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Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal is scheduled to attend the 28th Conference of Parties (COP28) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), starting from Nov 30 to Dec 12 in Dubai. The Ministry of Forest and Environment said preparations are underway for Dahal’s visit, planned from Nov 29 to Dec 4. 

On Dec 2, Prime Minister Dahal will address the high-level session scheduled for Dec 1 and 2, which will feature addresses by heads of state/government from around the world.

Nepal has intensified preparations for the conference. To finalize Nepal’s agendas, the ministry has announced a ‘National Climate Conference’ set to take place in Kathmandu on Nov 21.

The conference will delve into discussions regarding the National Adaptation Plan, the implementation plan based on the Nationally Determined Contributions, and the agenda for COP28.

Buddhi Sagar Paudel, Head of the ministry’s Climate Change Management Division, mentioned that senior officials from the ministry, chief ministers, heads and officers of concerned organizations, development partners, media representatives and others will partake in the program.

The ministry has already devised a roadmap for Nepal’s engagement at the conference and has been working accordingly. Joint Secretary Paudel stated, “For the conference preparations, a committee comprising secretaries of relevant ministries and key representatives of other concerned bodies, under the guidance of the minister, has been formed. Efforts have been made to gather suggestions.” 

Additionally, under the department’s leadership, a working group comprising representatives of line ministries has made significant progress in crafting the ‘National Position Paper’ for COP28 through coordination and consultations with stakeholders, he added.

Thematic groups covering topics like climate adaptation, mitigation, finance, loss and damage, global measurement and transparency, mountains, gender equality, young children and tribes have already taken shape.

As part of preparations for Nepal’s agendas at the COP28 conference, the ministry has established an expert group focusing on six core areas: Climate finance, adaptation, transfer of mountain technology and capacity-building, loss and damage, gender, youth, children, climate empowerment, and mitigation of climate change effects.

Nepal has prioritized specific issues for this conference, including climate finance, adaptation strategies, managing funds for climate-related loss and damage, addressing mountain-related concerns, reducing emissions and fostering inclusivity.

The ministry announced Nepal’s plan to set up a pavilion at the conference venue to host its programs. They anticipate more than 34 programs, covering diverse subjects, with a schedule of four programs per day at the pavilion from Dec 3 to 11. This marks the first instance where various national and international organizations will conduct programs at the pavilion, focusing on Nepal’s highlighted issues.

Experts in the field anticipate that the events held at the pavilion will effectively showcase Nepal’s concerns and help raise awareness and support for these critical issues.

On the eve of the conference, United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres paid a four-day official visit to Nepal from Oct 29 to Nov 1. Nepali officials believe that Guterres’ priority on climate change, exhibited during the visit, will also make it easier for highlighting problems facing Nepal at the global stage.

During his visit, Guterres highlighted the critical issue of climate change in the Himalayas, emphasizing the alarming rate at which glaciers are melting. He drew parallels to regions like Greenland and Antarctica, pointing at rising sea levels and other visible impacts in the form of floods, landslides and consequential disruptions to communities. Guterres emphasized the urgency of climate action, stating, “We must stop this madness. We must move forward with climate action.”

Highlighting Nepal’s challenges, he noted that the country’s glaciers had melted 65 percent faster in the last decade than in the previous one. 

To better understand the real impact of climate change on local livelihoods, Guterres engaged with residents of Khumbu Pasang Lhamu rural municipality-4 in Solukhumbu district. This interaction allowed him to comprehend firsthand how climate change has multifaceted effects on their daily lives. 

Meanwhile, Prime Minister Dahal has affirmed his commitment to assert Nepal’s stance and views on the impact of climate change directly at COP28. Speaking at an event organized on Saturday by the Nepal Mountaineering Association to hand over the peace torch at the Sagarmatha base camp, Dahal emphasized the need to assert rights rather than relying solely on supplication.

He highlighted Nepal’s stance, stressing that those responsible for carbon emissions must take greater accountability and contribute to the climate fund. Nepal, in the global climate discourse, aims to claim its rights rather than seek mere assistance.

Moreover, the Prime Minister recalled the recent visit of UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres to the Khumbu region, citing it as a reminder to the world about pressing issues. He noted Guterres’ visit, during which he inspected the impacts of climate change and engaged with local residents and representatives. Dahal highlighted the significant contribution of Guterres’ visit in highlighting the climate change challenges facing the region on a global scale.

During the second Voice of Global South Summit also, Prime Minister Dahal reiterated that climate change poses a significant threat to humanity. He affirmed Nepal’s unwavering dedication to implementing the Paris Agreement, emphasizing the country’s measures aimed at safeguarding and sustainably managing natural resources. “Nepal is actively engaged in effective adaptation and mitigation strategies and has expressed commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2045 through the promotion of green initiatives,” he added.

Agendas for COP28

• Climate finance: Strategies and mechanisms to secure funding for climate-related initiatives, focusing on sustainable development and resilience against climate change impacts
• Adaptation: Developing and implementing strategies to adapt to changing climatic conditions, emphasizing resilience-building measures
• Transfer of mountain technology and capacity-building: Facilitating the transfer of relevant technologies suitable for mountainous regions and enhancing the capacity of local communities to manage and adapt to climate change
• Loss and damage: Addressing the impacts of climate change-induced loss and damage, including measures to mitigate and manage these effects
• Gender, youth, children, climate empowerment: Promoting inclusivity and empowerment of marginalized groups such as women, youth, and children in climate action and decision-making processes
• Mitigation of the effects of climate change: Implementing strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate the adverse effects of climate change through various measures and initiatives

The government decision to ban TikTok, citing disruption of social harmony, family structure  and goodwill, has left everyone puzzled. There is no clear answer as to why the government abruptly shut down the popular video-sharing app. This move contradicts constitutional provisions and international commitments to safeguard freedom of speech and expression.  

While the government has the authority to ban apps affecting national security, social harmony, and law and order, the lack of clear reasons for the TikTok ban is problematic. Currently facing 10 writ petitions in the Supreme Court, and more in the pipeline, the government's decision is under scrutiny. Advocate Dinesh Tripathi, one of the petitioners, warns that the government may extend the ban on other apps as well.

The misuse of TikTok has been a persistent concern for government agencies, prompting continuous discussions between TikTok and the Nepal government regarding content regulation.  On 3 November, TikTok representatives presented a detailed working process, moderation and model of collaboration to the Nepal government. Earlier, an internet safety summit was organized in the presence of TikTok representatives, civil society and government officials. Similarly, TikTok has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Nepal Telecommunication Authority to create awareness about the misuse of the platform.

Also in June, TikTok provided access to the Trust and Enforcement Tool to Nepal to ensure the reporting of content that is in violation of local laws. TikTok says it has since removed around three million videos by Nepali users for violating community standards. It appears that the government's desire for complete control over the so-called objectionable content led to the ban.

According to one government source, the ban was prompted after TikTok refused to remove all the videos that were flagged by the government.  The government's decision lacks transparency, with no specific reasons shared with the public. Three major political parties—Nepali Congress, CPN-UML and CPN (Maoist Center)—have by and large remained mum about the ban. Minister for Information and Communication Technology Rekha Sharma has suggested that there was an all-party consensus to ban TikTok. 

The silent position taken by major parties backs Sharma’s claim of all-party consensus. While some Congress leaders including Gagan Kumar Thapa, Bishwa Prakash Sharma and Shekhar Koirala have opposed the decision, the party President, Sher Bahadur Deuba, has not said anything.

In an all-party meeting held a few days ago, leaders expressed their concerns over the use of TikTok to disturb social harmony and religious tolerance. Following the discussion, the government came up with social media guidelines, asking the public to avoid the misuse of social media. Observers say, major parties may have agreed to ban TikTok after new political parties and rabble-rousers were heavily featured on TikTok clips where they defamed politicians and government. Security agencies have also expressed concerns about the misuse of TikTok to create social discord. A senior security officer says there were several videos on TikTok that created discord and disharmony among various religious and ethnic groups. 

But former deputy inspector general of Nepal Police, Hemanta Malla, says the government’s ban on TikTok cannot be justified. He notes that  there are far more objectionable contents on other platforms. Some experts say geopolitical factors may also have influenced the government’s decision to ban TikTok, as there have been global concerns about TikTok's potential threat to data security.  The ban has particularly hit small businesses, especially those led by women. For them, TikTok was a crucial platform to promote their products and brands. The app also helped to promote Nepal’s tourism destinations.

After India along with 59 Chinese-owned apps  banned TikTok in 2020, Nepal was the largest market for the platform.  The ban by India came shortly after a clash between Indian and Chinese troops at a disputed Himalayan border killed 20 Indian soldiers and injured dozens. 

As TikTok does not want to lose its user base in Nepal, its representatives are in Kathmandu to negotiate the lift on the ban. Experts suggest regulating the platform instead of a complete ban, but government officials argue that Nepal lacks sufficient mechanisms for content regulation. The plea for social media giants to open offices in Kathmandu echoes the need for better regulation rather than outright prohibition.

According to news agency AP, TikTok, owned by China’s ByteDance, has faced scrutiny in a number of countries because of concerns that Beijing could use the app to harvest user data or advance its interests. 

Countries including the United States, Britain and New Zealand have banned the app on government phones despite TikTok repeatedly denying that it has ever shared data with the Chinese government and would not do so if asked, according to AP.  It has 1 billion uses globally. Nepal has banned all pornographic sites in 2018. 

TikTok, owned by Chinese technology company Bytedance, has long maintained that it doesn’t share data with the Chinese government. It says a project to store American user data in the U.S. will put it out of China’s reach and it disputes accusations that it collects any more user data than U.S. social media companies do, according to AP. 

Nepal defeated Japan by 45 runs to  secure third position in the Women's T20 Quadrangular Series held in Hong Kong.

Batting first after winning the toss, Nepal scored 115 runs for the loss of five wickets. Pooja Mahato top-scored with 43 runs followed by Roma Thapa who scored 22 runs while Rubina Chhetri scored 21 runs.

In reply, Japan could muster only 70 runs by losing six wickets in the allotted 20 overs.

For Nepal, Sangita Rai, Indu Burma, Sita Rana Magar, Khushi Dangol and Soni Pakhrin took one wicket each.

Earlier, Nepal had defeated Japan by 67 runs in the last match of the group stage held on Saturday.

Nepal, Tanzania, Japan and Hong Kong are participating in the four-nation series. After coming up as winners and runners-up of the group stage, Tanzania and Hong Kong will play for the title later this afternoon.

Led by captain Indu Burma, the Nepali team comprises vice-captain Bindu Rawal, Rubina Chhetri, Sita Ranamgar, Asmina Karmacharya, Kajol Shrestha, Kanchan Shrestha, Khushi Dangol, Sangeeta Rai, Soni Pakhrin, Somu Bista, Pooja Mahato, Roma Thapa and Samjhana Khadka.

As part of the commemorating 20 years of successful implementation of the High Impact Community Development Projects (HICDPs) in Nepal, through grant assistance of Government of India, the Embassy of India formally handed over the Mangaladevi Birthing (Maternity) Center at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu to the hospital representatives.

Finance Minister Prakash Sharan Mahat, Minister for Federal Affairs and General Administration Anita Devi, and Indian Ambassador to Nepal Naveen Srivastava jointly handed over the center to the hospital representatives amidst a function.

Political representatives, officials of Nepal Government, social workers and local community leaders were also present at the event. 

Furthermore, agreements for 3 more HICDP projects being undertaken in Nepal under Indian grant assistance at total estimated cost of Rs 130 million in the Baitadi and Mustang districts were also signed on the occasion, reads a statement issued by the Indian Embassy in Kathmandu.

Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital is one of the most prestigious medical institutions in Nepal.

Mangaladevi Birthing Center at TUTH has been built with Government of India’s financial assistance of Rs 44.04 million as an HICDP under Nepal-India Development Cooperation framework.

In addition, 2 sets of 40 KVA Diesel Generators, 5 Buses and 2 Ambulances have been provided to different departments, including during the COVID-19 pandemic, for this hospital in which 1 Ambulance is fully equipped with Advanced Life Support.

TUTH representatives informed that this birthing center is being managed by nurses and could function as the model birthing center for implementation in other regions across Nepal, which could result in reduced maternal mortality rates, according to the statement.

HICDPs, earlier known as Small Development Projects, were launched on  November 7, 2003 through bilateral agreement between Government of Nepal and Government of India regarding India’s Grant Assistance for Implementation of Small Development Projects through Nepali entities working at local level.

 There projects are an innovative and important segment of the Development Partnership with Nepal and are being implemented in the priority sectors of the Government of Nepal for creating infrastructure to enhance the quality of life at the grassroots level for the people of Nepal.

Speaking on the occasion, Ambassador Srivastava highlighted that this journey of implementation of HICDP projects over the past 20 years has been very successful.

He expressed satisfaction that since 2003, nearly 550 projects have been taken up under this framework in various sectors including Education, Health, Road & Bridges, River Training, Drinking Water, Electrification, Irrigation, Culture, Social Welfare etc, which have impacted people’s lives directly.

Of these, 480 projects have been completed and remaining are ongoing.

This success translates into over 27 projects every year or simply more than 1 new project being implemented every fortnight in Nepal under Nepal-India Development Cooperation over the last 20 years.

The Ambassador thanked the Government of Nepal for its support in this regard, and committed to further enhance and strengthen the implementation of HICDPs in future, the statement further reads.

These HICDPs have been diverse in sector and geographical spread. It covers all the provinces of Nepal. 84 Projects have been undertaken in Koshi Province, 81 projects in Madhesh Province, 105 projects have been undertaken in Bagmati Province, 61 Projects in Gandaki Province, 60 projects have been undertaken in Lumbini Province, 14 in Karnali Province and 41 in Sudurpaschim Province. These are apart from 107 projects that spread in more than one province.

Meanwhile, Finance Minister Mahat thanked India for its continuous support in the creation of development infrastructure in Nepal.

He highlighted that HICDP projects are the cornerstone of the development partnership between India and Nepal.

He assured that Government of Nepal’s full support in implementation of such projects which impact the livelihood of common Nepali people.

Similarly, Minister Anita Devi highlighted that the key aspects of such projects is their quick gestation period and role that they play in economic development at the local level. She thanked the Government of India for its support. She highlighted that HICDPs, despite being small in size, create a big impact in lives of the common Nepali people and therefore have been appropriately described as Highly Impactful in bringing changes in community.

Further, Government of India has also been gifting ambulances and school buses every year to various institutions working in the health and education sectors in Nepal on the occasion of Independence Day and Republic Day of India.

So far, 974 ambulances and 234 school buses have been gifted to beneficiaries in different parts of Nepal which translate into one ambulance being gifted every week and 1 school bus every month. These services are placed to be part of the first line of treatment and contribute significantly to the health care and education sector. This initiative is connecting with grass-root people even in the remotest parts of Nepal.

Nepal government and 16 development partners agreed to consolidate and scale up financing and technical assistance to support Nepal to implement a set of high-priority investments and policies in line with Nepal’s Green, Resilient, and Inclusive Development (GRID).

A joint communique to operationalize Nepal’s GRID Strategic Action Plan was endorsed at a high-level event organized today by the Ministry of Finance with support from the World Bank and other development partners.

 At the event, the government, development partners, civil society organizations, private sector stakeholders, and think tanks also renewed their commitments to work across institutional and sectoral boundaries to continue to finance and implement Nepal’s GRID priorities. 

“In Nepal, we have already internalized the GRID approach to build a greener, more resilient, and more inclusive economy that can withstand shocks, protect our environment, and uplift the lives of our people,” said Finance Minister, Dr. Prakash Sharan Mahat. “Nepal’s new GRID Strategic Action Plan can be a policy vehicle that accelerates growth and job creation, strengthens livelihoods, and boosts the prosperity of Nepali people sustainably.”

The external financing for the GRID Strategic Action Plan includes grants and other concessional financing such as subsidized loans, and innovative financing such as carbon finance. External financing is complemented by Nepal’s public budget and also aims to leverage foreign and domestic private sector investment.

The GRID Strategic Action Plan identifies a set of ten priority actions including: managing land, water, and forests in a more productive, sustainable, and integrated way for more resilient infrastructure, ecosystems, and food systems; equipping people with new skills and resilient livelihoods.

Other areas include :  greening urban development; scaling up water supply and sanitation, reducing air pollution and managing solid waste; scaling up renewable energy; boosting the sustainability and resilience of transport; strengthening disaster risk management; and enhancing social protection and health systems to be more responsive to shocks.

“The World Bank is proud to support Nepal to take this strategic step toward a more sustainable, resilient, and inclusive economy,” said Anna Bjerde, World Bank Managing Director for Operations. “Nepal’s GRID approach focuses on the quality of development and growth—the type of growth that reduces extreme poverty, narrows structural inequalities, protects the environment, sustains the growth process, and makes it more resilient.”

Investment priorities in the GRID Strategic Action Plan aim to build on Nepal’s development success stories, scale up action on the ground, help mobilize private sector investment, and deliver sustainability along with resilience and inclusion at the same time.  This will help create more jobs for more people; build the resilience of people and their livelihoods; boost environmental, climate, water, and food security; and create opportunities for a more inclusive and durable economy, World bank said. 

Contract manufacturing is a process where a company hires another company to manufacture goods, primarily in industries with high market demand, to support their supply chain. In some cases, a single company may not produce all the components of a product itself or may be unable to meet market demand in terms of quantity. In such situations, industries may need to collaborate with other companies for the production of goods. Contract manufacturers or third-party companies take on this work, exclusively subcontracting with the principal company.

This practice is prevalent in various European and Asian countries to fulfill demand when a company cannot manufacture and supply the required goods. Even in our neighboring countries, contract manufacturing practices are allowed and widely utilized to manufacture goods with third-party involvement.

In Nepal, the regulations governing such manufacturing practices appear to be somewhat unclear. Section 50 of the Industrial Enterprise Act, 2020 restricts both domestic and industries with foreign investment from entering into contract manufacturing arrangements to produce the main product. However, it does permit contract manufacturing for specific parts of the manufacturing process or for ancillary goods and services required by the industry. Similar restrictions can be found under Section 45 of the Foreign Investment and Technology Transfer Act, 2018, as well.

Article 45 of the Foreign Investment and Technology Transfer Act, 2019, states: “Production may be made upon making contract: (1) Any industry with foreign investment may produce any part of its production or such subsidiary goods or services as required for the industry, except its main production, by a contract with another industry”. Similarly, Article 50 of the Industrial Enterprises Act, 2020, outlines that "Production may be made upon making a contract: (1) Any industry with foreign investment may produce any part of its production or such subsidiary goods or services as required for the industry, except its main production, by a contract with another industry”.

Many multinational companies initially enter a new market through contract manufacturing to gain insights into product demand, facilitating future investment and market strategy planning. Later the parent companies or foreign multinational companies themselves come into manufacturing once they feel confident. However, the recent legal provisions in Nepal have imposed restrictions on this practice.

Before the bill was endorsed by the parliament in 2019, contract manufacturing was a common practice in Nepal. Multinational companies operating in Nepal used to manufacture their products by outsourcing to third-party industries, or in other words, through contract manufacturing.

These restrictions in policies not only create uncertainty for companies but also present policy hurdles in attracting new foreign investments in the manufacturing sector, which is a crucial sector for employment generation in any market. The cost of doing business in Nepal is currently high, with various components involved in the manufacturing process. In some cases, the demand and supply may not align. Contract manufacturing could be a more cost-effective way to maintain a company's market share, rather than making substantial investments in plant expansion.

As Nepal expects to attract more Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs), it is crucial to adopt a pragmatic approach to address such issues. The manufacturing industry plays a significant role in Nepal's economy, contributing 13.7% to the national GDP in 2021/22.

Given the government's ambition to graduate Nepal from a least developed country to a developing one by 2030, government policies should align with this goal, fostering an investment-friendly environment based on best practices. Currently, there is a crisis of funds in the market leading to high interest rates on bank loans, affecting the production and supply chain of goods, ultimately impacting the price of goods, customer purchasing power, and industry sustainability. It is essential for the government to recognize that contract manufacturing is a vital component of the manufacturing ecosystem, as a single company or industry often does not produce all the components of a product by itself. Allowing contract manufacturing can make the manufacturing process more efficient and product prices more competitive.

Moreover, as the government plans to revitalize struggling or underutilized industries that have been closed or operating below capacity for several years, contract manufacturing could be a viable solution for these industrial units. These industries can engage in partial production not only for multinational companies but also for Nepali industries thus contributing to their revival and efficient operation.

If we examine the advantages, we can learn the technical knowledge involved in the production of goods that adhere to international standards. MNCs adhere to their standards, and the Nepali workforce can also acquire this knowledge through the processes they follow, learning through day-to-day operations in the contract manufacturing process. In the contract manufacturing process, the company must meet the specifications set by the contracting company, which will undoubtedly enhance the skills of the workers involved in manufacturing. This aspect, often overlooked, plays a crucial role in upskilling our human resources, ultimately fostering employment generation.

Another significant aspect of contract manufacturing is the industry engaged in the production of goods for other companies or MNCs to generate substantial revenue. This revenue stream enables the industry to operate efficiently with limited resources or, in other words, operating costs, safeguarding the investments of the stakeholders. Simultaneously, the government stands to benefit from increased revenue derived from customs duty, excise duty, VAT, and income tax.

Therefore, the primary concern of investors in the current context revolves around the formulation of policies and laws. While other factors play a role, a well-crafted, investment-friendly policy and legal framework can unquestionably attract investors to Nepal. For this vision to become a reality, the onus is on the government to make decisions and for the bureaucracy to effectively implement them.

The author is the Deputy Director of Nepal-India Chamber of Commerce & Industry (NICCI)

Nepal’s Himalayas, often referred to as the "Third Pole," play a pivotal role in the world's climate system. These towering mountains are adorned with glaciers, snow, permafrost and an intricate network of rivers, forming a fragile and interconnected cryosphere. The impact of climate change on the Himalayas is profound, with far-reaching consequences affecting the region's water resources, hydropower potential and the livelihoods of its people.

At grave risk

Nepal's glaciers are retreating at an alarming rate, consistent with the global trend. The rapid melting of glaciers poses a significant threat to the country's freshwater supply. As the glaciers diminish, water resources become less predictable and water scarcity issues intensify. A study conducted in the Sagarmatha region showed that the glaciers in the region will decrease 39-52 percent by 2050 relative to present day. A recent assessment report published by the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) and UNDP states that the rate of glacier mass loss in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region has increased by 65 percent from 2000-2009 to 2010-2019. Also, snow cover extent is in negative trend with indication of seasonal shift. Furthermore, the permafrost, which holds together mountainsides and acts as a natural dam for glacial lakes, is thawing due to rising temperatures. The melting of glaciers and thawing permafrost can lead to formation and development of potentially dangerous glacial lakes. Glacial lakes have increased from 1,466 with an area of 64.78 km2 in 2010 to 2,070 with area of 85.08 km2 per the report. About 47 glacial lakes are considered as potentially dangerous glacial lakes in the three transboundary river basins of Nepal. An increasing melting of glaciers and thawing permafrost can lead to catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), endangering downstream communities and infrastructure.

Water crisis

The availability of freshwater from the melting of glaciers, snow and permafrost is the lifeblood for Nepal, and its precarious balance is threatened by climate change. The Himalayan region provides water to over a billion people across South Asia. The erratic and shifting patterns of precipitation, combined with the retreat of glaciers, are disturbing this balance. Nepal's agriculture, a primary source of livelihood for a majority of the population, is vulnerable to these changes. Prolonged droughts and erratic rainfall patterns are impacting crop yields and food security. As a result, the local economy and the livelihoods of many Nepalis are under immense strain.

Energy generation

Nepal possesses substantial hydropower potential, which has been considered a cornerstone for the country's economic development and energy security. There is a high potential for the export of the renewable energy (hydroelectricity) to energy-deficit countries from Nepal, which can contribute significantly to the country’s GDP and economy. However, climate change has brought forth new challenges to the sector. Changing hydrological patterns, caused by melting glaciers and altered precipitation, can lead to fluctuations in river flows, potentially disrupting hydropower generation. In addition, increasing frequency of cryospheric hazards such as GLOFs and associated cascading hazards in this region will have direct impacts on the sustainability of these projects. Hydropower projects might need to adapt to these variations, which can result in additional costs. Nepal government's ambitious plans to harness hydropower resources to export electricity to neighboring countries face increasing uncertainties due to climate-induced variations in river flows and the overall sustainability of these projects.

The way forward

On the adaptation front, the government, in collaboration with international organizations, including Green Climate Fund, is focusing on building resilient infrastructure. Such assistance is crucial in enhancing Nepal's adaptive capacity in the face of climate uncertainties. Adaptation measures can help reduce vulnerabilities, loss and damage are inevitable in a changing climate. Nepal has experienced several disasters like recurring GLOFs from rapidly retreating glaciers. These events have resulted in significant economic losses and the displacement of communities. Nepal is actively participating in global climate negotiations, including the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement. Such participation helps the country to advocate for equitable solutions and assistance.

However, the need for climate finance far exceeds the available resources. While international pledges have been made, the disbursement of funds has been slow, hindering Nepal's ability to address immediate climate-related challenges effectively. The nation seeks increased transparency and faster access to climate finance to bolster its climate resilience and mitigate the ongoing impacts of climate change. The adaptation actions also need to be expanded in the high mountain region in the form of minimizing risks from potentially dangerous glacial lakes and other cryospheric hazards.

A turning point

The recent visit of the UN Secretary-General, Antonio Guterres, to Nepal's mountain region is an acknowledgment of the country's pivotal role in the global climate system. The UN chief has sent a clear message of the worst climate change impacts on the Nepal Himalayas by pointing out that “glaciers are retreating but we cannot retreat and we must move forward for climate action”. The subsequent participation of Nepal in COP28 signifies its commitment to addressing climate change at the highest levels of international diplomacy. It will provide a platform for Nepal to voice its concerns and solutions for our Himalayas to the global community. The impact of climate change on the cryosphere, water resources, hydropower and livelihoods in the Himalayas need to be at the forefront of these discussions. The visit of the UN chief and Nepal's active participation in COP28 collectively signal a turning point in addressing climate change impacts on the Nepal Himalayas.

Efforts to promote sustainable practices, build climate-resilient communities and diversify the economy are steps in the right direction. By tackling climate change head-on and fostering international collaboration, Nepal can pave the way for a sustainable and secure future in the breathtaking but fragile world of the Himalayas.

India handed over the first consignment of emergency relief materials worth INR 1 billion to Nepal on Sunday.

Following the earthquake in Jajarkot on November 3, 2023, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi had expressed his commitment to provide all possible assistance to Nepal.

A special Indian Air Force C-130 carrying the consignment of over 11 tons emergency relief materials that included tents and tarpaulin sheets, blankets and sleeping bags as well as essential medicines and medical equipment such as portable ventilators for the affected people landed at the Nepalgunj Airport this afternoon.

Indian Ambassador to Nepal Naveen Srivastava on behalf of the Government of India handed over the relief materials to Deputy Prime Minister and Defense Minister Purna Bahadur Khadka in the presence of Karnali Province Chief Minister Raj Kumar Sharma.

Further consignments of the relief material are expected to arrive in the coming days, the Indian Embassy in Kathmandu said.

“As a close friend and neighbor, India remains committed to extending all possible support to those affected by the earthquake in Nepal”, the Embassy further said.

India continues to be a first responder in crisis situations in its neighborhood and beyond.

Following the 2015 earthquake in Nepal, the Government of India was the first responder and carried out its largest disaster relief operation abroad - Operation Maitri.

India had also extended USD 1 billion to Nepal as part of its long-term assistance for post-earthquake reconstruction in housing, education, health and cultural heritage sectors and included reconstruction of 50,000 houses in Nepal’s Gorkha and Nuwakot districts.

For centuries, indigenous edible oils have been an integral part of our culture, deeply intertwined with our culinary heritage. Among these oils, mustard oil, extracted by traditional cold-pressed methods, has played a pivotal role in our kitchens. This time-tested technique not only sustained small-scale processing but also provided employment for generations, fostering local procurement and distribution networks with minimal carbon footprint. It was a sustainable system, creating a virtuous cycle for our communities.

However, in the name of health benefits and the pursuit of ‘heart-healthy’ options, two unnatural fats—Vanaspati ghee and refined oil—were introduced to South Asia. These newcomers had a profound impact on our socio-cultural cooking and consumption patterns.

Vanaspati ghee, once marketed as a healthier alternative under the name ‘Dalda,’ underwent a transformation. Edible oil was hydrogenated, a process that involved adding hydrogen to convert liquid unsaturated fats into solid saturated fats, resulting in vanaspati ghee. It resembled ghee in appearance and boasted a higher melting point, making it ideal for deep frying. On the other hand, refined oils, touted as purer and capable of ‘producing good cholesterol,’ were virtually odorless, colorless, and tasteless. They were primarily solvent-extracted.

This introduction was a deliberate attempt to undermine indigenous and unprocessed oils while promoting the importation of less healthy options, including Palm oil, one of the unhealthiest oils globally, and other refined oils. This shift nearly led to the extinction of our ‘Kol’ or cold pressing mills and eroded the traditional knowledge of mustard oil production.

Fortunately, a new awareness is emerging among Nepali, prompting them to return to their roots and embrace the use of mustard oil. Mustard oil possesses a distinct and robust flavor with pungent and slightly bitter notes. This unique flavor complements the spices and herbs commonly used in pickles, resulting in a well-rounded taste profile that is challenging to replicate with other oils.

In traditional Newari cuisine, quick-marinated delicacies like choyela, kachila, and aloo cha rely on mustard oil to balance the flavors of cumin, garlic, and ginger. These dishes require no additional seasoning when the perfect combination of sourness and heat is achieved with salt and mustard oil.

In pickle recipes with only a few ingredients, the quality of each component becomes paramount. Using pure, high-quality mustard oil ensures that it enhances the overall flavor and aroma of the pickle. Adulterated mustard oil mixed with other oils can negatively impact the taste and aroma. Back in the day, most mustard oil was locally produced, guaranteeing its purity.

Mustard oil offers numerous health benefits. For centuries, it has been used to alleviate colds, coughs, and respiratory issues. Inhaling steam with mustard oil can clear respiratory congestion, and massaging a mixture of mustard oil, garlic, and ajwain on the feet and chest may provide relief from cold and cough.

Mustard oil contains glucosinolates, which contribute to its antibiotic, fungicidal, and cancer-prevention properties. It may protect against colorectal and gastrointestinal cancers. Allyl isothiocyanate, found in mustard oil, acts as an antifungal agent and can protect food from fungal growth.

The nutritional profile of mustard oil may support the health and strength of red blood cells. When applied topically, mustard oil can cause a warming sensation and increase blood flow, potentially alleviating pain. It has traditionally been used as a rubefacient and irritant. Some individuals use mustard oil topically to relieve joint pain and arthritis symptoms, thanks to its warming and soothing effects.

Mustard oil is believed to boost immunity, possibly due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It’s also considered suitable for diabetes recipes due to its anti-inflammatory properties. Additionally, it’s said to stimulate the appetite and may slow the growth of cancer cells.

One of the remarkable qualities of mustard oil is its ability to act as a natural preservative for pickles. It helps bind the spices and dried fruits together, allowing them to absorb the seasoning, which contributes to the authentic flavor of the pickle. Mustard oil also contains compounds such as allyl isothiocyanate, which possess powerful antimicrobial, antifungal, and antibacterial properties. The oil forms a protective coating, sealing off access to oxygen and preventing spoilage, thereby extending the shelf life of the pickle.

Pure mustard oil has low water activity, which means it contains minimal dissolved water. This property inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi, preserving the quality and flavor of the pickle.

Roasted mustard oil, known as ‘bhuteko tori ko tel’, is another indigenous variety produced in different mustard oil pressing mills in Kathmandu Valley. Unlike the cold-pressed variety, roasted oil undergoes a dry-roasting process that softens its raw mustard flavor, resulting in a dark amber-colored oil. This variation is particularly used in dishes like choyela.

Mustard oil production in Nepal is not just an industry; it’s a way of life. It celebrates agriculture, culture, and culinary traditions. The significance of mustard oil in Nepali households and its enduring presence in the heart of Nepali cuisine cannot be understated.

Mustard oil is not merely an ingredient but a culinary and cultural treasure of Nepal. It enhances flavor, preserves pickles, provides health benefits, and carries cultural significance in many culinary traditions, particularly in Nepal. Its unique qualities make it an essential component in the pickling process, and its role goes beyond the kitchen.

Mustard oil is a symbol of our heritage, connecting us to our roots and reminding us of the rich traditions that continue to shape our culinary experiences. As we celebrate the resurgence of mustard oil in our kitchens, we also celebrate our cultural heritage and the flavors that make Nepali cuisine truly special.

The author is a UK-based R&D chef

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Bidya Devi Bhandari served as the President of Nepal from 2015 to 2023, becoming the country’s first female head of state. She takes pride in being the first president associated with Nepal’s communist movement. After completing her tenure, she has not been actively involved in national politics. In an interview with Kamal Dev Bhattarai and Akhanda Bhandari, she discussed her presidential tenure and future plans. Excerpts:

What was your presidential experience like?

Serving the country through the highest position has been a source of great joy and satisfaction. I hope that, like me, sons and daughters of ordinary Nepali people also get opportunities to serve their country. I prefer not to compare myself with the monarchy and the king because it is a different system.  

Even in advanced democracies, very few women have had the opportunity to become president. Do you think our democracy is progressing?

I believe our democracy is already quite advanced. Occasionally, the actions of those in top positions might give a different impression, but our public opinion consistently supports democracy. As for the opportunity I got, multiple factors played a role. I do not believe I became president solely because I am a woman. Given the current state of our society, a woman holding the highest office is undoubtedly a positive development. Other equally important factors should also be considered. Within the context of Nepal’s communist movement, I am a member of the Madan Bhandari family and have been following his political legacy since his tragic death. 

The eighth General Convention of the CPN-UML has recognized people’s multiparty democracy as the party’s guiding principle, which is a new dimension from a Marxist perspective reflecting current realities. In this context, I have always been a visible figure within the party. It is equally important to note that I am the first democratically-elected female president, who is part of Nepal’s communist movement. The broader society also acknowledged and accepted me as a suitable candidate for the presidency. The intra-party dynamics at the time also played a significant role, and the party’s decision was the result of various factors.

Some senior leaders are reluctant to become president, thinking that it means retiring from active politics. Your thoughts?

The position of the head of the state is highly prestigious and respected. A president can contribute significantly, but not in isolation. With a competent team and a determined president, much can be achieved for the people and the country.

Any major misses as the head of the state?

During my tenure, I did everything in my capacity as the president. Many achievements depend on the type of government in power. A good relationship between the presidential office and the government is essential for progress in areas like expanding Nepal’s international relations, amplifying the people’s voices and contributing to the preservation of cultural, civilizational and linguistic heritages. With proper support, a sense of national unity and pride can be enhanced.

Do you think there’s a need to amend certain constitutional provisions regarding the powers of the president and the prime minister?

I do not think that the constitution is ambiguous. We need to implement it effectively, that’s all. As per Article 81 of the constitution, there is a requirement for the prime minister to brief the head of the state on certain issues, both national and international. It is the responsibility of the prime minister to formally inform the president about contemporary issues as well as cabinet decisions and bills before presenting the latter in the Parliament. The constitution has envisaged that the head of the state can raise concerns. The president cannot dictate the prime minister, he or she can only offer advice and if there is coordination, there would not be any gap. 

If these provisions are diligently followed, the president can express concerns and provide suggestions. Once I  wrote a letter to the prime minister to remind him of these key constitutional provisions, particularly focusing on Article 81. Proper implementation of these provisions would eliminate trust deficit, if any, between the president and prime minister.

Can you please share your stance on the Citizenship Bill?

I would like to pose a question to everyone: What role should I have played in this matter? I took steps for the sake of the country and constitution.  This is a new constitution. The issues I have identified in the citizenship bill are linked with the history of Nepal. 

The constitution is for the nation, and we should not weaken the country in the name of implementing it. Citizenship should be viewed from a national perspective, not through the lenses of ethnicity and geography. It is essential to consider the historical context, as the Citizenship Act is directly tied to our sovereignty, national identity and nationalism. We must also acknowledge the reality of open borders and the flow of immigrants. 

While we may provide refuge on humanitarian grounds, we cannot accommodate refugees on a large scale. We need a sustainable solution, and the laws related to citizenship should not be subjected to frequent changes. I have not favored any specific group but have acted in the interest of the country. All political leaders agreed with this at individual meetings. I am very much clear in my position that the constitution cannot be implemented in a way that would affect the country. I am ready to defend my position everywhere, including in the court of law.

What are your future plans?

Looking back, I have completed all tasks entrusted to me. I introduced new visions while serving as a Minister for Population and Environment for seven months. Later, I took on the responsibility of the Ministry of Defense, and fulfilled that role. As the head of the state, I contributed to the country with utmost integrity. In terms of my contribution to my party, I first ran for election in 1991 after working in different capacities. As a legislator, I worked in various areas, including women’s empowerment and worked diligently to ensure 33 percent representation for women in state apparatuses. Having shouldered all the responsibilities assigned to me, I don’t believe I should re-enter active politics at this stage.

But there are reports suggesting that you might return to active party politics.

Friends have been asking me about this, offering their suggestions, and I am listening to them. I believe that vibrant political parties are essential for our nation and democracy. However, I have not made up my mind about returning to active politics. When I became the president, there were certain speculations and these days also, I hear similar things. Friends air their concerns with me and I listen to them with patience.  

Are you considering taking a leadership role in the party?

To be honest, I have not made a decision regarding a return to active politics at the moment. The question of who succeeds KP Sharma Oli within the CPN-UML is an internal matter of the party. It is premature to discuss leadership after Oli, as we still have a long way to go before the convention. Working to acquire power for oneself as the leader after Oli is not the right approach. I suggest my UML colleagues to focus on strengthening the party rather than hankering for power for individual gains. The time to discuss the future leadership of the CPN-UML has not come.

If all your friends in the party ask you to take on a leadership role, what will your position be?

If the discussion takes place within the party, and if there are unanimous decisions, it would be a different matter to consider. I have not given it any thought, though I am aware that there is much talk about it outside. It is not a priority issue now. Instead, all parties should ponder over national problems and issues.

How do you view the current state of the country?

We are practicing democracy, but some wrong practices have taken root. For instance, the trend of forming pre-election alliances against one party is not a healthy and good practice. I urge political parties to amend their current approach to politics for good. First, you have to build your party and assess popular support, and then, based on that, your party moves ahead from the grassroots to the center. Cooperation and coordination among the parties is a good practice, but it should not be targeted against a particular party with the aim of isolating it. The largest party should not resort to electoral alliances before the elections. This is not national politics in a true sense; it is power-centric politics that goes beyond the boundaries of our imagination. I suggest that all political parties correct such flawed approaches.

How do you see the emergence of new parties in national politics?

I do not want to comment much on the new political parties; there are no such distinctions between big and small parties. Even a single individual holds importance in politics. Parties need to nurture them continuously.

Your take on the current economic crisis?

As the head of the state, I frequently advised the government to pay attention to the economy in dire straits. I encouraged all governments to focus on increasing internal production capacity, addressing trade imbalances and striving for self-reliance. Though an agricultural country, we continue to import agricultural products, our trade deficit is growing, and the trade balance remains skewed. It is concerning that our youth are seeking employment abroad. I have urged all governments to take measures to improve the country’s education system.

Any parting suggestion/comment? 

The practice of nurturing near and dear ones at the expense of deserving people must be stopped. Our focus must be on public welfare and peace. Politicians and the government should pay attention to these matters. 

Nepal faced a five-run defeat at the hands of Oman in the ongoing ICC T20 World Cup Asia Qualifier at Kirtipur-based Tribhuvan University Cricket Ground on Thursday.  

With this victory, Oman became the winner of Group 'A' while Nepal first runner-up.

Chasing the target of 146 set by Oman, Nepal were restricted to 140-9.  

For Nepal, Bibek Yadav scored highest 39 runs off 24 balls while Kushal Bhurtel 26, Karan KC 15 and Sandeep Jora 12. 

Oman's Bilal Khan took three wickets while Aqib Ilyas, Shakeel Ahmad and Mehran Khan claimed two wickets each. Likewise, captain Zeeshan Maqsood claimed one wicket. 

Earlier, invited into bat first after losing the toss, Oman scored 145 in allotted 20 overs at the loss of nine wickets.

For Oman, Zeeshan Maqsood made 32 runs off 26 balls. Similarly, Naseem Khusi scored 25, Pratik Athavale 24, Shakeel Ahmad 22 and Ayaan Khan 18.

For Nepal, Karan KC took three wickets while Sompal Kami and Sandeep Lamichhane claimed two wickets each. Likewise, Gulshan Jha and Avinash Bohora took one wicket each.

Nepal will play against the UAE, the winner of Group 'B' in the semifinals on Friday.

“Human rights are not negotiable items that companies and governments are permitted to eliminate by contract.” 

That’s a quote from Andrea Shemberg, a former legal adviser to Amnesty International UK. 

Here’s one more, from Maximilien Robespierre, “Any law which violates the indefeasible rights of man is in essence unjust and tyrannical, it is no law.” 

There is virtually no aspect of our work that does not have a human rights dimension. Whether we are talking about peace and security, development, humanitarian action, the struggle against terrorism, climate change, none of these challenges can be addressed by ignoring human rights.

We know that the French Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) was the first document, which referred to social, economic and cultural rights, rights to education, work, property and social protection.

In 1941, the Atlantic Charter was declared, which made way for an International Bill of Rights (1942-45) and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) on 10 Dec 1948. 

Article 25.1 of UDHR states:

“Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social service and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his control.” 

The International Commission on  Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 1976  and International  Commission on Economical, Social and Cultural Rights 1976 oblige signatory nations to ensure human rights and so does UDHR. 

Nepal is also a party to international human rights conventions, covenants and protocols.

Worryingly, appointments made to the National Human Rights Commission, the constitutional rights watchdog, have failed to meet national and international standards, including those outlined in the Paris Principles. 

After conducting a review for two consecutive years, a Ganhri Subcommittee on accreditation (SCA) in October last year recommended downgrading NHRC to the “B’’ category. Notably, one of the commissioners is requesting the government to amend the relevant Act and give NHRC more authority in line with the Paris Principles to avoid this action. The rights watchdog, caught in deep sleep for long, seems to have woken up and has begun blaming the state for failing to defend its appointments. A statement from the appointees reads, “Our appointments alone are not responsible for the downgrading. The government’s failure to strongly defend the appointments before the United Nations Human Rights Committee is primarily responsible for the Ganhri action. 

A bad carpenter quarrels with his tools.

Let’s go back a little bit to understand the crisis better. 

The Constitutional Council under the then Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli had  nominated chairpersons and members at various constitutional bodies, including the NHRC, on the basis of the Constitutional Council Act revised through an ordinance on 15 Dec 2020. The then President, Bidya Devi Bhandari, subsequently appointed the chair and four commissioners at the NHRC on 3 Feb 2021 on the government’s recommendations. 

Even during the reign of King Gyanendra, NHRC was not in such a sorry state. The SCA is bound to review the commission’s present status following complaints from several human rights bodies, chiefly over the appointments of NHRC officials. 

In the reviews conducted in 2021 and 2022 also, the Ganhri commission had recommended downgrading NHRC, pointing at the unconstitutional appointment process. NHRC’s ‘inability’ to safeguard minority rights did not help either. Add to it all half-a-dozen writ petitions challenging the ordinance and the appointment process that are sub-judice in the Supreme Court as well as civil society organizations’ dissatisfaction with the working process of NHRC.

Against this backdrop, who will come to the rescue of the constitutional rights body? 

The author is a former member of NHRC

Nepal got off to a blistering start by stunning Singapore by eight wickets in the ongoing ICC Men’s T20 World Cup Asia Qualifier Final held at TU Cricket Ground in Kirtipur on Monday.

Chasing the target of 146 runs, Nepal scored 147 runs in 16.3 overs losing two wickets.

Kushal Bhurtel scored 74 runs off 48 balls and captain Rohit Paudel scored unbeaten 35 runs off 24 balls. Similarly, Asif Sheikh contributed 26 runs off 27 balls.

Electing to bat first after winning the toss, Singapore made 145 runs losing all the wickets in allotted 20 overs.

Opener Rohan Rangarajan scored highest 46 runs off 30 balls for Singapore.

Likewise, Aryaveer Chaudhry successfully managed to score 37 runs off 26 balls.

Similarly, Manpreet Singh made 24 runs and Akshay Puri contributed unbeaten 13 runs while other players failed to score in double digits.

Abinash Bohara took three wickets for Nepal while Sandeep Lamichhane, Karan KC and Gulsan Jha claimed two wickets each.

A long festive season is around the corner. Marigolds, chrysanthemums, makhmali (gomphrena globosa) and a myriad other flowers are in full bloom, as if in celebration. The air is full of our very own Mangal Dhun and Malshree. The kites flying high in the sky and crops ready for harvest in our fertile fields also seem to be suggesting us all to not worry too much. 

But our hearts are not as full of joy as they used to be in the midst of festivities, with several factors seeking to eat into our peace, bliss and happiness. Rising market prices have become a killjoy with the absence of the state in the market giving black marketers a free rein.  

 Apart from the utter lack of the rule of law in the market, the wounds from the recent killing of 10 Nepali students in attacks in Israel are still raw. 

As a peace-loving nation, which itself has been a victim of violence and terror, our prayers are for peace and tranquility all over the world. As a country that has been contributing to United Nations peacekeeping operations around the world, including in the restive Mideast, Nepal, the birthplace and tapobhumi (the place of meditation) of Gautam Buddha and numerous other enlightened souls like Rishis, Maharshis and Munis, should do its utmost for the cessation of hostilities. 

On the domestic front, the government should do far more than it has been doing to curb the literal exodus of hundreds of Nepalis to foreign shores every day, At the heart of this alarming brain and muscle drain is a growing feeling among the most productive age group, the youths, that the country is heading toward a dark abyss, thanks to a rudderless political leadership and a bureaucracy that has failed to act as the permanent government, by and large. 

Instead of taking concrete measures to stop this drain, the government itself seems to be aiding and abetting this exodus, driven by the lure of remittances, without giving a hoot about the multi-faceted negative impacts of this drain on Nepal. 

Learning lessons from the tragedies in Israel, Afghanistan and Iraq and high death rates of Nepalis working in subhuman conditions around the world, the government needs to adopt policies that create jobs and a favorable environment for doing business in the country. Only then will Nepal be able to get a population dividend, ushering the country in an era of peace, progress and prosperity.   

On their part, the youths would do well to stop searching for the proverbial land where milk and honey flows. The youths should realize that their motherland/fatherland needs them the most, especially at a time when it has been facing serious crises. They should ask themselves as to why they cannot make a living in Nepal even when lakhs of people from the neighborhood have been doing exactly the same.   

They should never forget that this country is too precious to be left to a bunch of rulers, who have their petty interests at heart, at the expense of the greater good of the country.  

Let Goddess Durga inspire us to reclaim our country and our destiny.   

Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal’s recent visit to China has significant implications for Nepal’s foreign policy. This visit comes at a crucial time, coinciding with the Asian Games, and highlights Nepal’s evolving foreign policy and its intricate relationship with its northern neighbor. Due to the internal conflicts and a political opportunity resulting from the dissolution of the Parliament in July 2021, Dahal transitioned an alliance with the then NCP leader KP Sharma Oli to the Nepali Congress, signaling a noteworthy shift in Nepal’s political landscape, with far-reaching implications for foreign policy. Both domestic and international factors drive this realignment. It raises questions about Nepal’s relationships with major global players, particularly China and India, as well as its standing in the global arena and the geopolitics of South Asia.

A complex relationship

Dynamic shifts and fluctuations have marked a complex relationship between Dahal and China. At the outset of his first term as prime minister in 2008, Dahal established a strong alliance with Beijing, marked by reciprocal support. However, the course of their engagement has been far from steady. In the lead-up to the 2022 elections, Dahal formed an electoral alliance with Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli-led NCP to consolidate political power. Unfortunately, this alliance proved short-lived and ultimately resulted in a dramatic political split, strained Dahal’s relations with Oli and China, which had firmly supported the Oli-led government. This nuanced history illustrates the intricacies of Dahal’s interactions with China, showcasing the challenges and fluctuations in their relationship over the years.

A balancing act

Dahal’s recent move toward a closer alignment with the United States and India signifies Nepal’s deliberate pursuit of a balanced foreign relations strategy. His choice of India as his first official visit during his third tenure as prime minister earlier in the year demonstrates a clear intent to strengthen ties with that country. However, this diplomatic realignment is driven by the imperative to adapt to evolving global dynamics and safeguard Nepal’s sovereignty, given the complex interests of its more powerful neighbors. Rooted in Nepal’s enduring struggle for independence and its aspirations on the global stage, this commitment to a delicate equilibrium reflects the nation’s historical context. As a landlocked nation located between regional giants, Nepal’s leaders face the ongoing challenge of skillfully managing these relationships to protect their country’s interests and secure its continued independence in the international arena.

Chinese interests

China’s interests in Nepal are multifaceted and rooted in its broader geopolitical objectives. One key aspect is Nepal’s adherence to the one-China policy, which aligns with China’s core interests regarding Taiwan and Tibet. This alignment is crucial for China’s territorial integrity. Additionally, China seeks Nepal’s support in international diplomacy, development and security initiatives. Furthermore, Nepal’s involvement in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) theoretically offers China a pathway to expand its regional economic influence and infrastructure.  However, the nine BRI projects signed in Nepal have yet to materialize, partly due to uncertainties surrounding their funding modalities. Strengthening connectivity with Nepal is a strategic avenue for China to extend its influence into South Asia, bolstering its regional presence.

Lastly, China’s ambition to cultivate a trusted and ‘strategic’ relationship with Nepal, as articulated by President Xi Jinping during his visit to Nepal in 2019, has remained a blueprint to direct China’s engagements in Nepal. Nevertheless, Nepal faces the challenge of balancing these multifaceted interests while safeguarding its sovereignty and national interests, demanding adept negotiation skills and a nuanced approach to harmonize democratic principles with its stance on the one-China policy, reflecting a delicate nature of Nepal’s relationship with its influential northern neighbor.

A ceremonial visit

While presented as an effort to strengthen Nepal-China relations, Dahal’s recent visit to China appeared more ceremonial than substantive. Despite engaging with high-ranking Chinese officials, including President Xi Jinping, and signing 12 agreements, the visit faced limited diplomatic expectations. There was widespread anticipation for Dahal to advocate Nepal’s national interests, particularly concerning the recent contentious Chinese map affecting Nepali territory. The joint statement of the visit primarily consisted of diplomatic pleasantries and reaffirmations of historical ties, with Nepal restating its commitment to the one-China policy but failing to secure reciprocal assurances regarding its concerns. While there were some encouraging elements in the agreements, such as border point reopenings and cooperation in sectors like the BRI, connectivity networks and renewable energy projects, the absence of a much-awaited Project Implementation Plan Agreement and the failure to convert the loan for Pokhara International Airport into a grant were notable misses for Nepal. While potentially financially challenging, Dahal’s commitment to exploring the feasibility of the Jilong/Keyrung-Kathmandu Cross-Border Railway was a notable development.

Dahal’s prioritization of the Global Development Initiative (GDI) over Global Security Initiative (GSI) and Global Civilization Initiative (GCI) underscores Nepal’s cautious and balanced approach to international security matters. This stance reflects Nepal’s commitment to avoiding entanglement in major power rivalries and safeguarding its sovereignty. Nepal aims to maintain stability in a volatile region by emphasizing development over security, in line with its historical stance of neutrality and non-alignment. The visit ultimately became a standard bilateral exchange; ambitious agreements hold promise, but their impact on the ground level has been limited, reflecting their token nature. 

The way forward

As Prime Minister Dahal’s visit to China marks a pivotal moment for Nepal’s foreign policy, the nation stands at a critical juncture, given its evolving political landscape and changing alliances with regional and international powers. Navigating this landscape requires strategic diplomacy to safeguard Nepal’s sovereignty. Success hinges on the effective execution of agreements and carefully evaluating their implications, shaping Nepal’s foreign policy trajectory to align with its national interests and global aspirations while fostering confidence-building measures with China.

The author is a recent graduate with a Master’s degree in International Relations from South Asian University, New Delhi and is a junior researcher at the Centre for Social Inclusion and Federalism in Lalitpur, Nepal

Nepal are taking on the UAE in their first match of the T20 International Triangular Series at the Mulpani Cricket Ground in Kathmandu this afternoon.

Nepal and the UAE have so far faced each other five times. In the race, Nepal won two matches and the UAE three.  

The Nepali team led by captain Rohit Kumar Poudel comprises Ashif Sheikh, Kushal Bhurtel, Deependra Singh Airee, Saneep Jora, Gulshan Jha, Sompal Kami, Karan KC, Pratish GC, Lalit Narayan Rajbamshi, Abhinash Bohora, Bibek Yadav, Sagar Dhakal, Binod Bhandari, Lokesh Bam, Surya Tamang and Shyam (Mausam) Dhakal.