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The IUCN/World Commission on Environmental Law (WCEL) Nepal Chapter has expressed serious concern over the recent amendments made to the ‘National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973’ by the ‘An Ordinance Made to Amend Acts Relating to Investment Facilitation, 2024’. These amendments, particularly in Sections 5(a) and 6(1a), have drawn criticism for potentially undermining Nepal’s conservation efforts and international commitments.

The organization highlighted that Section 5(a) allows the government to designate highly sensitive areas within national parks, reserves, or conservation areas by issuing a notice in the Nepal Gazette. This discretionary power, IUCN/WCEL Nepal argues, could lead to the arbitrary exploitation of protected areas under the guise of development. The amendments could disrupt the balance between environmental conservation and development, as mandated by Article 30(3) of 2015 Constitution. IUCN/WCEL Nepal warned that projects within these sensitive zones, if prioritized for economic gain, may cause environmental degradation and harm Nepal’s globally recognized conservation achievements.

Similarly, Section 6(1a), which permits human intervention for profit-oriented use of natural resources within protected areas, has also raised alarms. IUCN/WCEL Nepal believes this provision could facilitate exploitation in the name of coexistence between nature and humans, ultimately risking the sustainability of protected regions, said Ravi Sharma Aryal, Chair, IUCN\WCEL, Nepal Chapter. 

The organization urged the government to reconsider these amendments, stressing that they contradict both national legal frameworks and international obligations, including those tied to UNESCO-listed conservation sites. IUCN/WCEL Nepal called on the government, parliament, and environmentalists to advocate for the removal of Sections 5(a) and 6(1a) from the ordinance to preserve Nepal’s conservation legacy and protect the nation’s natural heritage from profit-driven exploitation.

Kitab Publication published two books written by Sudheer Sharma on Sept 15. First, “Monks, Business and Rebellion: Nepal’s Bhot-China Relationship and India”. Second, “The Storm across the Himalayas: The Changing Nepal-China Relationship after the Republic.” After reading both the books here I have attempted to provide a review of the first one. Sharma, a well-known figure in Nepali media, appears to have done deep research for this 376-page book. This book is organized in seven sections including an epilogue. 

Nepal-Tibet relations and Chinese domination

The book begins by chronicling Nepal-Tibet trade relations dating back to the 7th century, noting Nepal’s diplomatic presence in Tibet for over 374 years. Despite ups and downs, the relationship took a pivotal turn in 1856 with the signing of the 10-point ‘Thapathali Treaty’ after Nepal’s invasion of Tibet. This treaty made Tibet a protectorate of Nepal, which raised concerns for China. A tripartite agreement followed, recognizing both Nepal and Tibet as under the Chinese emperor’s authority.

As China increased its military presence in Tibet by 1968, tensions escalated for Nepal. Historical records in the book reveal that China viewed Nepal as a potential part of its sphere of influence, even offering Nepal a place in its union of five ethnic groups (Han, Manchu, Mongol, Tibetan, and Muslim). Sun Yat-sen, the father of the Republic of China, even listed Nepal among China’s ‘lost territories.’ These accounts challenge the popular belief that Nepal was spared from Chinese domination, a sentiment that has lingered in Nepal’s historical narrative.

To counter the Chinese threat, Nepal sought British recognition as an independent nation, formalized in a 1923 treaty. Until the 1950s, Tibet was Nepal’s immediate northern neighbor, with whom it shared deep cultural, economic, and strategic ties. It wasn’t until China annexed Tibet that Nepal found itself facing a new geopolitical reality. While many fear the ‘Sikkimization’ of Nepal following India’s annexation of Sikkim, Sharma’s book argues that China’s annexation of Tibet and its desire to dominate Nepal receive less attention. Through historical evidence, the book sheds light on China’s expansionist approach toward Nepal.

Sharma also explores the influence of Chinese leader Mao Zedong in Nepal during the 1950s. Maoist ideology started spreading in Nepal, and by 2004, Gangalal founded the 'Lal Communist Party,' influenced by Mao’s ideas. Though short-lived, this marked the beginning of communist interest in China within Nepal. By the late 1950s, China became a political shrine for Nepali communist leaders, who were drawn to its propaganda and the spread of the Chinese language, which carried political undertones. The book’s fifth chapter, ‘Circus,’ examines how China used language education as a tool to indoctrinate Nepalis, with the first lessons being “Long live Chairman Mao” and “Down with American imperialism.”

Mahendra’s elusive nationalism

The chapter ‘Mao and Mahendra’ focuses on Nepal-India relations, particularly the controversial 1950 Friendship Treaty. Sharma portrays King Mahendra as having two distinct personas: one as the architect of modern Nepali diplomacy and the other as a ruler who curtailed democracy to consolidate power. His nationalist stance is scrutinized, particularly in relation to India. While Mahendra is credited with removing most of the Indian military camps in Nepal, Sharma questions his motives, suggesting that Mahendra used nationalism to preserve the monarchy rather than genuinely serve Nepal's interests.

Contrasting Mahendra’s nationalism with the actions of Prime Minister BP Koirala, the book highlights Koirala’s balanced foreign policy approach. For example, when Nehru tried to engage Koirala in a united front against China, Koirala resisted, choosing instead to maintain equilibrium between India and China. The book also revisits Mahendra’s controversial decision to cede part of Mount Everest to China, undermining his nationalist image.

Preserving the monarchy

Sharma argues that Mahendra strengthened ties with China not out of ideological alignment but as a strategy to counterbalance India’s influence. The book also shows how Mahendra cultivated relations with the United States to further his geopolitical goals. During his 1960 visit to the US, just months before imposing the Panchayat system, Mahendra received a warm welcome at the White House and secured substantial financial support. Shortly after, he overthrew the democratically elected government, signaling a shift towards authoritarianism.

The sixth chapter, ‘Rajtantra ko Samyawadi Saino,’ discusses how successive Nepali monarchs, including Mahendra, Birendra, and Gyanendra, maintained strong ties with China. Sharma’s analysis suggests that the monarchy strategically used these relationships to preserve its power. Interestingly, despite its title focusing on Nepal’s relations with Tibet, China, and India, the book’s chapter on US involvement, particularly during the Mustang rebellion, leads the reader to feel that “America” should have also been featured in the title.

Conservation activists in Pokhara have used satellite tags on endangered Egyptian vultures to study their migration patterns and movements, and identify threats.

Five Egyptian vultures in Pokhara have been fitted with satellite tags and released in the wild. This study aims to examine the activities of these tagged vultures to identify the problems and threats they are facing.

Krishna Bhusal, a vulture expert who has been studying and working in the conservation of vultures for a long time, is conducting this research as part of his PhD study to identify the threats to Egyptian vultures. Previously, satellite tag studies have been conducted on five of the six resident vulture species found in Nepal. Bhusal stated that this is the first time a study to identify threats to Egyptian vultures has been initiated.

The satellite tags allow researchers to track where the vultures go. Researchers can study their flight times, locations visited, nesting sites, and flight altitudes, among other details. According to Bhusal, the study will also reveal their main resting and feeding sites. If tagged vultures become sick or injured, they can be located and rescued based on their movement patterns. Even if a tagged vulture dies, a post-mortem examination can be conducted to determine its physical condition, Bhusal explained.

It is estimated that there are about 1,000 Egyptian vultures in Nepal. Unlike other vultures that primarily feed on animal carcasses, Egyptian vultures also consume small meat scraps and insects that grow on waste, thus helping to clean the environment. Studies have shown that Pokhara has the highest concentration of Egyptian vultures in Nepal. According to Bhusal, Pokhara is home to about 50 percent of the total Egyptian vulture population recorded in the country. After Pokhara, Tanahu district and Arghakhanchi also have significant populations of Egyptian vultures. This species nests on cliffs in the mid-hills and occasionally in trees in the Terai region.

Ankit Bilas Joshi, the Vulture Conservation Program Chief at Bird Conservation Nepal, said that the study will provide information on the breeding rate and lifespan of Egyptian vultures, as well as identify the threats they are facing.

All nine species of vultures found in Nepal can be observed in Pokhara. The Pokhara Valley, nestled in the lap of the Annapurna Himalayas, is considered a paradise for vultures. Six species—Himalayan Griffon, Bearded, Slender-billed, White-rumped, Red-headed, and Egyptian vultures—are resident in Nepal. The remaining three species—Eurasian Griffon, Cinereous Vulture, and Indian Vulture—are winter visitors. All nine species of vultures found in South Asia can be seen in the Pokhara Valley. All six resident species of vultures nest and breed in Kaski district.

The Egyptian vulture subspecies found in Europe, Africa, and Central Asia differs from the subspecies found in India and Nepal. The European, African, and Central Asian subspecies migrate during winter, while the subspecies found in Nepal and India have not been studied in detail. This is why the study of migration patterns, movements, and threat identification for the Egyptian vultures found here has been initiated, said Bhusal.

Vladimir Dobrev, a vulture scientist from Bulgaria, expressed his happiness at being able to directly observe and participate in vulture conservation and research work in Nepal. He came to Nepal after learning about the satellite tagging of Egyptian vultures to observe the process firsthand and exchange experiences.

Bird enthusiasts from various countries come to Nepal to observe, photograph, and research vultures, raptors, and water birds.

Ramji Gautam, who holds a PhD in white-rumped vultures, suggests that Pokhara could be developed as a bird tourism destination while conserving all bird species and the region's biodiversity.

I recently read and loved ‘The Library of Borrowed Hearts’ by Lucy Gilmore. I went to the bookstore to buy ‘The Lonely Hearts Book Club’, which was published before The Library of Borrowed Hearts, immediately after finishing it. I had assumed these were Gilmore’s initial works but was surprised to find out that she has a plethora of novels to her credit. Her writing is sharp and easy to read which makes her books such a breeze. But it can get a little repetitive if you happen to read her books back-to-back. I would still recommend both the books, with a slightly more emphasis on ‘The Library of Borrowed Hearts’.

Both the books have similar premises and I think readers will end up liking whichever they choose to read first more than the one they read next. For me, ‘The Lonely Hearts Book Club’ felt a little off as I had already read something similar by Gilmore. But that doesn’t mean I didn’t enjoy it. I actually loved the story and the characters, albeit some issues, are nice. We meet Sloane Parker who is a librarian in a small town. She strikes up an unusual friendship with Arthur McLachlan through insults and easy banter. Then one day, he doesn’t show up at the library and Sloane gets worried. She tracks him down, finds out that he had been unwell, and makes it her mission to bring some cheer into his lonely life.

She creates an impromptu book club, much to Arthur’s chagrin. Slowly, people start coming together as they find ways to connect with one another through stories they can relate to or those that give them a sense of peace or closure. Gilmore presents the story from different character’s perspectives, giving you insights that you otherwise wouldn’t have had. It makes for a wholesome and contemplative read.

What I had a problem with was that all the characters lacked spine. They wouldn’t stand up for themselves for the simplest of things and that was annoying. Sloane’s fiancé isn’t unkind but he is constantly putting her down in small ways and she just brushes them off. She finds excuses for his family’s (especially his mother’s) dismissive behavior towards her and never says anything. Arthur is grumpy despite people around him being really nice to him. It made me think who would put up with that day in and day out? When someone repeatedly hurts you, would you put aside your feelings and give your all to help that person? Some things felt really unrealistic. At times, I was shaking my head at the incredulity of it all.

But I would still recommend The Lonely Hearts Book Club if you want to read something light and fun. If you love books about books, then this is a good one. Things sometimes feel a little forced but the characters are interesting and you want to know how they will eventually resolve their personal issues. I’d give it a three out of five stars.

Fiction

The Lonely Hearts Book Club

Lucy Gilmore

Published: 2023

Publisher: Sourcebooks

Pages: 356, Paperback