route not only led Nepal toward modernization but also awakened a new consciousness in Nepali society. Though journeys along ‘Bairod Ko Bato’ may have gone down today, it will always be remembered as Nepal’s first and most historic road. The transportation system in Nepal is frequently disrupted due to monsoon rains, floods and landslides. Particularly, the Banepa-Bardibas and Kathmandu-Mugling highways suffer significant damage during the rainy season, disrupting traffic between the Kathmandu Valley and Madhesh. In such a case, bringing the Rajpath into full operation as an alternative and safe route is extremely essential. This historic highway could prove to be significant for Nepal’s transport security if it is revived and improved. If the narrow bends are widened, the road is better, and safety measures are implemented, it will help ensure uninterrupted traffic between Kathmandu and Madhes. Its operation will not only boost trade, tourism and the local economy, but also act as a reliable alternative route during natural disasters. Hence, the modernization and reactivation of the historic artery is imperative for Nepal’s long-term development.

The Sichuan Series of Celebrations on China-Nepal 70th Anniversary of Diplomatic Relations and the Sichuan-Nepal Culture, Tourism, Economy and Trade Exchange Month commenced with an inaugural event held at Chengdu, China. 

The event held on Friday was jointly organized by Foreign Affairs Office of the Sichuan Provincial Government and the Consulate General of Nepal in Chengdu.

Speaking at the event, Director General of Foreign Affairs Office of Sichuan Province, Zhang Tao, reiterated the recent progress in connectivity between Nepal and Sichuan, highlighting the momentum of socio-cultural exchanges in the past year.

In his remarks, Ambassador of Nepal to China, Krishna Prasad Oli, reminisced about the historical ties shared by the two countries and more importantly, the bonds shared by the people of these countries. 

Chief Executive Officer of Nepal Tourism Board, Deepak Raj Joshi, stated that Nepal is ready to welcome Chinese tourists and offer them an unforgettable experience in every corner of Nepal. 

The Consul General confirmed the Consulate’s readiness to facilitate and encourage all forms of trade, tourism and cultural exchange initiatives between Sichuan and Nepal.

The event included performances from Chinese performers and Himali Cultural Group, who arrived in Chengdu for Sichuan-Nepal Culture, Tourism, Economy and Trade Exchange Month.

Various Nepali products were showcased by Nepali exhibitors during the event. During the month-long Sichuan series, Nepali local products’ exhibition and cultural exchange events will be held in different cities of Sichuan Province.

The Sichuan series is also expected to enhance integrated and robust cultural, trade, economic and people-to-people exchange between Nepal and Sichuan, according to the Consulate General of Nepal in Chengdu, China.

In the face of global trade uncertainties, Nepal must proactively adapt to geopolitical shifts while diversifying its economic partnerships. Strengthening regional ties, investing in domestic industries, leveraging supply chain shifts, and prioritizing digital transformation will be key to sustaining economic growth and reducing external dependencies. A well-calibrated trade strategy, backed by strong governance and infrastructure development, can enable Nepal to navigate the evolving global trade landscape with confidence.

Adapting to geopolitical realities

Nepal should reduce dependence on major powers like the US and China by expanding trade partnerships within South Asia and beyond. Strengthening economic ties with regional and interregional platforms such as BBIN, SAARC, BIMSTEC, ASEAN, IORA, and the African Union can provide alternative markets and enhance economic resilience. Additionally, closer engagement with EU agencies and Middle Eastern economies can help diversify Nepal’s trade and investment sources.

However, deepening foreign trade relations demands strong governance and accountability. Nepal must implement stricter scrutiny on foreign aid to ensure effective fund utilization, while also building trust with international donors.

Overcoming institutional challenges

A major roadblock to regional trade integration is bureaucratic inertia and political unwillingness to implement complex initiatives. Keay challenges include:

• Limited political commitment to advancing regional economic cooperation.
• Under-resourced institutions that lack the capacity to negotiate and implement effective trade policies.
• A shortage of skilled professionals with expertise in international trade and economics.

To overcome these obstacles, Nepal must prioritize institutional reforms and invest in building a capable workforce equipped to navigate the intricacies of global trade.

Solution: Invest in human capital

Nepal must empower its workforce with skills in IT, AI, and fintech to make the economy more adaptable to global shifts. Skilled labor will be a critical factor in leveraging the ongoing supply chain shifts from China to South Asia, where Nepal can benefit through IT outsourcing and low-cost manufacturing.

Diversification and self-sufficiency

To strengthen its economic base, Nepal must focus on domestic revenue generation. Key strategies include:

• Taxation reforms to enhance revenue collection and reduce reliance on foreign aid.
• Industrial growth and public-private partnerships (PPPs) to boost productivity and innovation.
• Regulatory simplification to eliminate bureaucratic red tape and foster a business-friendly environment.
• Digitization of trade and business processes to minimize corruption and improve efficiency.

Strengthening domestic industries

Nepal must reduce reliance on imports by fostering growth in agriculture, manufacturing, and services. Instead of exporting raw materials, Nepal should develop processing and manufacturing capabilities to create value-added products. Agro-based, herbal, natural fiber, and bamboo industries hold significant potential to generate employment and exports.

FDI and trade policy reforms

To attract FDI, Nepal should offer incentives in manufacturing, energy, and technology sectors. Simultaneously, tracking global trade policies—especially tariffs imposed by the US on China, the EU, and India—can help Nepal identify trade opportunities and capitalize on shifting market dynamics. Key considerations include:

• Analyzing how global firms and markets are adjusting to US tariffs and leveraging these shifts to Nepal’s advantage.
• Assessing the impact of rising consumer costs in the US and negotiating preferential market access for Nepali products.
• Capitalizing on the supply chain shift from China, which is expected to redirect five percent of global production to South Asia. Nepal can position itself as a hub for IT services and cost-effective manufacturing, provided it reforms labor laws to ensure fair wages and job security.
• Rather than pursuing retaliatory trade measures, Nepal should adopt a strategic diplomatic approach, negotiating preferential market access while quietly building trade capabilities.

Infrastructure and trade facilitation

The government must focus on policy reforms, trade facilitation, and accreditation to ensure that Nepali products meet international standards. Key infrastructure investments include:

• Developing transshipment ports to enhance access to international markets.
• Strengthening logistics and port-road connectivity to reduce trade bottlenecks.
• Enhancing trade-related services to streamline export and import processes.

Nepal must also maximize economic diplomacy by leveraging the Hub and Spoke Mission approach. Appointing trade specialists and improving foreign policy foresight and scenario planning within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs can strengthen Nepal’s position in international trade negotiations.

Conclusion

Given the shifting geopolitical landscape and evolving US trade policies, Nepal must tread carefully to safeguard its trade interests. The US’s increasing reliance on tariffs and sanctions as economic tools, along with rising tensions between major global economies, calls for a strategic and diversified approach in Nepal’s trade policies. To strengthen resilience, Nepal must focus on regional cooperation, trade diversification, and digital transformation while ensuring robust governance and policy reforms.

Inclusive education is the approach where equitable access to quality education for all, including individuals with physical, sensory, intellectual, and developmental disabilities, is ensured by integrating them into mainstream settings with necessary support, fostering equal opportunities, skill development, and overall well-being. Nepal’s Constitution of 2015, the Compulsory and Free Education Act, 2075 has devised several provisions pertaining to inclusive education. In the backdrop, this article at first discusses the key policy provisions, then it presents progress in line with the policy and program and points out key challenges and finally offers a way forward. 

Policies to promote inclusive education

Nepal’s Constitution of 2015, under Article 31, upholds the right of every citizen to accessible and equitable education, ensuring compulsory and free education up to the basic level and free education up to the secondary level. It reinforces inclusivity by mandating free higher education for individuals with disabilities and those from economically disadvantaged backgrounds. Recognizing diverse learning needs, the Constitution guarantees visually impaired students’ access to free education through Braille script and ensures that students with hearing or speech impairments receive education in sign language. Furthermore, it safeguards linguistic inclusivity by affirming the right of every Nepali community to receive education in their mother tongue and establish educational institutions to promote their language and culture. 

Similarly, Article 40 guarantees free education with scholarships for Dalit students from primary to higher education, along with special provisions for their access to technical and professional fields. The Compulsory and Free Education Act, 2075, aligns with the Constitution to ensure that all public school students receive textbooks through local-level distribution, while also guaranteeing free higher education for economically disadvantaged, disabled, and Dalit citizens. Section 27 of the Act requires private schools to operate early childhood and basic education with a focus on public welfare, mandating at least 10 to 15 percent student reservation based on school size. 

Other policy provisions that talks of the inclusive education are national policy and plan of action on disability (2006), special education policy (1996), equity strategy (2014), international commitment on MDGs (2016-2030), Incheon conference in Spain ( 2015),  all the national plans after 10th  plan has prioritized the inclusive education.

Implementation status of the inclusive education in Nepal

Nepal has made significant efforts to promote inclusive education through a variety of initiatives. A case study jointly conducted by the Education Journalists Group (EJG) and British Council covering select schools in three districts namely Nawalparasi, Syanja and Palpa reveals that some schools in the districts have started giving due attention to inclusive education. The study mentions that Chandeshwari Mavi Gudar in Kawasoti, Nawalparasi, has comparatively improved access to education for the Majhi, Musahar, and Bote communities in Kawasoti-15. This improvement was achieved through a door-to-door campaign, awareness-raising activities, scholarship support, and the creation of a child-friendly school environment, among other initiatives.

To address educational disparities, the Curriculum Development Center (CDC) has developed a sample curriculum for 26 mother tongues, published reference books in four, and created children's learning materials in 15. In grades 1–3, the local curriculum is taught five times a week with 100 full marks and 160 teaching hours per year, while in grades 4–8, it is taught four times a week with 100 full marks and 128 teaching hours per year. This apart, various scholarships have been provided to marginalized groups, including students with disabilities, Dalits, girl students, children from endangered castes, children of martyrs, and those from Karnali. 

Furthermore, Girls’ Scholarship Programs (GSP) support girls and children from marginalized communities to promote education and reduce dropout rates. GSP also provides special scholarships for students in Karnali Province. Similarly, since 2019, Karnali Province has implemented the ‘Bank Khata Chhoriko Suraksha Jiwan Bhariko’ program to promote gender equality and financial security for girls. Under this initiative, a bank account is opened for girls born after July 2019, with an initial government deposit of Rs 1,000, followed by a monthly deposit of Rs 500 until they turn 20. However, thes program has been affected lately. 

Madhes Province launched the ‘Beti Padhau Beti Bachau’ (Educate Daughter, Save Daughter) campaign in 2019 to improve girls’ education across eight districts. The program provides school-going girls with bicycles for easier travel and social connections. Additionally, baby girls born on or after 15 Jan 2019, are insured under the program, receiving Rs 125,000 upon obtaining their citizenship certificate to support their education.

Likewise, informal, open, and home education programs have been implemented alongside formal education, and disability-friendly school infrastructure has also been prioritized. Religious educational centers, such as Madrasas and monasteries, have also been recognized as formal education institutions,  with budget allocations. Teacher recruitment processes have been made more inclusive, and training programs have been offered to equip educators with the skills to support diverse learners. “Some schools have started identifying different types of disabilities, grouping students accordingly, and using appropriate teaching methods”, the case study report mentions. Teachers have become more sensitive to disability issues and have adapted their teaching approaches to support these students effectively.  

Initiatives like the Midday Meal program have also been implemented to support student nutrition and improve attendance. Furthermore, some schools now provide free sanitary pads to support girls’ education and reduce dropouts during menstruation. The Sanitary Pad Distribution and Management Procedure, 2019 ensures free sanitary pads in public schools as part of a broader campaign for “dignified menstruation,”. “There are many positive changes in terms of addressing issues from inclusivity perspective with the support from the British  Council Nepal”, the case study mentions.

Challenges

Despite legal and institutional support, mother tongue education has struggled due to a lack of textbooks, trained teachers, and a mindset that sees it as difficult. Most local governments are unwilling to invest in the necessary infrastructure, and even declared multilingual schools fail to teach in languages other than Nepali.  

Bullying is another hindrance to the progress of inclusive education. The case study revealed that an 8th-grade girl student at Chandeshwori Secondary School in Gudar, Nawalpur, suddenly stopped coming to school. After a thorough inquiry by the teacher, it was discovered that she had quit school due to bullying from her classmates, who would tease her for her dark complexion and being born to a Majhi family. 

Furthermore, Nepal’s remote regions, plagued by poverty, superstition, and religious and cultural bigotry, have created environments where marginalized groups struggle to access education. The lack of comprehensive policies addressing the educational needs of children from nomadic communities, such as the Raute, further compounds the issue. Despite the push for girl-friendly and disability-friendly schools, efforts have failed to yield meaningful results. Corruption has also affected the true spirit of some initiatives. For example, despite the positive intentions behind Madhes’s ‘Beti Padhau Beti Bachau’ campaign, the initiative has faced criticism over alleged fund mismanagement, particularly concerning the allocation for bicycle purchases.

Way forward 

To advance inclusive education in Nepal, focus should be on improving teacher training to equip educators with skills for diverse student needs, particularly those with disabilities. Anti-bullying measures and stigma reduction must be prioritized to create supportive learning environments. Expanding resources and infrastructure for marginalized and remote communities, including disability-friendly facilities, is essential. Strengthening policy implementation and addressing corruption will ensure transparency in educational programs. Additionally, promoting multilingual education through resources and teacher training is crucial for equitable access to education for all. These steps will help ensure every child in Nepal has equal opportunities for quality education.

Nepal has achieved remarkable success in poverty reduction, nearly eradicating extreme poverty, largely driven by remittances. To strengthen future growth, Nepal should prioritize policy actions that unlock domestic opportunities, according to the World Bank’s Nepal Country Economic Memorandum: Unlocking Nepal’s Growth Potential, released on 24 March 2024. 

Despite progress, Nepal’s economic growth lags behind regional peers. Nepal’s economy grew at an average annual real rate of just 4.2 percent between 1996 and 2023, ranking sixth out of eight South Asian nations, the report states. Structural challenges such as low productivity, declining exports, and a stagnant industrial sector have held back the economy and led to slow job creation in non-agriculture sectors. Young workers are migrating abroad in search of better job opportunities as domestic prospects remain limited.

“Nepal’s success in poverty reduction is impressive, but its economic potential remains largely untapped,” said David Sislen, World Bank Division Country Director for the Maldives, Nepal and Sri Lanka. “Nepal has significant potential to drive stronger growth and create jobs by implementing key reforms to increase the returns from migration, boost exports, use hydropower efficiently, and boost digitalization.”

“The 16th Plan for Nepal outlines a vision of good governance, social justice and prosperity and prioritizes productivity and competitiveness, decent and productive jobs, social security, and ensuring a smooth transition from LDC status. The government is committed to ensuring an enabling policy environment for Nepal’s sustainable growth,” said Vice Chair of the National Planning Commission, Prof Shiva Raj Adhikari.

Produced every five years, the Nepal Country Economic Memorandum offers a roadmap for faster growth in key sectors. It recommends policy actions in four critical areas to unlock Nepal’s economic potential.

A systematic and institutionalized migration system can enhance the returns from migration, the report states: Integrating migration into national development, job creation, and poverty reduction strategies will provide a platform to work toward such a system. Policies should focus on reducing the cost and increasing the benefits and safety for current low-skilled migrants, while also eyeing longer-term skill and destination diversification.

Expanding and better implementing bilateral labor agreements will be critical. Initiatives promoting entrepreneurship and retraining and reskilling programs would allow returning migrants to reintegrate into the domestic labor market, according to the report. 

Improving market competition in key sectors and addressing infrastructure deficits can boost exports. Better managing inflationary pressures would address the erosion of exporters’ price competitiveness, it states: Encouraging people to use remittances for investments and business growth could help ease inflation. Simplifying the process for businesses to get tax refunds on imported materials and lowering import taxes would make it easier for them to export more products. With Nepal’s transition from Least Developed Countries status and the loss of trade preferences, authorities should seek additional preferential trade agreements. 

Developing a clear financing strategy to develop the hydropower sector will help mobilize much-needed investments, goes the report. This strategy could include developing the domestic bond market and an effective framework for large-scale public-private partnerships. Strengthening the regulatory and legal frameworks, by reducing bureaucratic red tape and streamlining the current licensing process, would improve the structure of the electricity market and attract additional investment, the report adds.

Nepal Tourism Board emphasized the promotion of Buddhist tourism at the 'Nepal-Myanmar Trade and Tourism Expo 2025' held in Yangon, Myanmar.

The program was organized on March 21 and 22 on the occasion of the 65th anniversary of diplomatic relations between Nepal and Myanmar.

During the expo, Buddhist tourism was promoted and Nepali tourism products, information technology solutions, and other products were also showcased.

A total of 16 tourism companies from Nepal and 30 from Myanmar took part in the event.

On the occasion, Nepal said that special emphasis should be given to promote Buddhist tourism while urging Myanmar tourists to visit Lumbini through flights to the new Gautam Buddha International Airport (Bhairahawa) in Nepal.

Myanmar Union Minister U Tun Ohn, Nepal's Ambassador to Myanmar Harish Chandra Ghimire and Nepal Chamber of Commerce President Shiva Agrawal jointly inaugurated the expo.

Addressing the program, Minister U Tun Ohn stressed on the need for cooperation in tourism promotion while strengthening trade relations between Nepal and Myanmar.

Experts and politicians have said that Nepal should learn lessons for the country's economic growth and physical prosperity from China's development initiatives.

At a program organized by Friends of Silk Road Club-Nepal on 'China's Two Sessions 2025: Lessons, Opportunities, and Implications for Nepal' on Thursday, they stated that Nepal can learn lessons and benefit from China's economic rise made in the last four decades.

Standing Committee Member of the CPN-UML and former Industry Minister Karna Bahadur Thapa said we should expand Nepal-China relations and take maximum benefits through partnership for the implementation of sustainable development policies. "For this, we should deepen our diplomatic ties through political level," Thapa added.

Likewise, CPN (Maoist Center) central committee member and Bagmati Province Assembly Member Yubraj Chaulagain called for intensive collaboration on economic issues between Nepal and China adding that rising economic power of China could be beneficial for Nepal's development efforts.

Similarly, Nepali Congress central committee member Madhu Acharya argued that Nepal could advance ahead by taking technical expertise from China adding that China's stride in technological advancement was impressive.

Also speaking at the programme, Executive Director of CEDA of Tribhuvan University (TU) Prof Dr Arjun Kumar Baral and foreign affairs expert Gopal Khanal said that China's strategies on economic growth, industrialization, modernization, good-governance and reforms are the key areas that Nepal should learn from Chinese experiences.

General Secretary of Club Dr Kalyan Raj Sharma stressed the need of investment partnership with China adding that Nepal can bring in a huge amount of FDI from China by further deepening our ties.

Spend a few minutes scrolling through social media about Nepal, and you might get an impression that the country is in a state of irreversible collapse. Political instability, corruption, the mass migration of young people, bureaucratic deadlock—these dominate the discourse. The prevailing sentiment: Nepal has no future. Everything is a disaster. But is this the ground reality, or are we trapped in a collective mood—a pervasive atmosphere of despair that shapes how we interpret events? 

Martin Heidegger, the German philosopher, argued that moods are not just personal emotions but collective states that shape how people perceive the world. A mood is not simply a fleeting feeling; it determines what appears possible or impossible. When we are in despair, everything looks hopeless. When we are optimistic, the very same circumstances can seem full of opportunity. The danger is that we mistake the mood for reality.

Right now, Nepal seems gripped by a mood of crisis. Every political event is framed as another step toward collapse. Social media amplifies outrage and negativity, reinforcing the belief that nothing works, that all roads lead to failure. 

Even during periods of political stability, opposition forces often work to undermine it. Even when policies are introduced, bureaucratic inertia slows them down. In such an atmosphere, even genuine progress can go unnoticed, overshadowed by a narrative of dysfunction. Consider the issue of youth migration. Thousands of young Nepalis leave the country every year in search of better opportunities. But this fact alone does not mean Nepal is doomed. Migration is not unique to Nepal—many countries, even developed ones, experience waves of emigration at different points in their history. What matters is how a country responds. Will Nepal create conditions that encourage its youth to return with skills, experience and investment? Or will we resign ourselves to the belief that youth migration is irreversible? 

Our answers to these questions are shaped by our collective mood. 

Political instability is an undeniable reality, but does that mean democracy itself has failed? Nepal has seen frequent changes in government, but it has also witnessed major democratic movements, an engaged electorate, and a growing demand for accountability. Corruption remains a problem, but civic activism, investigative journalism and digital transparency tools are also emerging. The bureaucratic system is slow, but Nepal’s private sector—especially entrepreneurs in digital industries—continues to innovate despite these hurdles. And yet, these positive aspects rarely define the national conversation. 

Instead, the dominant mood ensures that we focus only on dysfunction.

The possibility within breakdown

Heidegger also gives us another lens: breakdown. When things no longer function as expected, when the structures we rely on falter, we are forced to confront possibilities we may not have seen before. A system in crisis is also a system in transition. History shows that moments of instability often precede major transformations. 

Many of today’s thriving economies—South Korea, Singapore, even post-war Germany—went through prolonged periods of political and economic crisis before they found their footing. Their progress was not inevitable; it was made possible because they saw their breakdowns as moments of reevaluation rather than permanent decline. 

Nepal is at a similar juncture. The problems are real, but so are the possibilities. The same youth who are leaving for opportunities abroad are also part of a globally-connected, highly-skilled generation. The same political instability that frustrates us is also a sign of democratic contestation—a struggle to define Nepal’s future rather than resigning to a single, unchangeable fate. The same bureaucracy that slows progress also means that any reform, when it happens, has the potential to be institutionalized for the long term.

If we see only the breakdown and not the possibility within it, we risk deepening our national pessimism. And pessimism is not just an attitude; it shapes action. A country that believes it has no future acts accordingly. Talented people leave instead of staying to build. Entrepreneurs hesitate instead of investing. Policymakers, sensing the public’s resignation, prioritize short-term survival over long-term vision. But the opposite is also true. If we start recognizing the possibilities within this moment, we will act differently. We will invest, innovate, and engage. We will challenge the systems that don’t work rather than accepting them as permanent. Change begins not just with policy but with perception.

Choosing to see possibility 

The power of mood is that it determines what we believe is possible. And what we believe is possible determines what we attempt to build. If Nepal continues to see itself as a country on the brink of collapse, it will act like one. But if it sees itself as a country in transition, in the messy but necessary process of change, then it can begin to focus on solutions rather than just problems. This is not an argument for blind optimism. It is not about ignoring Nepal’s challenges or pretending that everything is fine. It is about resisting the easy, self-fulfilling trap of despair. 

Because in the end, national progress is not just about policies and politics, it is also about belief. Nepal’s greatest challenge today is not just political instability or economic hardship; it is the crisis of belief in its own potential. Just as mood shapes how we see the present, it also shapes what we believe about the future—and that belief, in turn, influences the path we take as a nation, from governance to progress and beyond.