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Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli has expressed gratitude for the full support he has received from coalition partner Nepali Congress (NC). Speaking at the inauguration ceremony of the administrative building of Suryabinayak municipality in Bhaktapur on Monday, Oli assured that he would extend similar cooperation when NC takes over leadership.

“In 17-18 months, Sher Bahadur Deuba will become the Prime Minister. He will lead, and I will support him. The UML will give full support and ensure success,” said Oli. “At present, I am receiving complete and unconditional support from the NC, and they will get the same from us in the future.”

Oli emphasized the importance of collaboration among major political parties to ensure national development. He warned of a lack of alternatives if the coalition fails to deliver progress.

“If the major parties working together cannot lead the country toward development, then there’s no room for ‘yours’ or ‘mine’. We are committed to developing all 753 municipalities. No one can stop this progress,” he stated.

Oli also responded to recent remarks from Pushpa Kamal Dahal, chairperson of the CPN (Maoist Center), who had claimed during a public address in Dang that a victory similar to the 2008 elections would uproot corruption in the country.

Without directly naming Dahal, Oli criticized past electoral practices, stating, “That era is gone. Back then, there were camps, fear and intimidation. People were told their votes could be tracked through binoculars and adjusted later. Even the government and administration were rendered powerless due to such threats.”

Oli accused the Maoists of controlling polling stations during the 2008 elections, influencing voters and undermining administrative authority. “They would stand near the ballot box and say, ‘I will mark it for you’. But that time has passed,” he added.

The Prime Minister, who had been resting due to health issues, also addressed concerns regarding his health. He criticized the portrayal of his illness, saying, “Even when I have a common cold, they show pictures of me in ICU with an oxygen mask.”

Oli assured the public that while he remains weak due to antibiotics, his health is improving. “Yes, I’ve been sick. I’m still recovering, but those expecting me to end up in ICU will be disappointed,” he remarked. This statement follows his virtual participation in recent events, including the Siddhababa Tunnel breakthrough ceremony, due to his doctors advising against long-distance travel.

It’s a familiar tale. As the dry season arrives, fires dominate the headlines—whether they are forest fires consuming acres of greenery or house fires wreaking destruction in urban areas. Though seasonal, these incidents leave lasting impacts on ecosystems, livelihoods, and resources. They serve as sobering reminders of nature’s power and our vulnerabilities. In Nepal, as in regions like California, forest fires are an annual occurrence, forcing us to confront not only the immediate aftermath but also broader implications for climate, biodiversity, and public safety.

Nepal’s diverse landscape, ranging from the low-lying Tarai plains to the rugged Himalayan hills, makes it particularly prone to forest fires during the dry season. Regions most at risk include the Terai belt, Siwalik hills, and mid-hill areas, where dense vegetation, prolonged dry spells, and windy conditions create ideal conditions for fire outbreaks. These vulnerabilities are exacerbated by the combination of flammable vegetation and human negligence.

Topography, climate, and vegetation significantly influence the frequency and intensity of forest fires. The dry season, stretching from January to April, brings low humidity and rising temperatures, which dry out undergrowth and make forests highly susceptible to ignition. Human activities such as slash-and-burn agriculture, careless disposal of cigarettes, and unregulated land clearing often act as triggers, further escalating the problem.

The consequences of forest fires in Nepal are wide-reaching, affecting both the environment and society. Environmentally, they lead to significant biodiversity loss as countless plant and animal species perish or lose their habitats. Soil degradation hampers forest regeneration, while the release of carbon emissions contributes to climate change. On the social front, fires exacerbate health issues, with air pollution increasing respiratory illnesses. Communities may face displacement as fires destroy homes and disrupt livelihoods, underscoring the urgent need for effective prevention and response measures.

Parashuram Poudel, Under-Secretary at the Ministry of Forests, stated, “In Nepal, forest fires are an annual menace, exacerbated by human negligence and traditional practices. We’ve been organizing campaigns like ‘Ban Dadhelo Niyantran Saptaha’ to educate communities about fire prevention. Careless behaviors, such as discarding cigarettes along roadsides, often ignite dry vegetation. Poachers also play a role, deliberately setting fires to trap and kill wildlife.”

“In hilly regions, people burn dry grass and leaves, believing it fosters new growth. While this tradition is deeply rooted, it poses significant risks,” Poudel added. “We’ve been working to raise awareness about climate change in villages, but people’s livelihoods are intertwined with nature. Animals depend on these forests, and the lack of rainfall this season has worsened the situation.”

Mahabharat in Kavre is one of the hardest-hit areas, where containing fires at early stages remains a challenge. “Despite deploying firefighters and equipment, limited manpower is a critical issue,” Poudel said.

Meteorologist Ujjwal Upadhyay noted that there is no indication of rainfall in the coming week. “Compared to the last two years, the pattern hasn’t changed significantly. However, over the past 4–5 years, we’ve observed notable shifts, such as consecutive winters without rainfall during this period. Previously, occasional rainfall was more common.”

Upadhyay explained that the absence of rainfall has led to rising temperatures and increasingly dry conditions. “In Gandaki Province, the risk of forest fires is heightened by factors like extensive forested areas and less frequent human activity, which allows dry leaves to accumulate. In contrast, in Madhes, frequent forest visits for leaf collection and grazing prevent such buildup, reducing fire risks,” he said. He cautioned that from late February onwards, fire incidents are likely to increase due to the combination of prolonged dryness, rising temperatures, and accumulated dry leaves.

Addressing the growing threat of forest fires in Nepal requires urgent and coordinated efforts. The devastating environmental and social impacts underscore the need for proactive measures. Solutions include awareness campaigns, sustainable forest management, and enhanced firefighting resources. Effective action demands collaboration among the government, local communities, and international organizations. By adopting sustainable strategies, Nepal can protect its biodiversity, safeguard livelihoods, and mitigate the destructive impact of forest fires.

Jagdish Khadka is the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of eSewa. He has an experience of more than a decade in the digital banking field. Shreya Shrestha of ApEx talked with him regarding eSewa as a key player in Nepal’s digital landscape and its journey over the years. Excerpts:

eSewa has been a key player in Nepal’s digital transformation. How do you assess its impact on financial inclusion over the years?

Over the years, eSewa’s most significant achievement has been building trust among users by demonstrating that digital payment is not only possible but also secure, reliable, and convenient. We have focused on raising awareness and promoting digital literacy, which has made digital payments accessible and practical for everyone. To reach this stage, our efforts as a company have been pivotal. However, inclusivity has been a core principle—ensuring that our services extend beyond urban areas to every corner of the country. We are proud to be present in all 753 local bodies through our network of agents. These agents actively advocate for digital payments, addressing questions of trustworthiness and security while showcasing the convenience of mobile transactions. As a result, we are now witnessing payments being made seamlessly across the country. This reflects the trust and credibility we've built, proving that mobile-based digital payments are a reality for all, bridging gaps and empowering users nationwide.

Given Nepal’s economic landscape, what challenges did eSewa face in encouraging people to adopt digital payments, and how were these addressed?

First and foremost, for anyone providing a service, it is essential to embrace digitization. When it comes to payments, preparation is key—understanding what you’re selling or paying for is crucial. This was our biggest challenge in the beginning. Initially, we manually handled processes, such as scratching recharge cards, recording numbers in Excel, and uploading them later. That’s how it all started. Over time, merchants and businesses began recognizing the importance of digitization, leading to integration and gradual adoption of digital tools. This shift marked the beginning of a more organized and civilized approach to transactions. Alongside this, we focused on raising awareness about the use of digital platforms for merchants, which presented its own challenges. To address these challenges, we implemented strategies such as cashback offers, roadshows, campaigns, gifts, incentives, and mobilizing our agents and field staff. Our efforts extended to institutional collaborations, local bodies, and media partnerships, which played a significant role in disseminating our message. These initiatives not only raised awareness but also encouraged merchants to enhance their offerings, making digitalization more appealing and practical. In summary, awareness, service digitization, and building trust were our three biggest challenges. Despite these hurdles, we overcame them, and today, we stand here to the progress that can be achieved with persistence and innovation.

How does eSewa contribute to sustainable economic practices in Nepal while supporting efforts to reduce carbon emissions and promote eco-friendly financial solutions?

In the context of sustainability, eSewa embodies a paperless and cashless service model, significantly contributing to reducing carbon emissions and promoting efficient business practices. By transitioning from traditional methods to digital solutions, eSewa has enhanced business efficiency and environmental sustainability. For instance, tasks that previously required manual oversight, such as cash handling or bill clearance, are now seamlessly managed through digital devices, eliminating the need for physical presence and paper-based transactions. This shift has improved operational efficiency, financial processes, and capital mobilization. Additionally, the convenience of real-time money transfers and digital billing reduces the reliance on physical resources, such as paper and transportation, which indirectly lowers energy consumption and carbon emissions. For example, previously, paying an electricity bill required individuals to travel to offices, consuming time, energy, and fuel. With eSewa, such tasks are now completed digitally, reducing both the carbon footprint and the effort involved. Overall, eSewa not only drives business and operational sustainability but also aligns with environmental goals by promoting digital transformation. Its inclusive platform addresses diverse needs, offering sustainable solutions for businesses and individuals alike.

Could you elaborate on eSewa’s most groundbreaking innovation to date?

One of the most groundbreaking innovations introduced by eSewa is the top-up feature, which has revolutionized convenience in digital platforms. Additionally, we have continuously expanded our range of services, building trust among users by enabling seamless payments anytime, from anywhere. Our focus has been on providing an easy and smooth user experience, ensuring that customers feel confident and comfortable using our platform. Beyond this, we have also made significant strides in improving internal technologies and enhancing our service delivery methods to meet evolving user needs effectively. These efforts collectively reflect our commitment to innovation and customer satisfaction.

As digital payment systems evolve, how is eSewa leveraging technology to improve its services and user experience?

We can describe this era as the AI breakthrough period, where we have been actively integrating cutting-edge technologies. One key innovation is EVA, our AI-powered chatbot, which leverages machine learning to deliver intelligent and efficient customer interactions. Additionally, we have enhanced customer service by introducing personalized solutions, where AI and machine integration play a critical role in driving efficiency and improving user experience. By embracing these impactful advancements, we are creating a significant positive impact on our services and redefining customer engagement.

How does eSewa ensure inclusivity, particularly for rural populations and marginalized groups, in its services?

It is remarkable to note that a significant portion of our users comes from rural and marginalized communities. This is likely because, for many, our service is one of the few accessible options available. We’ve designed eSewa to be inclusive and user-friendly, recognizing that mobile phones are now a common tool for transactions, even in remote areas. To cater to diverse users, our app is localized with a Nepali language option, making it accessible to those with limited literacy. In addition, we operate 13 branches across the country to extend our services further, build trust, and educate users about digitization. These branches are instrumental in raising awareness and supporting users in embracing digital financial solutions. We have also prioritized inclusivity for merchants and specific groups. Over time, we’ve introduced various incentives tailored to female entrepreneurs, students, and marginalized communities. To ensure greater impact, we’ve conducted region-specific campaigns and programs in local languages, often collaborating with local influencers to connect more deeply with these communities. Through these efforts, we continue to foster inclusivity and accessibility in Nepal’s digital landscape.

Could you share examples of partnerships that have significantly boosted eSewa’s impact?

In our company culture, the ‘tiger on a cliff’ embodies our core values, where the C in cliff stands for collaboration. Collaboration is at the heart of everything we do at eSewa. Our long journey of success would not have been possible without the partnerships we’ve cultivated along the way. Our agent network has been pivotal in this growth. Initially, 10 percent of users were brought in by the company and 90 percent by agents, but over time, this dynamic reversed, thanks to the dedication of our agents. They played a crucial role in raising awareness about eSewa, introducing both users and merchants to our services, and helping establish our brand in the market. Beyond agents, we have built strong partnerships with local governments, organizations, and development agencies like DFIs. Together, we have successfully implemented numerous impactful projects. These collaborations have allowed us to educate, motivate, and create meaningful change within the digital financial ecosystem. By working hand in hand with these partners, we have not only expanded our reach but also strengthened the digital payment infrastructure, ensuring eSewa continues to empower individuals and communities across Nepal.

With rapid advancements in digital finance globally, where do you see eSewa in the next five to ten years?

At the core of eSewa lies our commitment to payments, around which we aim to integrate a wide range of services such as insurance, finance, savings, and investments. These offerings are designed to address the evolving lifestyles and financial needs of people in a holistic manner. Looking ahead, we envision incorporating cutting-edge AI innovations to enhance our services, making them smarter, more intuitive, and user-friendly. Our aspiration is to become an exemplary company that not only serves Nepalis but also becomes the go-to digital payment solution for anyone visiting Nepal. We strive to make eSewa a symbol of trust, convenience, and innovation in the digital financial landscape.

The Donald Trump administration’s decision to freeze all foreign aid has begun to show its effects in Nepal. US Secretary of State Marco Rubio issued an internal memo to all relevant agencies and diplomatic missions, announcing the suspension of foreign aid with exceptions only for emergency food assistance and military funding for Israel and Egypt.

In Nepal, USAID and its implementing partners have temporarily halted numerous ongoing projects. Pre-scheduled visits from US officials to Nepal have also been canceled. Organizations working with USAID now face an uncertain future, with no clarity on the fate of previously signed projects. Officials indicate that all activities will remain suspended for the next three months, adding to the ambiguity surrounding existing programs.

USAID has been Nepal’s largest donor in sectors such as health, education, agriculture and food security, water and sanitation, energy, environment and humanitarian assistance. Organizations collaborating with USAID were reluctant to comment on the impact of the freeze but acknowledged they were rushing to communicate with stakeholders about the decision.

The memo seen by Agence France-Presse (AFP) explicitly states, “No new funds shall be obligated for new awards or the extension of existing awards until each proposed new award or extension has been reviewed and approved.” This directive effectively pauses US funding for critical initiatives like PEPFAR, an anti-HIV/AIDS program launched under President George W Bush in 2003. PEPFAR, which has saved an estimated 26m lives, primarily in developing countries, is now facing uncertainty. The memo permits exceptions on a case-by-case basis and allows temporary funding for salaries and administrative expenses during this period.

The freeze comes with an 85-day timeline for an internal review of all foreign assistance. Rubio justified the decision by stating that it was necessary for the new administration to ensure foreign aid commitments were not duplicated, were effective and aligned with President Trump’s foreign policy priorities. Rubio, once a proponent of development assistance, noted the need for greater oversight.

The US has long been the largest donor in dollar terms, providing more than $64bn in overseas development assistance in 2023, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. However, the Trump administration’s approach marks a significant departure from bipartisan support for foreign aid in Washington.

On his first day in office, Trump signed an executive order suspending foreign assistance for 90 days. Anti-poverty organization Oxfam criticized this move, calling it a drastic shift from a longstanding US consensus on foreign aid. “Humanitarian and development assistance accounts for only around one percent of the federal budget; it saves lives, fights diseases, educates millions of children and reduces poverty,” said Oxfam America President Abby Maxman. She warned that cutting these programs could have severe “life or death consequences.”

Trump’s decision to withdraw from the Paris Climate Accord and the World Health Organization further compounds potential challenges for countries like Nepal, where foreign aid plays a vital role in addressing critical issues.

In May 2022, the Nepal government and USAID signed a five-year assistance agreement worth $658m. The grant aimed to strengthen democratic governance, promote enterprise-driven economic growth, and build resilience in communities most vulnerable to natural disasters and climate change. This partnership highlighted the long-standing collaboration between the US and Nepal in addressing developmental and environmental challenges.

However, the recent freeze has cast doubt on the continuation of such initiatives. USAID operations in neighboring countries like Bangladesh have also come to a halt, citing the executive order. The suspension of foreign assistance underscores the Trump administration’s shifting priorities and its potential repercussions for vulnerable nations like Nepal.

As the freeze unfolds, the implications for Nepal’s development, public health and disaster resilience remain uncertain. The situation demands close monitoring, as delays in funding and project implementation could disrupt critical progress across multiple sectors.