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Pervasive presence of plastics in our environment has raised significant concerns globally, and Nepal is no exception. From the deepest ocean trenches to the highest mountains, microplastics and other plastic pollutants have infiltrated ecosystems and, alarmingly, the human body. Plastics, derived from petrochemicals and synthetic materials, are ubiquitous in modern life due to their durability, lightweight nature, and versatility, which have led to widespread use in packaging, textiles, construction, and healthcare. However, plastics present a substantial downside: they do not biodegrade easily. Instead, they break down into smaller particles known as microplastics—particles less than 5mm in size—that have been found in various food items, beverages, and even the air we breathe.

The pathways through which plastics enter the human body are diverse, starting with food sources. In Nepal, the consumption of freshwater fish from the country’s rivers and lakes is a significant avenue for microplastic contamination. Research conducted by the Nepalese Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) revealed concerning levels of microplastics in common fish species, such as Rohu and Catla, which form staple protein sources for many Nepalis. Marine organisms, mistaking microplastics for food, ingest these particles, leading to bioaccumulation up the food chain. When humans consume these fish, they inadvertently increase their microplastic intake, raising potential health concerns.

In agriculture, the practice of using plastic mulch has become commonplace among Nepalese farmers due to its benefits in weed control and moisture retention. However, this practice contributes to plastic pollution in the soil. As plastics decompose, they disrupt the availability of micronutrients essential for plant health, resulting in potential residues on produce grown in contaminated soil that may eventually enter human diets. Furthermore, the rise of packaged food products in urban areas like Kathmandu and Pokhara has increased exposure to microplastics. Many food items are sold in plastic packaging that can leach harmful chemicals into the contents, particularly under high temperatures during storage and transportation. The National Institute of Health and Population (NIHP) recently indicated concerns about certain packaged snacks containing microplastics, contributing to the overall apprehension about their health impacts.

Environmental exposure is another critical pathway. Air pollution in urban centers is a growing health concern, and airborne microplastics have been detected in air samples across Nepal. High levels of construction, vehicle emissions, and industrial activity suggest that individuals may be inhaling microplastic particles. Dr. Anuja Tamang, a pulmonary specialist in Kathmandu, noted that these inhaled particles could lead to respiratory issues and other chronic health conditions. Additionally, water sources in Nepal are increasingly threatened by plastic pollution. Rivers and lakes, often used as dumping grounds for plastic waste, pose a risk of microplastic contamination in drinking water supplies. A recent survey conducted by the Department of Water Supply and Sewerage detected microplastics in drinking water sources across several districts, raising serious concerns about the health implications for consumers.

Daily habits also contribute to plastic ingestion. Personal care products often contain micro plastics, known as "microbeads," found in soaps, scrubs, and toothpaste. Many consumers in Nepal remain unaware that their everyday skincare routines could lead to plastic exposure. Dr. Sabin Sharma, a dermatologist in Kathmandu, encourages consumers to seek out products free from micro plastics, advocating for natural alternatives that pose fewer risks to human health and the environment. Household items made from synthetic materials, such as cleaning supplies and furniture, can also release micro plastics. With regular use, these products can shed tiny plastic fibers into the air, presenting another route of inadvertent exposure over time.

The health implications tied to microplastic ingestion are still under investigation, but research is beginning to uncover potential risks. Studies suggest that microplastics may provoke inflammation, disrupt endocrine functions, and even contribute to various diseases, including cancer, metabolic syndrome, and reproductive issues. In Nepal, where healthcare resources may be limited, the growing burden of plastic-related health problems poses additional strains on the healthcare system. Dr. Pramila Shrestha, a public health expert, emphasizes the urgency of raising awareness regarding these health risks while advocating for more comprehensive studies to understand and mitigate the impact of microplastics on the population.

In conclusion, while the benefits of plastics in modern society are undeniable, the growing challenge of plastic pollution—particularly as it relates to human health—demands urgent attention, especially in resource-limited settings like Nepal. Comprehensive measures, including improved waste management practices, public education campaigns, and regulation of plastic use, are critical to mitigating the impact of plastic contamination in food, air, and water. As the data continues to emerge, it is essential for stakeholders, including policymakers, health professionals, and the general public, to collaborate in adopting sustainable practices that safeguard both human and environmental health.

While teaching communication to master’s students, I often reflect on its deeper  significance—not just in theory but in real-world applications. Communication is  fundamental to human existence. It begins at an interpersonal level, extends to spiritual and societal dimensions, and even governs the biological processes that sustain life. As Dr David Sinclair discusses in Lifespan, cells constantly exchange signals to maintain function. When communication breaks down, whether in the body, society or  governance, disorder follows.

Communication and its challenges 

At its core, communication consists of a messenger (sender), a message, a channel and a  receiver. For effective communication, both the sender and the receiver must have a shared understanding of the message. When this fails, miscommunication occurs, leading  to inefficiency, misalignment or even conflict. 

In class discussions, we often explore why miscommunication happens. Several key  factors contribute to it: the intention behind the message, the clarity of the message itself, the reliability of the communication channel and the receiver’s interpretation of the message. External noise (such as misinformation and disinformation), biases in the media and  differences in perception further complicate the process.

A critical debate in communication studies is how information should be structured.  Should it flow through a centralized system for consistency, or should it be decentralized for flexibility? Both approaches have their strengths and weaknesses. Centralized systems  provide clarity but can be rigid, while decentralized models encourage adaptability but may  lead to fragmentation. 

Jürgen Habermas, in his discussion of the system and the lifeworld, examines how institutionalized structures interact with everyday communication. The system refers to institutionalized structures like government or bureaucracy, while the lifeworld encompasses the everyday communication and experiences of individuals. In Nepali  politics, this tension is evident in the struggle between formal governance structures and  public discourse. Bureaucratic systems and political institutions often dictate the flow of information, shaping narratives that serve political elites rather than fostering genuine civic engagement. This disconnect undermines transparency and weakens public trust, as  political messaging shifts from dialogue to control.

Political communication in Nepal 

Applying this model to Nepali politics reveals significant challenges. Ideally, political communication should create a shared understanding of national interests. However, it  often serves to promote individual or party narratives rather than collective progress.

The challenges begin with the messengers—political leaders—whose messaging is often  influenced by party agendas rather than national priorities. Messages should be  transparent and reflective of reality, yet they are frequently ambiguous, selectively framed or shaped to fit specific political narratives. The media plays a crucial role in message dissemination, but concerns over bias and political affiliations sometimes hinder the  public’s access to objective information. The rapid spread of unverified content on social media further complicates the landscape, making it difficult for citizens to differentiate  between fact and political rhetoric.

Nepali political discourse often lacks coherence due to internal party conflicts, shifting alliances and fragmented messaging. For instance, the ongoing debate between those advocating for the reinstatement of the monarchy and Hindu statehood versus those supporting the current federal democratic republic system has created a highly polarized political environment. Additionally, the controversial dismissal of Kulman Ghising has  sparked widespread debate. Some view his removal as a politically motivated act  influenced by party rivalries, while others believe it reflects the government’s dissatisfaction with his management of the energy sector. Furthermore, the aggressive use of social media by influential figures through posts that stir public sentiment exacerbates  these divisions. These conflicting narratives—both online and offline—contribute to  uncertainty, divert attention from critical governance issues and fuel political instability. The fragmentation of political messaging weakens governance, delays policy  implementation, and erodes public trust.

Feedback is key

One of the critical aspects of Nepali political communication is feedback. Effective  communication should be a two-way process, allowing for dialogue and accountability. While elections provide periodic feedback, they occur infrequently, leaving limited  opportunities for continuous public engagement. Political discussions are often one-sided,  with leaders relying on speeches and rallies rather than meaningful interaction with  citizens. Public dissatisfaction, when expressed through protests or debates, is sometimes  met with defensive responses rather than constructive dialogue. 

To strengthen political communication, there must be a shift toward transparency,  inclusivity and responsiveness. Independent media should be reinforced to ensure that communication channels remain neutral and informative rather than instruments of  political influence. Mechanisms for public engagement should be expanded, providing citizens with opportunities to voice concerns beyond election cycles. Equally important is  public awareness—critical thinking and media literacy can help individuals navigate  political messaging more effectively.

Moving forward 

Scholars in communication studies often note that “perfect communication is a myth.” This  doesn’t imply that communication can’t be improved, but rather that political discourse  must acknowledge its inherent complexity, context and evolving perspectives. For Nepal, this underscores the urgent need for institutional reforms that promote transparency,  foster open dialogue and establish continuous channels for civic engagement.  Strengthening public forums, independent media and participatory governance structures can ensure that political communication serves the broader national interest rather than  partisan agendas. 

While perfect communication remains unattainable, it is essential to recognize that  meaning is shaped by context, perception and interpretation. In Nepali politics, communication has the potential to unite and drive progress. However, when manipulated  as a tool for influence rather than genuine understanding, it leads to polarization and stagnation. In line with Habermas’ theory, “transparent and accountable  communication” is crucial for bridging the gap between the system and the lifeworld. By  improving communication strategies in Nepal, we can align institutional structures more  closely with the public's needs and aspirations, promoting a more inclusive and  democratic society. 

Addressing these challenges requires a shift from rhetoric to meaningful action. Political  institutions must adopt communication strategies that are structured, responsive and foster ongoing dialogue. Transparent, accountable communication will build a stronger foundation for governance and national development. Moving forward, fostering responsible discourse should be a shared priority among political leaders, media and the public. Without this shift, misinformation, mistrust and missed opportunities will continue to undermine progress.

India has reaffirmed its commitment to strengthening ties with neighboring countries through a consultative, non-reciprocal, and results-oriented approach. Pabitra Margherita, Minister of State for External Affairs, emphasized in a statement to the Lok Sabha that India’s neighborhood policy is guided by the core principles of Samman (respect), Samvad (dialogue), Shanti (peace), and Samriddhi (prosperity). These principles shape India’s engagements, ensuring that partnerships are built on mutual trust and shared progress.

India’s development assistance and capacity-building initiatives are tailored to the specific needs and aspirations of neighboring nations, supporting their long-term economic growth. The minister highlighted that India’s contributions range from large-scale infrastructure projects to community-driven development, including financial, technical, and humanitarian aid. This multifaceted approach underscores India’s role as a reliable partner in fostering regional stability and prosperity.

In Nepal, India’s cooperation focuses on enhancing connectivity, economic collaboration, and energy and digital infrastructure, alongside cultural exchanges. A key component of this partnership is the High Impact Community Development Projects (HICDP), which have delivered critical infrastructure such as hospitals, schools, and water and sanitation facilities. While the initiative faced some challenges last year, it has since moved forward smoothly. Originally launched in 2003 as a modest program, HICDP was expanded and rebranded in 2024 to maximize its developmental impact.

With the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) remaining inactive, India has prioritized the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) as a more dynamic platform for regional collaboration. Margherita described BIMSTEC as a strategic convergence of India’s Neighbourhood First policy, Act East policy, and the SAGAR vision, which emphasizes security and sustainable growth in the Indo-Pacific. Through BIMSTEC, India is deepening cooperation in areas such as trade, security, connectivity, and digital innovation, while also promoting partnerships in health, education, and people-to-people ties. 

The upcoming BIMSTEC Summit, scheduled for April 3-4 in Thailand, is expected to produce a vision statement outlining future regional cooperation. Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli has already left for Thailand to attend the summit, while Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi is also set to participate.

Margherita reiterated that India’s Neighborhood First policy is widely appreciated by partner countries, ensuring the continuity of assistance programs even amid political changes. She stressed that India’s relationships with its neighbors stand independently of their ties with other nations, reflecting the depth and resilience of these bilateral connections.

On national security, the minister affirmed that India remains vigilant, closely monitoring regional developments to safeguard its interests. He expressed confidence in the enduring strength of India’s partnerships and reaffirmed the country’s commitment to advancing mutual benefits while protecting its strategic priorities in the region.

In the archives of Nepal’s cultural narrative, the Everest juggernaut has long eclipsed other regions—none more so than the Heart of Solukhumbu- Salleri, once the thriving heart of Sherpa culture reduced to a transit station or a parking station for the jeeps coming down from Lukla or Namche carrying stranded trekkers from Khumbu. Today, the Saga Dawa Running Festival organized by Thekchhen Pema Chholing Monastery, is scripting a quiet but profound counterpoint: a reclamation of Buddhist heritage through the rhythmic cadence of runners’ feet on ancient trails.  

This is no ordinary marathon. It is, if you will, a moving meditation—one that traverses the sacred geography of Buddhist monasteries, stupas, and forgotten heritage spots. The festival, timed to Saga Dawa (the holiest month in the Buddhist calendar, marking Buddha’s birth, enlightenment, and parinirvana), transforms athletic endeavor into spiritual homage. Runners become pilgrims, retracing steps once taken by Sherpa traders and monks, their breath mingling with mountain winds that have carried prayers for centuries. The racing routes aren’t merely scenic; they’re internationally accredited by the International Trail Running Association (ITRA) and UTMB, adding credibility and granting participants, especially Nepal’s trailblazing local runners, a coveted spot in the global performance index. 

But the festival’s genius lies in its vision of interconnectedness. Alongside the races, a Himalayan food tour offers flavors preserved through generations, while an ‘ethnic fashion show’ showcases colorful fashion woven with stories of resilience. Highland dance workshop and ethnic music performances—raw, authentic, and beautiful—are not mere entertainment but acts of cultural preservation.  

The jewel in the crown? The Buddha Purnima celebrations,  which is one of the most important festivals will bring the entire community for a peace procession in the town and ceremony in the monasteries which the visitors can witness.On the same day, inauguration of Himalayan Art Symposium 2025 supported by the Rubin Museum of Himalayan Arts, New York, honors the regional Himalayan artists and elevates their artistry onto a global stage.Nepal's greatest cultural custodians have often been the last to recognize their own inheritance. Through immersive presentations and dialogues, the event hopes to awaken the locals to what has too long been taken for granted: the sublime mastery of our mountain artists;  providing an antidote to the cultural amnesia. Master artists and young prodigies alike gather, their brushstrokes echoing the festival’s ethos: that heritage is not static, but living and breathing.  

In reimagining Salleri and the surrounding villages as a nexus of outdoor recreational sport and Spirituality, the festival achieves something extraordinary: it proves that development need not come at the cost of identity. Here, every stride is a step toward remembering—and in remembering, we attain a spiritual honor which every Nepali needs in these dire times and can offer to the troubled world today.