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Finance Minister Barshaman Pun on Tuesday unveiled a Rs 1.86trn budget for the upcoming fiscal year 2024/25. The government has allocated Rs1.14tn of the total budget for current expenditure, Rs 352bn for capital spending, and Rs 367bn for financing. 

The government has announced the fiscal year 2024/25 as a year of economic reforms and planned the budget accordingly. 

“The budget aims to address long-standing challenges in the economy, including an imbalance in public finance, the increasing size of public debt, limited capital expenditures, and the lack of revenue collection as per the targets. These initiatives will be undertaken through the implementation of fresh programs for economic reforms,” Minister Pun told the federal parliament during his budget speech.

Strategies and priorities for economic reforms

Pun announced that the provinces will be developed as economic hubs in the upcoming financial year. He also revealed plans for the creation of a specialized financial center in coordination with the private sector. 

According to him, Koshi Province will be developed as an economic hub for industry, Madhes for agriculture, Bagmati for information technology, Gandaki for tourism, Lumbini for small and medium enterprises, Karnali for herbs, and Sudurpaschim for religious tourism.

Minister Pun also announced that legal arrangements will be made for commercial production of marijuana for medicinal purposes. Although a similar announcement was made in the current budget and the Ministry of Home Affairs conducted discussions to formulate criteria for allowing the cultivation of marijuana, these efforts were unsuccessful.

The budget estimates for the upcoming fiscal year aim at achieving five objectives: increasing production, productivity, and employment; securing investment and growth; accelerating economic activities by boosting private sector morale; achieving human resource development; and alleviating economic disparities and poverty through balanced resource mobilization and effective public service delivery.

It also identifies economic reforms and private sector encouragement, construction of industrial infrastructure (such as in agriculture, energy, and information technology), development of social sectors like education and health, promotion of inclusion and social security, and enhancement of public service systems as priority areas.

Pun announced five government strategies for economic reforms including structural reforms, improvement in the business environment, reforms in the public finance system, financial sector reforms, and reforms in public administration. He said a high-level task force will be established to provide recommendations to the government for structural reforms of the economy.

The financial plan for the upcoming fiscal year also pledges introduction of favorable policies, complete country rating, and elimination of dual taxation to create a business-friendly environment in the country.

Rs 567bn for subnational governments

The federal government is set to allocate Rs 567bn to the provincial and local governments in the upcoming financial year 2024/25. According to Pun, based on the recommendation of the National Natural Resources and Fiscal Commission (NNRFC), the federal government has earmarked Rs 60bn for the provinces and Rs 88bn for the local level toward fiscal equalization grants.

A conditional grant worth Rs 25.84bn has been allocated for the provinces and Rs 28.88bn for the local level. Additionally, Rs 6.2bn has been allocated to the provinces and Rs 7bn to the local level as supplementary grants. Similarly, Rs 4.4bn has been allocated for the provinces and Rs 8.5bn for the local level as special grants.

Finance Minister Pun emphasized that arrangements will be made to transfer conditional, supplementary, and special grants based on performance. The government estimates that Rs 159bn will be transferred to the provincial and local levels as part of revenue sharing.

Tourism promotion

The government has allocated a budget of Rs 11.91bn to the tourism sector, with Pun emphasizing that the tourism sector will be given priority in the upcoming fiscal year.

The government aims to attract 1.6m tourists in the next financial year. Pun mentioned that tourism services will be provided through a one-door system. He said that there will be targeted programs to promote tourism in neighboring countries such as China and India.

He also announced the government plans to build ‘eco-hill stations’ at major tourist destinations from Chure to the Himalayas. Infrastructure projects, including the Great Himalayan Trail, Mundum Trail, and Guerrilla Trail, will also be developed.

The government will allocate a separate budget to reduce risks in the tourism sector. Additionally, May 29 will be celebrated as Sagarmatha Day, honoring local and foreign citizens involved in promoting Nepal’s tourism sector.

Triangle project​​​​​​​

The government has unveiled plans to implement the Gandaki Economic Triangle Project, connecting Bharatpur, Pokhara, and Butwal. Pun emphasized that this project would serve as a model development initiative, adhering to the principles of integrated development. Industrial revitalization and the creation of quality employment opportunities will be fostered through the establishment of an industrial ecosystem in collaboration with the private sector.

According to the budget, the expansion of the Narayangadh-Butwal and Muglin-Pokhara road sections, currently under construction, will be completed within the upcoming fiscal year. Finance Minister Pun stated that the Butwal-Pokhara road will be widened into a dedicated two-lane route, and a comprehensive transportation network will be developed to support industrial growth along the three corridors of the triangle.

Under this project, the Narayangadh-Butwal road section will be developed as a hub for construction materials and heavy industries, the Muglin-Pokhara section as a center for agriculture and food processing industries, and the Pokhara-Butwal section as a hub for electronic equipment, footwear, clothing, carpets, and domestic goods and services ​​​​​​​industries.

A budget of Rs 2m has been allocated for the implementation of this project, which aims to establish it as a model initiative through public-private partnership. Additionally, the budget outlines plans to develop the areas surrounding the east-west highway from Nijgadh to Dhalkebar as the Nepali carpet corridor, with provisions for public agencies to procure such carpets.

Hydropower expansion​​​​​​​

The government has set a target to enhance the capacity of the national grid to 4,500 megawatts by the upcoming fiscal year. It anticipates increasing the per capita consumption of electricity from 380 kilowatts to 450 kilowatts. 

Additionally, the government aims to begin exporting Nepal’s electricity to Bangladesh, expanding beyond the current export to India.

The promotion of reservoir-based projects has been prioritized to meet power demands during winter, with plans to implement the construction of the 1200 megawatts Budhigandaki Hydroelectricity Project. The government also plans to develop the 625 megawatts Dudhkoshi, 417 megawatts Nalgadh, and the 280 megawatts Naumure projects are also on the cards.

Further, the government plans to launch the development of the 77.5 megawatts Ghunsha Khola and 70.3 megawatts Simbua Khola hydroelectricity projects, securing investments from Nepalis in foreign employment.

Under the People’s Hydroelectricity Program, construction is slated to commence for the 106 megawatts Jagadulla, 99.9 megawatts Tamakoshi V, and 210 megawatts Chainpur Seti Hydroelectricity Project. Moreover, plans include determining the investment framework for the Sunkoshi III Hydropower Project and conducting a feasibility study for the 10,800 megawatts Karnali Chisapani Hydropower Project. 

The government has set a goal of promoting clean and renewable energy to replace traditional energy sources, aiming for zero carbon emissions by 2045. It plans to encourage the production, storage, and use of green hydrogen, while also concluding the construction of the Dhalkebar-Inaruwa and Barhabise-Khimti-Lapsifedi transmission lines within the next fiscal year.

Initiatives are also in place to initiate the construction of the Seti Corridor, Bheri Corridor, and Budhigandaki Corridor Transmission Lines, as well as concluding the construction of the New Butwal-Gorakhpur Transnational Line. 

Additionally, budgets are allocated for the construction of the Inaruwa-Poornia and Dododhara-Bareli Transmission Lines. Finance Minister Pun informed the house that the government has allocated a budget of Rs 50.7bn to the energy sector in the upcoming fiscal year.

Agriculture investment decade​​​​​​​

The government has announced a ‘decade of investment in agriculture’ for the development of the agricultural sector from 2024 to 2034. Finance Minister Pun said that special areas will be designated based on geography, market potential, and agricultural produce. 

“The government will promote contract farming in collaboration with farmers and businesspeople,” he said, adding that those who process and export agricultural produce will receive loan interest subsidies, grants, and fertilizer seeds based on their production.

The budget also states that those engaged in commercial farming and animal husbandry will receive tax exemptions on the purchase of machinery and spare parts, as well as interest subsidies on loans.

Employment bank​​​​​​​

The government has announced its intention to establish an employment bank. It has been mentioned that this bank will compile integrated records of employment-related information. The budget also highlights the integration of employment and labor market demands into an automated system. Additionally, the budget outlines plans for conducting employment programs.

The Prime Minister Employment Program will continue, with provisions for engaging the unemployed listed at the local level in public maintenance work. Approximately 200,000 individuals will be provided employment for a minimum of 100 days through this program.

Pun announced that orientation training provided to individuals before foreign employment will be made free of charge. 

Finance Minister Pun said that labor contracts will be signed with three additional destination countries starting from the fiscal year 2024/25. He added that emphasis will be placed on sending skilled workers.

Pun also mentioned that the scope of benefits from the welfare fund for dependent families of workers engaged in foreign employment will be expanded.

Budget for roads​​​​​​​

The government has expressed its commitment to expedite the construction of highways in the next fiscal year, although the budget allocation for this purpose is comparatively lower. 

A sum of Rs 29.88bn has been allocated for the expansion of the East-West highway, while Rs 22.54bn has been earmarked for the Kathmandu-Tarai Fast Track project. Regarding the latter, it has been stated that the construction of Mahadebtar, Dhedre, and Lendanda tunnels will be completed in 2024/25, along with an accelerated pace for the construction of 57 bridges.

Furthermore, Rs 3.64bn has been allocated for the Madhya Pahadi Lokmarga, which will facilitate the construction of 75 kilometers of blacktoppings and 10 bridges under this allocation. Additionally, Rs 4.4bn has been set aside for the development of the Koshi, Kaligandaki, and Karnali corridors.

Stadiums in national pride project​​​​​​​

The government has allocated a budget of Rs 3.5bn for the Ministry of Youth and Sports. Pun announced that Rs 1.3bn has been earmarked solely for the development of infrastructure in the sports sector. He also revealed plans to organize 80 national-level sports events in the next financial year.

“The standard of TU cricket ground will be improved, and Gautam Buddha Stadium will be constructed in cooperation with the provincial and local levels,” Pun said. 

Additionally, projects to enhance Mulpani Stadium in Kathmandu and Girija Prasad Stadium in Biratnagar will be promoted as national pride initiatives. 

Pun disclosed that Rs 600m has been allocated to organize the Tenth National Games in Surkhet. Furthermore, he emphasized that teachers will receive sports training and sports promotion activities will be conducted in schools. 

Training for media workers​​​​​​​

Minister Pun has said that complete freedom of the press will be guaranteed while ensuring the right of citizens to be well informed. By making the mass media sector fair, competitive, and inclusive, he said arrangements will be made for the timely communication of news of public importance. 

Training programs to increase the capacity of media workers have also been introduced in the budget. The government also plans to regulate advertising through digital platforms. 

A budget of Rs 7bn has been allocated to the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology to implement these plans.

Key takeaways from budget​​​​​​​

• Six percent economic growth, 5.5 percent inflation forecast
• Rs 1.5bn for the program of Nepali Army bunkers and barracks
• Rs 5.63bn for the construction of tunnels, intersections and flyovers
• Abolition of additional tax on potatoes, onions and apples
• Rs 2.46bn to build ‘signature bridge’ on Narayani and Tinau river
• Compulsory issue of shares will be made to companies with more than certain capital
• A sovereign wealth fund will be established from remittances
• Rs 1.16trn for social security allowances
• College in the memory of late Sita Dahal, wife of Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal
• Rs 170m budget to establish knowledge park

Stakeholders have expressed their concerns over the growing adverse effects of climate change on the Himalayas and called for urgent action to mitigate these impacts. Drawing the international community’s attention to this issue, they emphasized the need to reduce the effects of climate change on the region. They were speaking at the ‘International Dialogue on Mountains, People and Climate’, which began on Wednesday in Kathmandu.

In the opening ceremony of the dialogue hosted by Nepal, Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal emphasized the urgent need for a unified mountain voice to address the escalating concerns about climate change. “I firmly believe that a unified mountain voice is urgently needed to address the growing concern about the effects of climate change on mountain communities and the ecosystem,” he said.

Dahal also highlighted the necessity of economic and technical cooperation for countries most affected by climate change. He noted that the impact of climate change on mountains is unprecedented and that mountainous countries, being on the front lines of the global climate crisis, are disproportionately burdened by its adverse effects. He called for collective resolve to address this pressing issue.

Chief Secretary of the Government of Nepal, Dr Baikuntha Aryal, pointed out that climate change is causing snow and glaciers in the mountains to melt rapidly, transforming snow-capped peaks into bare rocks. He stressed the need for awareness of these adverse effects. “Last year’s international conference on climate change, COP28, also discussed the impact of climate change on the Himalayan region. We have succeeded in having this dialogue,” he said.

Aryal added that the mountains provide clean drinking water to 80 percent of the people living in these regions, emphasizing the necessity of protecting these vital water sources.

Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs, Narayan Kaji Shrestha, advocated for the protection of the earth by addressing the issues caused by climate change. He noted that the Himalayas are particularly affected, with melting snow posing significant problems, and emphasized the need for joint efforts to mitigate these challenges.

Shrestha said that climate change will continue to negatively impact mountainous countries like Nepal. He stressed the importance of awareness about these adverse effects and the necessity of limiting the global temperature increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius to prevent the rapid escalation of climate-related problems.

Secretary of the Ministry of Forests and Environment, Govinda Prasad Sharma, pointed out the risks faced by people in mountainous regions due to climate change. “Climate change is having an adverse effect on mountainous areas. Problems such as forest fires, melting snow, glacial lake outburst floods, and rising sea levels are increasing due to temperature rise,” he said. “The mountains and mountainous areas are at high risk due to the effects of climate change. It is necessary for everyone to pay attention in time to save the mountainous region from this crisis.”

Karen Welch, director of USAID, mentioned their ongoing partnership in biodiversity conservation and environmental protection in Nepal, and assured the continuation of this collaboration in the future.

Rosalaura Romeo of the Mountain Partnership Secretariat of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) stated that experience exchange programs are crucial for addressing the challenges faced by mountain countries. She noted that scientific data on the impact of climate change in the Himalayan region has been established.

The special representative of Kyrgyzstan, Dinara Kemelova, highlighted that the world’s mountains are home to 30 percent of the global population and called for collective efforts to protect them. She emphasized the global importance of mountains as sources of clean drinking water and hydroelectric power.

Hanna Singer Hamdy, the resident coordinator of the United Nations in Nepal, underscored the adverse impact of climate change on the Himalayas and its inhabitants. She stressed the need for cooperation to protect the Himalayas.

Bangladesh’s Minister for Environment, Forest, and Climate Change, Saber Hossain Chowdhury, expressed concern that Bangladesh’s very existence might be threatened by the melting of snow in the Nepal Himalayas due to climate change. He explained that rapid snow melting in the Himalayas could lead to flooding and other problems in Bangladesh. The minister emphasized the urgency of adopting timely measures and maintaining alertness to mitigate the impact of climate change. He also stressed the importance of minimizing climate change impacts and enhancing adaptation efforts to secure climate resilience.

Chair of the UN Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA), Harry Vireau, highlighted that disasters such as floods and landslides are increasingly occurring due to the effects of climate change. He emphasized the need for collective solutions to address these impacts.

Experts from 25 countries are participating in the Global Dialogue. More than 200 representatives from mountainous and small island nations, including Nepal, as well as members of the international community, development partners, INGOs, the private sector, and civil society are attending the program.

The experts will deliberate on topics such as coordination, prioritizing, and strengthening climate-resilient activities based on mountain ecosystems.

On the eve of the International Expert Dialogue on Mountains, People, and Climate Change, the Ministry of Forest and Environment (MoFE) held a consultation meeting with a media group to provide updates about the event. Nepal will host the event on May 22 and 23 in Chandragiri, Kathmandu, aiming to bring international attention to this critical issue under its leadership.

The two-day event will feature experts from 25 countries, focusing on enhancing coordination and prioritizing mountain-centric initiatives within the broader climate change agenda.

The dialogue aims to foster collaboration among mountainous countries and stakeholders involved in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) programs. It also seeks to develop concrete roadmaps and strategies for mountain regions in preparation for the 60th session of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) and beyond. The SBSTA meeting, scheduled for June, will include an expert dialogue on mountains, humans, and climate change.

The event will bring together over 200 representatives from mountainous countries, island nations, international organizations, development partners, NGOs, the private sector, and civil society groups. The chairpersons of the UNFCCC Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) and SBSTA, as well as representatives from the UNFCCC Secretariat, UN agencies, the World Bank, and the Asian Development Bank will also attend the discussions. 

The dialogue aims to facilitate collective insights and conclusions, which will be incorporated into the SBSTA expert dialogue, including Nepal’s initiative on Sagarmatha Sambad.

Maheshwar Dhakal, joint secretary at MoFE, told the media that the objective of this dialogue is to prioritize and strengthen efforts related to mountain ecosystem-based climate resilience in a coordinated manner. He emphasized that the dialogue aims to enhance the negotiating capacity of mountainous countries on climate change issues and to pressure the international community to mobilize necessary resources for climate adaptation and mitigation.

“The frequency of climate change incidents is increasing day by day, particularly in mountainous and hilly regions. Therefore, this dialogue will also be instrumental in raising a stronger institutional voice,” he said.

Buddi Sagar Poudel, joint secretary and chief of the Climate Change Management Division at MoFE, said the event will enhance the understanding of climate change impacts in the Himalayan region and their solutions. 

“Our conclusion is that this Dialogue will integrate expertise and experiences on the topic and develop a mountain climate resilience strategy along with a common resolve,” he told ApEx.

He added that Nepal is committed to including the mountain agenda in every aspect of the SBSTA dialogue to increase visibility for its climate initiatives. “In areas such as loss and damage, climate justice, climate finance, and climate technology, we will incorporate the mountain agenda,” he added.

Mountains are invaluable natural assets, supporting 25 percent of the world’s terrestrial biodiversity and encompassing nearly half of the world’s biodiversity hotspots. However, mountain glaciers are rapidly melting due to rising temperatures associated with climate change. This melting contributes to glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) and sea-level rise, and threatens freshwater supplies for millions who depend on glacier-fed rivers. With gradual changes in temperature and rainfall patterns, extreme and slow-onset climate-related hazards such as GLOFs, landslides, and flash floods are increasing. Approximately 40 percent of the world’s population indirectly relies on mountain resources for drinking water, agriculture, biodiversity, and hydroelectricity.

Govinda Prasad Sharma, Secretary at MoFE says the presence of the SBSTA chair in the dialogue shows the commitment of mountain issues at the global climate negotiations.

Despite their significance and the threats they face, mountains still do not receive adequate attention and recognition in global forums. The global community has severely neglected the value of the vital ecosystem services provided by mountains. It is now critical to prioritize mountain areas in all global action plans. A unified mountain voice is urgently needed to address the growing concerns about the effects of climate change on mountain communities and the essential ecosystem services they provide.

Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal is scheduled to inaugurate the dialogue, which will feature opening and closing plenary sessions, along with thematic discussions focused on three main areas. These will include 10 sessions. First, climate science and mountain evidence, second, mountain solutions: common grounds and common understanding, third, mountain prospective: resources and opportunities. Each session will have the keynote speaker, presentation and the panel discussion and over 50+ global speakers will be making the deliberation.

The themes will examine the evidence of climate change impacts, vulnerabilities, and risks in mountainous regions, as well as emerging threats and the need for action both within and beyond mountain environments. It will also explore community-driven adaptation, sustainable policy frameworks, and the importance of climate justice and local perspectives. Also, it will highlight the potential for economic growth in mountain regions through transitions to cleaner energy sources, the mobilization of climate finance, and the promotion of global cooperation and regional partnerships.

The event also aims to minimize the loss caused by climate change in mountain communities’ lives and livelihoods by promoting adaptation measures, clean energy, innovation, and research. It will emphasize capacity enhancement for mountain communities and the promotion of multi-party cooperation and partnership on climate change finance.

Mountain regions support over 15 percent of the world’s population by providing essential resources such as food, shelter, and clothing, and serve as habitats for over 15 percent of wildlife, including various plant species. However, mountain countries have not reaped the expected benefits because they either have not effectively raised their issues and concerns in international forums or have not received adequate international recognition.

As a mountainous nation, Nepal has long advocated in international forums about the impacts of climate change on the Himalayas. Due to these efforts, the UN Conference on Climate Change (COP28) last year included, for the first time, the impact of climate change on the Himalayas in its decision-making and has since emphasized effective measures to mitigate this impact. It was a crucial milestone in recognizing the impacts of climate change on mountainous regions worldwide and laying the groundwork for further action.

Ever since the 2009 Copenhagen Climate Conference (COP15), the impact of climate change on the Himalayan ecosystem has increasingly drawn global attention. Despite Nepal’s persistent efforts to prioritize this issue in subsequent conferences, relatively little progress has been achieved.

The government have been highlighting the impacts of climate change on the mountains and their communities through various initiatives, including cabinet meetings in Kalapathar in 2009, the 10-point Everest Declaration, calls for an alliance of mountain countries in 2009, the Mountain Initiative, the Mountain Advocacy Summit in 2022, as well as numerous conferences, policy dialogues, and declarations focused on mountain actions.

Ahead of and during the COP 28 in Dubai, high-level government officials, including Prime Minister Dahal, emphasized that developed countries' pledges and actions do not align and called for them to raise their ambitions and urgently fulfill their commitments. They urged developed countries to increase climate finance to address the $100bn shortfall, double adaptation finance by 2025, and ensure fair financial arrangements without conditions, constraints, and compliances.

As the chair of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) group, Nepal also demanded that the loss and damage fund be predictable, simplified, and adequate for LDCs and mountainous countries. One of the major achievements of the Dubai climate summit was the launch of the loss and damage fund, which aims to provide crucial support to vulnerable nations facing the brunt of climate-related challenges.

This Saturday, May 19, marks the completion of 11 years of Bagmati Cleanup Mega Campaign. Initiated with the simple yet powerful concept of encouraging people to volunteer for at least two hours every Saturday morning to clean the Bagmati river, the campaign has evolved into a movement of sorts, thanks to the dedication and commitment of countless individuals who have tirelessly contributed their time and effort to this cause. The impact of this initiative has transcended its original scope, inspiring similar clean-up drives not across the country. 

Leela Mani Paudyal, former chief secretary of the Nepal government and former Nepali ambassador to China, is one of the campaigners of this cause. He has been actively involved in the campaign since its inception. In an interview with Pratik Ghimire of ApEx, Paudyal shares his insights into the various facets of the campaign, shedding light on its journey, challenges, achievements, and future endeavors.

The Bagmati Cleanup Mega Campaign has now completed its 11th year, spanning an impressive 575 weeks. Let’s delve into the inception of this remarkable initiative.

Before the start of the Bagmati Cleanup Mega Campaign on 19 May 2013, several efforts were made to clean the Bagmati river, but unfortunately, none of them sustained continuity. Despite the government’s plan to mobilize 1m volunteers annually for various tasks, including the Bagmati Cleaning Campaign, it struggled to maintain momentum. However, the landscape changed when a coalition of individuals and organizations, such as the Gayatri family, ESGS, Arjun Dharel of Ace Travels, the Advertising Association, and the Artist Association, approached me with a proposal to bring 500 volunteers from India to assist in the Bagmati cleanup effort.

However, I found it uncomfortable to mobilize Indian volunteers to address the pollution issues plaguing our river, which we, as Nepalis, had contributed to. It became clear to me that it was our duty to rectify the damage we had caused. Subsequently, I engaged with the Secretary of the Urban Development Ministry and initiated the mega campaign, coinciding with the Ministry’s foundation day on May 19. Although the campaign was initiated by the government, we opted to continue it on a voluntary basis, maintaining its momentum and spirit to this day.

I must highlight the invaluable contribution of Arjun Dharel, who generously shouldered the promotional and advertising aspects of the campaign at his own expense, as part of his company’s Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) efforts. Numerous other individuals and organizations have played crucial roles in sustaining and advancing this campaign by making it huge each day.

Do you believe that involving the younger generation in the campaign will enhance its sustainability and ensure its continuation for many more years?

The Bagmati Cleanup Mega Campaign operates solely on the spirit of voluntarism, devoid of any formal committees or leadership structures. There are no financial donations collected, nor are there any associated bank accounts. This campaign is driven entirely by volunteers, with no designated leaders; rather, each participant assumes personal responsibility for the task of cleaning the Bagmati river.

Although there is no formal leadership, those who were heavily involved in the campaign from its inception and continue to participate regularly convene weekly. During these meetings, we used to review the progress of the previous week’s efforts and strategize on how to mobilize volunteers for the upcoming week as with each passing week, more individuals and organizations joined the cause, contributing to the campaign’s momentum and impact.

Involving the younger generation in the campaign will indeed significantly enhance its sustainability and longevity. We have actively worked to encourage their participation by promoting the campaign in schools, colleges, and universities. Many young people have responded positively and joined the mega campaign. From the outset, we have maintained an open invitation policy, welcoming as many individuals as possible to join our cause. Despite the absence of formal leadership, we are more than willing to hand over the reins to the youth, empowering them to lead and drive the campaign forward.

How far has the campaign come in these 11 years?

Many people believe that our efforts have solely focused on collecting waste from the river, but that is not the case. In addition to removing approximately 20,000 metric tons of waste, we have also contributed to the revitalization of the Bagmati river corridor by planting over 6,000 trees. Furthermore, parks and walking pavements have been constructed along the riverbank, with various organizations taking the lead on these initiatives. For instance, Sankha Park was built by the Non-Resident Nepali Association (NRNA). We have organized many promotional campaigns to invite people to join the campaign by organizing poem, essay and photo competitions. 

Moreover, the impact of the Bagmati campaign has extended beyond its immediate surroundings. Inspired by our initiative, numerous cleaning campaigns have been initiated across the nation. While we initially spearheaded these efforts, local communities have since taken ownership and continued the work to this day.

It would be unjust to claim sole credit for the success of this campaign. It has been achieved through the tireless efforts of thousands of campaigners, even in my absence. This collective dedication and hard work have been the driving force behind our progress.

The High Powered Committee for the Integrated Development of the Bagmati Civilization (HPCIDBC) receives budget allocations annually, yet significant progress has been lacking. Additionally, there have been accusations of irregular activities. What are your thoughts on this matter?

According to reports, the HPCIDBC has spent approximately Rs 20bn thus far. Initially established with the purpose of improving the sewerage system, it has made some progress in building this infrastructure. However, there have been challenges in effectively collecting sewage within the system, resulting in untreated sewage being directly discharged into the river.

Since the inception of the project, we had raised concerns about the technical feasibility of extending the sewerage system along the two lanes of the entire 27-kilometer stretch of the Bagmati river in Kathmandu valley. Such an undertaking would entail massive infrastructure development and pose difficulties in collecting sewage from across the valley to a single point. Instead, we had suggested that the HPCIDBC focus on constructing sewage collection and treatment facilities at shorter intervals, perhaps every two to three kilometers. However, the committee has allocated significant funds to large-scale projects that appear to lack viability. I continue to emphasize that the primary responsibility of the HPCIDBC should be the improvement of the sewerage system. The government should task it solely with this responsibility, rather than involving it in beautification and other projects. 

It is disheartening to see that the HPCIDBC has transformed the Bagmati river into what resembles more of a canal, primarily due to the construction of walls along both sides of the river. This alteration not only disrupts the natural flow and ecology of the river but also diminishes its aesthetic and recreational value.

Regarding the allegations of irregular activities, while I cannot personally guarantee their veracity, given the rumors surrounding them, it is imperative that the government’s investigative institutions thoroughly examine the matter.

Where do you envision in the next 12 years of Bagmati Cleanup Mega Campaign?

In the coming years, we are poised to expand the mega campaign beyond solely cleaning the Bagmati river; it will evolve into a volunteer-driven initiative dedicated to preserving our heritage as well. Over the next 12 years, we anticipate a growing network of individuals and organizations rallying behind this cause. Alongside, we’ll witness the influx of younger generations, bringing with them fresh ideas and innovative approaches to the campaign.

I extend an earnest invitation to everyone to join this movement because, as the saying goes, ‘If you are not part of the solution, you are part of the problem’. This campaign is not bound by finite start and end dates; rather, it is a continuous effort with ever-expanding goals.

Furthermore, I urge individuals to adhere to the 5R rule—Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Repurpose, Recycle—as a guiding principle for waste management. By embracing these practices, we can collectively contribute to a cleaner and more sustainable environment for ourselves and future generations.

On Monday, the Cabinet meeting decided to submit an ordinance to President Ramchandra Paudel for approval, proposing amendments to nine acts and regulations to facilitate investment. The amendments aim to ensure the success of the upcoming Nepal Investment Summit 2024, scheduled for April 29-30 in Kathmandu. 

The laws to be amended include the Lands Act-1964, National Parks and Wildlife Protection Act-1973, Land Acquisition Act-1977, Electronic Transactions Act-2008, Special Economic Zone Act-2016, Public-Private Partnership and Investment Act-2019, Industrial Enterprise Act-2020, Foreign Investment and Technology Transfer Regulations-2021 and Forest Regulations-2023.

In addition to other decisions, Monday’s Cabinet meeting transferred Madhu Kumar Marasini to the position of Finance Secretary and reassigned the current Finance Secretary, Krishna Hari Pushkar, to the Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers (OPMCM).

Officials at the Office of the Investment Board Nepal (OIBN) noted that the change in the ruling alliance has disrupted preparations for the summit. Although Finance Minister Barshaman Pun urged officials to expedite preparations, the process of amending laws had lagged, mainly due to the federal parliament’s focus on political issues. With the session of the lower house prorogued, the government decided to amend necessary laws through ordinance. 

Besides, the Ministry of Finance was occupied with drafting the principles and priorities for the fiscal year 2024-25 budget, along with a new five-year plan. This left the ministry with limited time to concentrate on the investment summit.

The government had established several committees to oversee summit preparations, each with specific responsibilities. The finance minister leads the Steering Committee, while the chief secretary heads the Implementation Committee. The industry secretary chairs the Technical Committee, and the CEO of OIBN leads the secretariat.

Initially, the Steering Committee had intended to amend 10 laws and two regulations to signal to investors that Nepal’s investment environment was improving. However, the sudden shift in power dynamics had slowed progress on the summit preparations.

A task force, chaired by the Secretary of the OPMCM, Ek Narayan Aryal, was established to propose amendments to laws and regulations related to foreign investment in Nepal. The task force had recommended changes to several acts and regulations, aiming to enhance the investment climate in the country.

The suggested amendments focused on key legislation, including the Industrial Enterprise Act-2020, Foreign Investment and Technology Transfer Act-2019, Special Economic Zone Act-2016, Forests Act-2019, and National Parks and Wildlife Protection Act-1973. These changes were intended to remove barriers to foreign investment and foster a more welcoming business environment.

Additionally, the task force proposed amendments to the Lands Act-1964, Land Acquisition Act-1977, Environment Protection Act-2019, Electronic Transactions Act-2008, Civil Aviation Act-1959, Foreign Investment and Technology Transfer Regulations-2021, and Forest Regulations-2023. These recommendations were part of a broader effort to streamline regulations and create a more favorable climate for investment in Nepal.

Rubik Joshi, Shreyas K Shrestha, and Keyush Shrestha co-founded Zapp Services Pvt Ltd, a delivery service, amid the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020. The company grew with leaps and bounds, and continues to do so. Zapp has recently expanded its portfolio to include Tootle, a pioneering ridesharing app in Nepal. Pratik Ghimire of ApEx talked with Joshi, executive chair of Tootle and managing director of Zapp, to know about Tootle, Zapp and more. Excerpts:

Tootle experienced its share of ups and downs since its inception and has recently undergone a rebranding. How is Tootle faring these days?

We were offered ownership of the Tootle brand, which is a pioneer, home-grown, and beloved brand. We were excited about this opportunity. Upon taking over Tootle, we revamped the app with new technology, features, and services. The relaunch of the app has met some of our expectations. Given its already established reputation, it was relatively easy for us, and both our riders and customers were thrilled to see their favorite ride-sharing app back in the market. Many take pride in Tootle as a homegrown app. Consequently, we witnessed a significant number of downloads, rider and user registrations, and orders from the first day of the relaunch. Presently, we boast over 30,000 registered riders, more than 80,000 user registrations, and fluctuating daily order volumes. However, our numbers continue to grow daily, showing promising signs for the future.

What strategies do you have in place to compete in the ride-sharing app market?

All ride-sharing apps typically offer a straightforward service: getting from one point to another. However, we’ve aimed to infuse our app with vibrancy. Within the Tootle experience, customers encounter a variety of engaging in-app services. For instance, our ‘Around You’ section features a curated selection of locally made Nepalese businesses partnered with us. This not only promotes local brands but also encourages users to discover new experiences. Additionally, Tootle offers both riders and customers the option to select their preferred gender, allowing them to specify whether they prefer a male, female, or both-gendered service. This feature aims to accommodate the comfort levels of both riders and customers.

We’re actively encouraging female riders to join our platform, and we’re proud to say that they’ve embraced it, with a ratio of approximately 100:5 compared to male riders. This reflects positively on the level of female participation in this market.

In the near future, we plan to integrate our delivery service, which was the foundation of our startup, directly into the Tootle app. This expansion will provide users and riders with a comprehensive, all-in-one service experience.

We’ve also partnered with organizations focused on empowering women, where they provide training for females to obtain driving licenses. Upon completion, we offer them employment and a platform to earn through our service. While we typically don’t provide training for riders, in the case of female riders, we make an exception. We offer training tailored to their needs and also provide self-defense training to ensure their safety and confidence on the road.

What has the business of Zapp been like? What is its market share?

In the delivery service sector, one of the major challenges is establishing trust with partner companies. I’m proud to say that we’ve successfully made Zapp one of the most trusted companies in the industry. Acting on behalf of vendors, we handle cash payments in cash-on-delivery cases, steadily building trust with each transaction. Remarkably, many of our partner companies have been with us since our inception, a testament to the trust we’ve cultivated with them over time. We prioritize prompt settlement of cash payments, ensuring vendors receive their dues within a day. I can confidently assert that we are the leading delivery service provider in the market, a position earned through our relentless dedication and hard work. Starting the company from scratch provided us with invaluable lessons that laid a solid foundation for our growth and success.

We prioritized cash handling, product safety, and customer service by tying insurance to the packages and educating riders on proper parcel handling. In the ride-sharing and on-demand delivery sector, profit margins are notoriously slim. Nevertheless, our emphasis remains on delivering exceptional service, ensuring customer satisfaction, and both retaining and expanding our customer base. We strive to strike a balance between maintaining quality and achieving quantity.

The surge in digital delivery and mobility services have provided employment opportunities for many Nepali youths, thereby slightly mitigating the trend of Nepalis seeking employment abroad. How can these youths be encouraged to remain in the Nepali market? Are they remunerated adequately to sustain a comfortable standard of living?

We’re committed to retaining our riders, especially the younger ones, recognizing that losing this demographic is not just a loss for the country, but for us personally, as we strive to contribute to our nation. Until April 14, we didn’t charge any commissions to Tootle riders. However, to ensure our sustainability, we’ve now implemented a minimal commission fee—12 percent for cabs and 15 percent for bikes. Additionally, we’ve partnered with NIU Electric Scooters to empower our riders. For those who can’t afford two-wheelers but wish to work with us, Tootle will provide Rs 50,000 to assist in purchasing an NIU electric scooter. This initiative is aimed at retaining our youth within the country and fostering their growth domestically. We’ve also introduced rental schemes, allowing riders to rent bikes and kickstart their Tootle journeys. Furthermore, we prioritize rider safety and security by providing insurance coverage.

What advice do you have for young entrepreneurs and youths looking to establish startups in Nepal?

I recommend that newcomers adopt a long-term perspective. Merely entering and exiting the market yields little benefit. Setting a clear direction and committing to it for the long haul is crucial. While many startups face challenges, maintaining a never-give-up attitude is essential, as businesses rarely turn a profit from day one. It takes time to see returns on your investment. If initial plans falter, adjustments can be made, but adherence to your long-term vision and objectives is key.

The government is set to host the International Expert Dialogue on Mountain, People and Climate Change starting May 22. 

The Ministry of Forest and Environment (MoFE) announced that the two-day event will convene experts from relevant sectors in Kathmandu with the aim of fostering consensus among mountain nations, stakeholders, and partners on shared challenges, particularly focusing on mountain-based solutions for addressing climate change concerns.

“This dialogue aims to facilitate a deeper understanding of mountain-climate issues and solutions among governments and stakeholders in mountainous regions and their allies. It seeks to foster the exchange of expertise and experiences, as well as to promote synergies,” said MoFE. 

The areas of collaboration include initiatives such as those outlined in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) mountain work programs and mandates. The dialogue also intends to generate concrete roadmaps and strategies for mountain regions ahead of the 60th session of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) and beyond. The SBSTA meeting is due to take place in June. 

According to Buddi Sagar Poudel, Joint-secretary and chief of Climate Change Management Division at the MoFE, around 10 participants including Harry Vreuls, chair of the SBSTA, have already confirmed their presence in the dialogue. “We have invited delegates from four fronts—ministers from neighboring and regional countries, officials from UNFCCC and mountain partnership focal point which include 63 countries, officials from 15 organizations including Climate Investment Fund and researchers, scientists and university professors,” he said.

Deepak Kumar Kharal, secretary of MoFE, expressed gratitude for the support extended by various development partners, civil society groups, and Nepali experts in the run up to the dialogue. He also urged all stakeholders, including the media, to contribute significantly to ensure the success of the event.

Mountains are invaluable natural resources, being home to 15 percent of the global population and nearly half of the world’s biodiversity hotspots. They provide essential ecosystem goods and services, such as freshwater and clean air, to communities worldwide, particularly those downstream. However, mountains face significant pressures from exploitation, degradation, and the impacts of climate change. 

Despite their importance, mountains often lack adequate recognition and representation in global discussions. The government is hosting the international expert dialogue to underscore the urgency of addressing the challenges and issues of mountain nations. 

Nepal has prioritized promoting the mountain agenda on the global stage lately. The COP28, held from 30 Nov to 13 Dec 2023 in Dubai, served as a crucial milestone in recognizing the impacts of climate change on mountainous regions worldwide, laying the groundwork for further action. 

In several platforms of the climate summit, high-level government officials, including Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal stated that developed countries’ pledges and actions do not correspond with each other and they must raise their ambitions and urgently fulfill their commitments. They also urged the developed countries to scale up climate finance to make up for the $100bn shortfall and double the adaptation finance by 2025, and ensure fair financial arrangements without conditions, constraints, and compliances. 

As the chair of Least Developed Countries (LDCs), Nepal also demanded that the loss and damage fund must be predictable, simplified, and adequate for LDCs and mountainous countries. One of the major achievements of the Dubai climate summit was the launch of the loss and damage fund to provide crucial support to vulnerable nations facing the brunt of climate-related challenges. 

The international dialogue to be held in Kathmandu will feature opening and closing plenary sessions, along with thematic discussions centered around three main areas, encompassing two plenary sessions and seven dialogues addressing various aspects of climate change adaptation and mitigation.

The first theme will delve into topics such as evidence of climate change impact, vulnerability, and risks in mountainous regions, as well as emerging threats and the imperative for action within and beyond mountain environments. The second will explore areas such as community-driven adaptation, policy frameworks for sustainability, and the importance of climate justice and local perspectives. And the third theme will focus on the perspective of mountains, emphasizing the potential for economic growth through transitions to cleaner energy sources, the mobilization of climate finance, and the fostering of global cooperation and regional partnerships.

With an expected participation of over 200 representatives from mountainous countries, international organizations, development partners, NGOs, private sectors, and civil society groups, the dialogue aims to facilitate collective insights and conclusions. These outcomes will then be integrated into the SBSTA expert dialogue, including Nepal’s initiative on Sagarmatha Sambad.

Poudel, the chief of Climate Change Management Division at the MoFE, said   that concepts are being developed for the promotion of the event.  “We are also approaching our ambassadors and heads of missions abroad for the promotion, as well as inviting foreign ambassadors to Nepal.”

Poudel said that Nepal is focusing on including the mountain agenda from every front in the SBSTA dialogue to give more visibility for Nepal’s climate agenda. 

“In loss and damage, climate justice, climate finance and climate technology, we will incorporate mountain agenda,” he added.

Climate change expert Madhukar Upadhya said while incorporating the mountain agenda is a good initiative, it would be far better for Nepal to come up with a common regional voice. 

He suggested agriculture as an entry point for a common regional agenda. 

“Every country has faced a crisis in agriculture due to climate change and hence they will be more willing to take ownership of this agenda and make it a strong regional voice.”

The West Indies ‘A’ team is scheduled to visit Nepal for a series of five T20 matches during April and May, aiming to assist both teams in gearing up for the upcoming T20 World Cup slated for June in the West Indies and the USA. This occasion will mark the first-ever tour of Nepal by a West Indies cricket team.

All five matches are set to take place at the TU International Cricket Ground in Kirtipur, starting at 1 pm, on April 27, 28, May 1, 2, and 4.

“This A-team tour underscores the significance we attach to A-team cricket and represents a crucial phase in our T20 World Cup preparations,” said Miles Bascombe, Director of Cricket for Cricket West Indies (CWI), in an official press release.

The sole prior encounter between West Indies and Nepal on the international stage occurred during an ODI match at the World Cup Qualifiers in Harare in June last year. West Indies emerged victorious in that match by a margin of 101 runs, having posted a total of 339 for 7, aided by centuries from Shai Hope and Nicholas Pooran.

Secretary of the Cricket Association of Nepal (CAN), Paras Khadka, expressed, “This signifies a pivotal moment in our cricketing journey as we welcome this remarkable opportunity, which will significantly bolster our preparations for the T20 World Cup and beyond. This landmark tour to Nepal, a burgeoning cricketing nation gradually carving its niche in the cricketing realm, is sure to captivate our ardent fans.”

The T20 World Cup features a total of 20 teams divided into four groups—A, B, C, and D. Nepal has been placed in Group D alongside South Africa, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and the Netherlands.

Group A comprises the USA, India, Pakistan, Ireland, and Canada, while Group B includes England, Australia, Namibia, Scotland, and Oman. Group C consists of New Zealand, West Indies, Afghanistan, Uganda, and Papua New Guinea.

The top two teams from each group will progress to the Super Eight stage. Nepal is set to participate in the World Cup for the second time, having previously competed in 2014.

Meanwhile, West Indies fast bowler Roddy Estwick has been appointed as the bowling consultant for Nepal. He previously served as an assistant coach for both the West Indies senior men’s team and the U-19 side.

New jersey unveiled

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The Nepali national cricket team’s new jersey for the upcoming ICC T20 World Cup Cricket tournament has been unveiled. Minister for Youth and Sports, Biraj Bhakta Shrestha, and Tankalal Ghising, Member-Secretary of the National Sports Council, jointly presented the new jersey at an event organized by the Cricket Association of Nepal (CAN).

The jersey features a blend of red, white, and blue colors, with the national flag of Nepal adorning both shoulders. Additionally, the lower portion of the jersey showcases an image of Sagarmatha, the highest mountain in the world. One side of the bust features CAN’s logo, while the other displays the sponsor’s logo.