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Three months ago, Sher Bahadur Deuba defeated Shekhar Koirala to be reelected party President at the 14th Nepali Congress General Convention. After the convention, Koirala emerged as the leader of the party’s rival faction. Koirala has since adopted the policy of supporting Deuba on an issue-by-issue basis. Kamal Dev Bhattarai talked to Koirala to solicit his views on electrical alliance and intra-party rivalry.

How do you evaluate Deuba’s performance as party president in the past three months?

It is too early to evaluate his performance this early into his re-election as party president. In this period, we have handled a few issues. He made some nominations in the party. Obviously, questions were raised on the nominated names and appointment criteria. I have been pushing to define criteria for such appointments.

On the MCC compact negotiation, the party president involved all of us under his leadership and it produced a good result. He was successful in bringing major parties on board to ratify the compact, which is a plus point. To resolve issues related to the party’s sister organizations, we are still doing homework. There is no alternative to dissolving sister organizations and starting afresh.

There are talks of an electoral alliance with communist parties. Do you see that happening?

In local elections, we should not forge an alliance with communist parties. Nepali Congress is capable of winning on its own. If we forge an alliance, we will appear weak in front of voters.

Further, there is a lot of animosity between the Congress and Maoist cadres at the grassroots level. The wounds of the 10-year Maoist insurgency are yet to heal. Congress cadres at the local level were the prime targets of the Maoist party during the insurgency.

Our ideology, our orientation, and our behavior do not match those of communist parties. In the previous elections, we supported some candidates of other parties, but we did not get anything in return.

I do not think supporters of communist parties would vote for our candidates, as there is a gap between our schooling and theirs. There are some fundamental differences. For instance, Congress is a mass-based party, while communists are cadre-based. We should take this reality into account. Communists always see Nepali Congress as an enemy.

As for the current ruling coalition, it should continue till the elections and beyond, as the chances of a single party securing a majority are slim. But an electoral alliance is not beneficial for us.

There are also talks of deferring local elections and holding federal polls first.

We have already announced the date for local elections and they must be held on time. The Supreme Court has also ruled that local elections were announced as per the constitution. But if we plan on early federal elections, the main opposition, CPN-UML, and other major parties should be on board. The decision should be based on consensus. 

What is the state of factionalism in Nepali Congress, which had reached new heights at the time of the general convention?

It is normal for relationships among rival factions to sour during general conventions. We have already left the animosity behind. This was evident when the Nepali Congress presented a united front on the MCC compact. Our party moves ahead as one based on agendas. We will also stand united during the elections.

But there is a worry that disputes at the center have percolated to the grassroots, harming the party’s electoral prospects.

There is some discord among rival factions at the local level. I have been counseling leaders at the grassroots level to bury old differences emanating from the convention and maintain unity. Winning and losing are part of democratic process. Now, we have to fight against other parties. It will certainly take time, but I am hopeful that most grassroots-level differences can be resolved in the next two to three months.

Women’s rights activist Lily Thapa is a member of the National Human Rights Commission, the constitutional human rights watchdog. In this interview with Stuti Mittal of ApEx ahead of the International Women’s Day on March 8, she discusses the current status of Nepali women.

How do you evaluate Nepali women’s participation in key sectors?

Compared to 10 years ago, after the heralding of federalism, women’s participation has already exceeded 40 percent at the local level and 30 percent at the central level. Quantitatively, the target for women’s inclusion has been met. However, there is yet to be meaningful participation. Women’s voices are still being ignored despite their greater representation in key sectors.  

What is the government doing to lift the status of women?

The government has taken many steps to lift the status of Nepali women. Following the Beijing Conference of 1995, a study on gender status evaluation was conducted from 1995 to 2015. It showed progress on indicators such as a higher level of women’s participation, inclusiveness, and diversity.

The fact that women’s rights are enshrined as fundamental rights in the constitution is a major step towards improving women’s status in Nepal. Not just that. There are separate points on reproductive rights, mobility and gender equality in the constitution, which too is a milestone.

Between 1995 and 2015, over 167 policies were amended and legal reforms enacted in terms of gender equality. There has been a decline in maternal mortality from 600 per 100,000 live births to 140 per 100,000 births, a rise in women’s life expectancy from 50 to 70, and an increase in their access to land and property.

Since the implementation of affirmative policies over the past two decades, about 20 percent Nepali women own land and over 13 percent have a house registered in their names. 

Why are Nepali women still not entrusted with leadership roles?

The biggest culprit is expected gender roles. Women who are professionals and in leadership roles are still expected to fulfill their household duties. Though women are considered equal by the law, the stereotypes have not changed. During past elections, women were unable to lead electoral campaigns as they had to be home by the time their children came back from school. While much progress has been made in the past two decades, gender discrimination is still rampant. 

How do you compare Nepal to other South Asian countries in terms of women’s rights?

In comparison to other South Asian countries, Nepal has the best women’s rights policies after Sri Lanka. Gender policies, laws and national action plans are women friendly too. Nepal may not be ahead of other countries on women literacy and economic empowerment, but progress is being made. 

What are the areas Nepal needs to improve on for greater gender equality?

The first and foremost thing that needs to change is people’s perception of women who are still considered second-class citizens. This is something deeply rooted in our culture. It’s vital to change people’s mindset in order for women to be treated equally. The policies and plans are there of course, but their implementation remains weak. Progress has been made over the past two decades. This process takes time and there should be constant advocacy. Slowly but surely, Nepal will one day achieve the desired level of gender equality.

Of 753 local governments in Nepal, only 18 have women municipal heads. The constitution mandates that political parties field one male and one female candidate for the top two positions in local governments. But most women got to contest only the post of deputies. In other words, political parties continue to prefer male candidates in the main executive posts. Pratik Ghimire of ApEx talked to Prabha Baral, Mayor of Rapti Municipality, Chitwan, about her experience of leading a local government and women’s overall representation at the local level.

How do you evaluate your five years as mayor?

As we were working under a new political setup, a large part of the past five years was spent on building the foundation for smooth functioning of our local government. We constructed buildings for municipal and ward offices and passed some municipal laws to begin with. We also set up health posts in every ward and rebuilt schools and homes damaged in the 2015 earthquakes.

As our municipality is surrounded by the Rapti River and the Chitwan National Park, a considerable amount of time and effort was also spent to prevent monsoon floods and wildlife incursion into human settlements. We built an embankment along Rapti to stop river-water from spilling over during the rainy season and destroying crops and properties. We also erected a concrete fence along the areas bordering Chitwan National Park to limit human-wildlife conflict. Then there is the problem of landslides in parts of the municipality that fall in the hilly region. We are trying to address this through an afforestation campaign.           

So overall, the past five years were productive. I think our work proved the worth of local bodies.

Did you experience any challenges as a female mayor?

Personally, I did not face any challenges or difficulties while executing my work. But there were some times when I felt that my judgments and decisions were being questioned just because I was a woman. Other than that, my experience of leading the municipality was good.

How was women’s participation in your municipality?

It was pretty good because our municipality provided different skill-based training to almost 700 women in these five years. These training sessions helped them to get jobs and start small-scale businesses.

Many women now feel empowered. They can speak in front of the mass, participate in municipal programs and raise questions before officials.

The municipality also formed a welfare committee comprising women leaders from all political parties to provide various platforms and opportunities to local women. As part of the women's welfare program, we also made sure that the construction projects under the municipality were primarily led by women. 

Why do you think the country has only a handful of women mayors?

We have tried to create an environment where men and women get equal opportunities through our constitution. Nepal is on the path of change, which doesn’t happen overnight. We only have 18 women municipal heads right now, but I am certain this number will rise.

A few women including myself were given the opportunity to lead our respective areas, and I believe all of us executed our roles well.

Our work helped break the stereotypes that hindered many women from reaching leadership positions.

Do you have any suggestions for political parties to increase women’s participation in local bodies?

Just give us a chance. Then you will see women are as smart and competent as men. I believe the current crop of women municipal heads is more progressive compared to male municipal heads.

Erik Solheim is a well-known global leader on environment and development. He served as Norwegian Minister of Environment and International Development from 2005-12. During his tenure he initiated the global program for the conservation of rainforests and introduced game-changing national legislation—among them the Biodiversity Act and legislation to protect Oslo city forests. He also increased Norwegian development assistance to one percent, the highest in the world.

Solheim has been chair of the OECD Development Assistance Committee (the main body of world donors) as well as Executive Director of UN Environment. He led the peace efforts in Sri Lanka as the main negotiator of the peace process and played a vital role in peace efforts in Nepal, Myanmar, and Sudan. Currently, he is senior adviser at World Resources Institute and President of the Belt and Road Green Development Institute in Beijing. ApEX talked to him on a range of environment and climate change issues.

How do you assess current global efforts to limit the rise of global temperature below 1.5 C?

Avoiding temperature rise of above 1.5 C is a huge challenge for humanity. We need to stick together as one family. For the first time the world is now moving in the right direction. China is the world leader in nearly all green technologies, the EU has embarked upon the green new deal, US President Biden has made the most environment-friendly budget proposal in the country’s history and Indian Prime Minister Modi is investing heavily in solar power and green hydrogen. The train has started rolling, but we need to speed up and increase the urgency.

Developing countries are scaling up the use of fossil fuels. What are the voluntary ways to scale back their use?

Many developing countries are fortunately in the process of abandoning the old development model. They understand we have win-win opportunities now. Solar is cheaper than coal everywhere in the world so the shift to solar is good both for ecology and economy. China is producing 80 percent of all solar panels in the world; 99 percent of all electric buses are running on Chinese roads. India is home to the world´s first all-solar rail station in Assam and all-solar airport in Kerala.

How do you evaluate the outcome of the COP26 Summit for least developed countries like Nepal?

It was crazy when some ministers and activists from the West accused developing countries of causing the climate crisis. Historically, Indian emissions are four percent of American per capita emission; Nepali emissions, even less. The fuel of the green transition is no longer diplomacy, but the political economy. Renewable energy, electric mobility, tree planting, circular economy and zero emission agriculture are now available for developing countries. So Nepal can focus on opportunities rather than problems.

What is your take on persistent reports of fast-melting Himalayan glaciers?

The melting of ice in the Himalayan glaciers is the single-most scary possible outcome of the climate crisis. If the great rivers of Asia, the Ganga, Indus, Mekong, Yangtze and more go dry it will be a catastrophe for hundreds of millions of people.

Developed countries had promised to channel $100 billion a year to less wealthy nations by 2020 to help them adapt to climate change and mitigate further rises in temperature. That promise was broken. Can we trust them to keep any of their promises now?

They can and should. But in the end this is small money. It is a lot more important for poor nations that the US, China and others turn around their domestic economies. Then the green shift becomes affordable for all. Nepal will be able to finance its own green development. The Peoples Bank of China has announced a domestic low carbon facility in the range of $1 trillion. That’s huge and very promising. The Belt and Road Initiative will allow Nepal to benefit from Chinese green investment.

What are your suggestions to the Nepal government on climate change?

Please see the opportunities! Nepal is rich in water resources and can be a hydro superpower. My nation Norway may assist it in this. Nepal has sunshine to power solar plants. Two-, three- and four-wheelers can go electric. Agriculture in the Tarai can learn from Andhra Pradesh and Sikkim in India that have pioneered zero-budget natural farming. Nepal is a fantastic tourist destination, top in the world. There are enormous promises in green tourism.

How do you assess the performance of the Nepal government in international climate forums?

Nepal can step up and take more of a leadership role. Nepal is a nation with any number of friends and no enemies. It can help lead the world into the green revolution both through domestic and global initiatives.

Snow on Nepal’s mountains is melting at an alarming rate yet the world seems to ignore it. What can Nepal do to draw the world’s attention?

I suggest inviting global leaders for study tours to watch with their own eyes.

How do you suggest Annapurna Media Network should press ahead with its new Unity for Sustainability campaign? How can we collaborate with international organizations?

The huge network and great standing of AMN offer a big opportunity to engage the people of Nepal in dialogue on climate issues. Please never be boring, academic or exclusive! We cannot bore or scare people into action. Please bring people on board in a positive campaign for change. We have a triple win opportunity in front of us. We can design policies for Nepal which are good for the wellbeing of people, for economic growth and jobs and at the same time taking better care of nature in this most beautiful of places, called Nepal.

As a Green Ambassador for our campaign, any specific message to Nepal and Nepali politicians on climate change?

Please focus on the positive. How agriculture in Tarai can give better yields to the farmers by going green. How the Nepali valleys can be hubs for hydro and solar energies. How the Himalayas can attract more tourists, but with less impact on vulnerable nature. I am so excited to be a part of this campaign.