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Public delivery is key for any government to survive in people’s sentiments. If there is no delivery by the government or if it disrespects people’s aspirations, public anger against the government rises. People may be forced to use online or offline sources to express their dissatisfaction. In this hyper-connected world, the internet is a powerful means to amplify public frustration through videos or text on various social media platforms. When public frustration multiplies with the help of the internet and social media, the government typically feels threatened and may attempt to curtail it. Countering opinions expressed on social media by the government is common these days. Even in full-fledged democracies, governments often justify such actions in the name of national security. However, there is a thin line between national security and public expression. That said, in a democratic setup, the right to express and learn from differing opinions is fundamental to democracy.

Concern over Social Media Bill

Considering these powerful features of social media, the Nepal government is planning to table a bill aimed at curtailing rights and freedom of expression online. There are many disagreements regarding the provisions of this bill. A study carried out by the Dignity Initiative (DI), an emerging Dalit Think Tank in Nepal, highlights that some provisions are intended to silence the voices of Dalit, women and marginalized communities. As we know, Dalits in Nepal have historically been excluded, oppressed and have had limited access to mainstream media. Social media platforms have become a powerful tool for expressing opinions, sharing thoughts, voicing dissatisfaction and fostering public discourse against the discriminatory caste system. If such a bill comes into effect, it will likely roll back the progress made in amplifying the voices of these people. 

Several policies and directives already exist to regulate social media, including the Electronic Transactions Act, 2008, the National Penal Code, 2017 (Prohibition on disclosing confidential matters-Section 294, Prohibition of taking and disfiguring photographs of any person without their consent-Section 295, Prohibition of breaching privacy through electronic means-Section 298, Prohibition on committing libel-Section 307), the Copyright Act, the Social Media Management Directive, 2023, a Regulation to Regulate Advertisements, 2020, the National Cyber Security Policy,2023, the Social Media (Usage and Regulation) Bill, 2023, and the Information Technology and Cyber Security Bill, 2024.

According to Santosh Sigdel, who is associated with Digital Rights Nepal, new legal frameworks for regulating social media are currently being discussed by the government. The government has already implemented the “Guidelines for Regulating the Use of Social Media, 2023” and now aims to develop a more comprehensive “Social Media Act.” The Ministry of Communications & Information Technology has called for public responses (allowing just 15 days) to the draft bill introduced in Dec-Jan 2023. By providing only 15 days for public response, the government intended to limit the broader consultative process among concerned stakeholders, thereby avoiding major comments and feedback. 

The proposed bill aims (claim made by the government) to promote the safe, dignified, and orderly use of social media, addressing issues such as cyber-bullying, hate speech and misinformation. The bill seeks to define terms like “social media,” “social media platform,” and “cyber-bullying” and emphasizes the healthy use of social media to enhance social harmony and good governance. Further, the bill includes establishing a Social Media Management Council alongside other bodies like the Department of Information and Broadcasting, the Press Council and Nepal Police to oversee content regulation and address grievances. As we already have several bodies in place, the addition of another council could jeopardize the effective functioning of the organization due to a lack of inter-agency coordination. In Nepal, we are already facing this issue, with the coordination between the federal and provincial government structures being a prime example. Therefore, the government should not only propose additional bodies but also clearly define the concrete duties, responsibilities and powers of these bodies.

However, this proposed bill has faced significant criticism, particularly regarding its real intent and public dissatisfaction over unnecessary restrictions on freedom of expression, communication rights, and the right to privacy. There is also concern that the bill could lead to censorship, excessive executive power and restrictions on online anonymity. The government's aim to impose over-regulation on the internet and social media networks could limit access to the internet. Furthermore, the bill is silent on the protection of users' data and does not mention a statute of limitations, leading to potential legal challenges that could hamper its effective implementation. Ultimately, this proposed social media bill raises vital questions about its impact on fundamental rights and its potential to violate the constitutional principles of Nepal.

Impact on marginalized communities 

When the government attempts to implement repressive policies to limit online freedom of expression, marginalized communities, including Dalits and women, will be among the most affected. Traditional media are controlled by elites and often disregard the voices of marginalized communities. However, with the rise of social media, people from oppressed classes have found a better way to express their concerns without fear. Social media restrictions are also detrimental to companies, as they can reduce customer engagement and harm the revenue base of these companies. This is an era of government facilitation and de-regulation.

Moreover, in line with the rights of marginalized communities to online freedom of expression, it is important to ensure their dignity so that they are not humiliated, discriminated, harassed, or bullied based on their surname, religion or gender. We need content moderation and monitoring on these aspects rather than a blanket approach to content surveillance. The bill should ensure that digital platforms or social media do not become platforms that intensify discrimination against particular caste, ethnic or gender groups. 

The question of inclusivity is paramount in the overall implementation of social media strategies, involving users, government and digital platforms. From a user’s perspective, there is an urgent need for digital literacy to enable marginalized people to safely express, share and learn from the various opinions circulating on the internet. However, limited digital literacy sometimes presents significant challenges; the marginalized communities may become trapped in the vast network of misinformation and disinformation. Despite this, social media remains a powerful tool without gatekeepers, especially for bringing out the voices of marginalized communities. 

Way forward

Any social media regulation or digital media policies should ensure the right to freedom and the right to live with dignity for marginalized communities. Underlining this fact, DI, in its report, has proposed several recommendations for improving the functionality of social media in Nepal for a positive cause. First, by abiding by international best practices, Nepal can align with the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and the Manila Principles on Intermediary Liability to develop a comprehensive regulatory framework that respects human rights (by focusing on marginalized communities). Secondly, a Principal-Agent Relationship model can be implemented, where the government allocates the power to regulate social media platforms based on clear delegation mandates and control mechanisms. Thirdly, a Public-Private Partnership approach, in which social media platforms develop their guidelines, content moderation standards and other regulatory mechanisms, can lead to better coordination between self-regulation by companies and local regulations. Fourth, there is a need for Transparency and Accountability for social media platforms to provide insight into content moderation practices and decision-making processes. Additionally, a Child-Centric Approach should be adopted, aligning with the UN Best Interests of the Child principle, to ensure protection from harmful content when preparing social media regulations. Furthermore, periodic reviews and modernization of existing legislation should take into account international best practices and technological advancements. Lastly, regional cooperation with neighboring countries and regional organizations is essential for facilitating information sharing and harmonizing regulations for cross-border content issues.

Digital transformation is a hot topic around the world, both in academia and in practice. Nepal cannot stay away from this discourse and has also envisioned the idea of a Digital Nepal. However, digital transformation presents various challenges, not only in the developing world but also in developed countries. Philosophers even raise the question, especially because of the rise of artificial intelligence: is it doing anything good for human society? However, in my opinion, it’s not possible to reverse the situation. We have to learn to live with the digital paradigm. But it’s necessary to reflect on questions such as: are we focusing too much on the digitization of everything, or do we need to strike a balance? Or, in practical terms, digitalization for what? For whom, and how? I have been reflecting on this discourse based on my research and personal experiences from three different countries. Here, I have first-hand experience and some insights to share.

During my first PhD in Industrial Engineering years in South Korea, I gained valuable insights into technology's profound impact on society. South Korea’s remarkable transformation from a country struggling with poverty due to its colonial past to a leading tech innovator is a compelling example of technology's potential. I saw the benefits: advanced infrastructure, thriving tech companies and a highly-skilled workforce. The success of companies like Samsung and LG illustrates this transformation.

The South Korean government played a crucial role in this progress. Through strategic policies fostering innovation, attracting global investment and a strong emphasis on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education, the country built a workforce adept at handling technological challenges. Ongoing investment in research and development kept South Korea at the forefront of technological progress, raising living standards and driving economic growth. However, my experience also revealed the complexities of rapid technological change. Despite its many benefits, the pressure to stay constantly connected in the digital world led to stress and mental health issues, and exclusion of elderly people from fast-changing technology, demonstrating that technology’s advantages must be balanced with attention to personal well-being and social dynamics.

In my second PhD, which focused on how technology enables development, I had the opportunity to closely observe the digitalization in the mountain regions. I encountered a dramatically different situation. While South Korea advanced rapidly, Nepal faced significant challenges. Despite its rich cultural heritage, I found during my research, Nepal continued to struggle with political instability, inadequate infrastructure and limited access to quality education, hindering technological progress. Issues such as unreliable electricity and limited internet access, especially in rural areas, were common. The education system often fell short in preparing individuals for a technology-driven world, and economic constraints further limited investment in technological development.

The digital divide in Nepal is striking. Urban areas have better access to technology and education, while rural regions lag significantly. The high cost of technology and internet services limits accessibility for many, and gender disparities affect women’s opportunities in technology, reflecting broader cultural and educational inequalities.

Now, continuing with the same research and working in Norway, I observe a more balanced approach to technology. Norway navigates a middle path between the extremes of a highly digitized South Korea and a digitally excluded Nepal. Here, technology is integrated into society with a focus on social well-being, environmental sustainability and educational improvement. Norway’s approach prioritizes quality of life and social equity. There is a strong commitment to ensuring that technological advancements do not undermine personal well-being, with policies promoting work-life balance and reducing the stress associated with constant connectivity. Although Norway faces its own challenges in digital transformation, the country is actively working to maintain this balance.

Environmental sustainability is another key focus in Norway’s digital strategy. The country emphasizes green technology and sustainable practices, ensuring that technological progress does not come at the expense of the environment. This commitment reflects a responsibility to future generations and the planet. Norway’s education system is inclusive and forward-thinking, integrating digital literacy from an early age to prepare students for a technology-driven world. Continuous investment in teacher training and educational resources supports this goal, creating a workforce ready to adapt to technological changes.

From my experiences in South Korea, Nepal and Norway, it is evident that technology can drive significant progress, but it must be managed thoughtfully. South Korea’s success shows how education and innovation can lead to advancement, while Nepal’s challenges underscore the need for inclusive policies and infrastructure. Norway’s balanced approach demonstrates that it is possible to leverage technology’s benefits while prioritizing social well-being, environmental sustainability and educational improvement.

For Nepal, valuable lessons can be learned from both South Korea and Norway. By investing in reliable infrastructure, focusing on inclusive education, adopting a balanced approach to technology and promoting sustainable practices, Nepal can work toward a future where technology enhances the quality of life for everyone. This balanced and inclusive strategy can help ensure that the benefits of technology are accessible to all while minimizing potential drawbacks.

The author is a professor at the University of Agder, Norway

Celebrating our 28th anniversary, we acknowledge not only our rich history but also the new direction we have taken to enhance our global impact. This year has been pivotal in redefining ECAN’s role in shaping international education and promoting Nepali students as global citizens.

Upon assuming the presidency, it was clear that ECAN needed to adapt to the changing educational landscape to remain effective. With the invaluable support of my Executive team and the insightful guidance of Immediate Past President Prakash Pandey, we embarked on a strategic overhaul. We focused on aligning our practices with contemporary needs and expectations, ensuring that ECAN continues to lead with innovation and relevance in a rapidly evolving field.

Our foremost goal was to empower our educational counselors, who play a critical role in guiding students toward their academic and professional goals. Recognizing their central importance, we launched a comprehensive suite of initiatives designed to enhance their skills and expertise. This included organizing training workshops, informational sessions, and specialized knowledge-sharing events. These programs were meticulously developed with the active involvement of the ECAN team and our members, ensuring they addressed the specific needs and challenges faced by our counselors. By investing in their professional development, we aimed to uphold the highest standards of integrity and professionalism within our network.

A significant priority was transforming the public perception of the education consultancy profession. We successfully completed the second series of ECAN EDUclave, a platform that brought together policymakers, educators and key stakeholders to discuss and elevate the role of educational consultancy. Additionally, our “Faces of ECAN” campaign, featuring impactful videos and social media content, highlighted the achievements of our members. A key component of this campaign was our collaboration with Rajesh Hamal for a TV commercial, which played a crucial role in reshaping public perceptions. Our active participation in national and international forums, such as the FIRST BIMSTEC Business Summit in New Delhi and various media engagements, further reinforced the value and positive impact of educational consultancy.

Another major focus was on improving our interaction with policy frameworks and streamlining administrative processes. Historically, policies regarding educational consultancies have been challenging. To address this, we engaged actively with the Education Ministry and worked to influence policy development. Our advocacy efforts resulted in more supportive and efficient policies that better serve both students and consultancies. By simplifying procedures and reducing bureaucratic hurdles, we aimed to create a more favorable environment for international education, reinforcing ECAN’s role as a key player in policy discussions and administrative reforms. Building and maintaining robust relationships with international stakeholders was essential to our mission. We focused on enhancing our engagement with embassies, high commissions and strategic agencies such as ICEF, the British Council and PTE. Our interactions with the Foreign Ministry of Nepal were crucial in ensuring smooth processes for students seeking education abroad. The ECAN team organized well-received welcome and farewell events for ambassadors and consular officials, which facilitated open dialogue and strengthened our connections. These diplomatic engagements helped address challenges in visa applications and improved the overall efficiency of our consultancy services.

ECAN has been at the forefront of advocating for Nepal as a prominent educational hub through the “Study in Nepal” initiative. As the first consultancy association to champion this vision, we have worked diligently to position Nepal as an attractive destination for international students. Our efforts included supporting and influencing policy changes to facilitate student visas and creating a welcoming environment for foreign students. We have established strategic agreements with various academic institutions across Nepal to enhance the quality of educational offerings and ensure that they meet global standards. Through these collaborations, we aim to provide a diverse range of programs and opportunities, solidifying Nepal’s place in the global education landscape.

Looking forward

Over the past one year, our initiatives to empower counselors, reshape public perception and engage in policy development and international relationships have laid a strong foundation for ECAN’s future. As we celebrate 28 years of excellence, we are poised for continued growth and leadership in educational consultancy. The strides we have made this year have not only reinforced our commitment to our values but also positioned us for further success. Moving forward, I am confident that with the support of our dedicated team and members, ECAN will continue to achieve new heights and drive positive change in the field of educational consultancy. Thank you for your unwavering support as we advance together.

The Constitution of Nepal has established basic healthcare as a fundamental right of its citizens. In the context of the federal governance system, it is the responsibility of the state to ensure easy access to quality health services for all. The national health policy 2019 primarily aims to develop and expand a health system based on social justice and good governance. Moreover, the policy has laid emphasis on the social health protection system by integrating the most marginalized sections within and across societies. 

At a recent press conference, Health Minister Pradeep Paudel presented his key health priorities and action plan to ensure people have easy access to quality health care services at all levels. The rationale of these priorities is largely based on the guiding principles of national health policy, 16th plan and the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Ensuring equitable access to healthcare is a primary agenda of health sector reforms. 

In the federal context, the first and foremost priority is to develop a solid strategic roadmap to improve coordination with clarity on roles and responsibilities within and across three levels of governments in order to harmonize effective implementation of national health policies, strategic guidelines and the emerging priorities. The idea of establishing an integrated health infrastructure development project is innovative and timely as it provides a clear picture of existing human resources, health infrastructure, health financing mechanisms, logistics and supply chain management at all levels. 

Undoubtedly, this strategic approach will facilitate federal, provincial and local governments to identify new opportunities and gaps, and address existing challenges in delivering quality healthcare services. Strengthening the institutional capacity of local health governments and health facilities is one of the critical challenges in the health sector due to limited human resources, inadequate health infrastructure and supplies, poor monitoring and evaluation systems of healthcare services. 

Therefore, the ambitious action plan to increase the coverage of health insurance as well as other social security schemes is easier said than done. Evidence suggests that national health insurance and other social protection services are facing serious implementation challenges. However, it is yet to be seen how the new priorities of the health minister are implemented in the months to come. The ground reality is that without realistically addressing persistent structural barriers in health systems and ensuring effective implementation of policy and regulatory frameworks, one can not simply hope for significant reform in the health sector.

Other emerging issues such as mental health, non-communicable diseases, disaster and health emergencies need a more pragmatic approach for actions to enhance the capacity of local governments for multi-sector response in the health sector. Interestingly, migrant health has also received  priority in order to address the health care needs of migrants and their families. 

By formulating a new population policy, there is an increasing focus on strategizing demographic dividend for sustainable socioeconomic development. The health security of marginalized and indigenous populations is another priority, but again needs a clear strategic roadmap for implementation. Among many other priority areas, one of the praiseworthy initiatives is to improve nutritional status of children under five years of age, adolescents and mothers by enhancing the institutional capacity of provincial and local governments to effectively implement the multi-sector nutrition plan at the communities. 

Though there is explicit focus on urban health systems, climate change and associated environmental health risks for consideration, it is interesting to see how these issues will be effectively mainstreamed in federal health systems for timely action. In addition to enhancing the capacity of hospitals across the country, improving physical infrastructure of the health facilities in the rural areas is a high priority in the health agenda. 

Moreover, there is a critical need to strengthen procurement and supply chain management by ensuring transparency and efficient practices to avoid any interruptions in supplies of drugs and other essential logistics. Ensuring safety, quality and efficacy of medicines is crucial. At the same time, public awareness on road safety is equally important to reduce the mortality, injuries and disability. Health promotion and communication strategies for behavior change are also critical to a healthy lifestyle. 

Therefore, the key stakeholders are now enthusiastically looking forward to effective implementation of the priorities as highlighted by the health minister. Without good governance and strong political commitments, the ambitious plans are less likely to deliver the expected results. The implementation mechanisms and structures must be strengthened with clear terms of reference and a strategic roadmap for reform. Establishing robust monitoring and evaluation systems should be a high priority action point to track the progress and realistically address the bottlenecks in health systems at all levels. 

Despite some notable progress in the health sector, the federal health system has a long way to go to meet the wider expectations of people in accessing and utilizing quality healthcare services at the local level. There is still hope that effective implementation of the new priorities in the health sector will have profound implications in ensuring equity and social justice at large.  

The author is a health policy analyst