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The frequent change of governments has been an usual phenomenon in Nepal. The country has not been able to see political stability even after promulgating the new constitution and holding two periodic elections. Although Pushpa Kamal Dahal has been at the helm of government since the November 2022 elections, despite his party finishing a distant third in the parliamentary polls, he has reshuffled cabinet 18 times by changing his coalition partners. In this scenario, the recent agreement between the two largest parties in the House of Representatives, Nepali Congress (NC) and CPN-UML, to form a coalition government offers some hope for a more stable future. 

The 2015 constitution, which has been hailed by Nepali leaders as among the best in the world, has contributed to political instability. No single party has been able to secure a clear majority, leading to a series of fragile coalition governments. The agreement between the two major parties to form a consensus government by bringing other parties on board, however, signals a shift toward more stable governance. This agreement, which covers issues ranging from constitution amendments to the formation of a lasting government at both center and provinces, has raised optimism among Nepalis who have long yearned for political stability and economic progress.

The new government has some pressing issues to deal with. The two parties have pledged to form a committee to amend the constitution. The amendments should address all the issues that are hindering implementation of federalism. The coalition must work toward amending the constitution to address existing barriers and create a more effective governance structure. Completing the peace process through appropriate transitional laws is crucial for national reconciliation and stability. It has been one of the major contentious issues for the three major parties in parliament. Likewise, improving administrative efficiency and public services should be a top priority to restore public trust in the government. Once the political situation becomes stable, it is expected to spur economic activities and create jobs, which is essential to address the growing discontent among the people, particularly the youth.

The new coalition must rise above personal and party interests. This union of two largest parties in the country is not only crucial for domestic progress but also to present a strong front against increasing external influences that threaten Nepal's sovereignty. The success of this coalition could be the turning point that the country has long awaited, paving the way for sustainable development and renewed hope for the people.

Like the rest of the world, Nepal faces numerous crises such as rising temperatures, wildfires, lack of drinking water malnutrition and a range of flood and drought occurrences. Records kept at the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Authority show that 1,434 incidents of fire and forest fire were recorded in April-May, a period characterized by the highest number of fire incidents, causing 27 deaths and leaving 86 people injured. 

Additionally, cancer patients have been increasing by the day due to factors like improper use of chemicals and fertilizers. 

On one hand, farmers cannot transplant paddy due to lack of rainfall, while on the other, heavy rains destroy rice crops ready for harvest. Apart from rising temperatures, other factors like high input costs, wild animals on rampage, climate change and unfair share in agricultural products exert pressure on farmers to abandon farming. In order to deal with these contemporary crises, we need to increase our comparative advantage in production systems with the main focus on agroecology.

Agroecology

Agroecology is agriculture integrated with ecology. A production system in harmony with nature, it transcends the traditional practices of tillage, planting, cultivation, harvesting and marketing. Agroecology, according to Stephen R Gliessman, is not just limited to farming practices but deals with the whole chain of interactions among crops, soil organisms and insect pests, their natural enemies as well as environmental conditions and management decisions.

In conventional agricultural systems, there exists a clear distinction between agriculture and nature. In such systems, inorganic fertilizers and pesticides added into soil for increased productivity put microorganisms like bacteria and earthworms at risk, decreasing soil’s ability to rejuvenate. Soil scientist Claude Bourguignon however argues that soil, despite being life’s basis, is simply a substratum. Increased reliance on fossil fuels for agricultural operations and other efforts toward commercialization and modernization of the farm sector disrupts the natural rhythm of production. Furthermore, market forces through liberalization or trade also affect food agriculture dynamics.

Put together, agriculture, forestry and other land use amount to 22 percent of total greenhouse gas emissions with transportation adding a further 15 percent, according to some studies. It is an established fact that the production-centric traditional agricultural systems contribute enormously to greenhouse gas emissions and have low adaptive capacity to climate change.

Nepal is going through its hottest summer on record along with increased forest fires. A contrasting scenario is where severe droughts in winter have resulted in massive crop failure while the highest ever recorded rainfall has led to flood causing a significant loss of matured crops. Water shortage has gotten worse in the Tarai region with depletion of groundwater resources. 

Incidents of landslides and floods have been rising and our study indicates that 80 percent of Nepal’s population is vulnerable to climate-induced hazards. Notably, Climate Risk Indexes (CRI) identifies Nepal as the 10th most affected country worldwide with marginalized communities, women and farmers forming a group highly susceptible to climate change impacts.

Commercialization

Subsistence agriculture constitutes a significant feature of our production system, with the exchange of surplus being a major characteristic. The key features of subsistence agriculture include mixed farming, proper integration of livestock, agriculture and forests as well as growing for consumption. Our traditional agricultural practices were diverse, exchange-based and synergetic. However, the introduction of monoculture, chemicals, pesticides and corporate-controlled seeds in the name of commercialization, production and development has made the entire agricultural system more vulnerable to climate change. Increased production costs resulting from this practice has forced small-scale farmers to leave farming altogether, exacerbating food insecurity.

Despite constitutional provisions on sustainable agricultural practices and on the integration of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into the government’s policies and programs, our main policy documents, including annual plans, policies and budgets prioritize chemicals-based farming practices instead of incorporating agroecology into climate adaptation and tourism development or supporting farmers to stay on their farms.

The policies and programs for the fiscal year 2024-25, presented recently in the Parliament, list “increase in power generation and creation of a more conducive environment for investment” as some of the major achievements of the incumbent government. The focus, at least on paper, is also on delivery of fertilizers and seeds on time, and on expanding irrigation services. 

The policy document of the government pledges to increase agricultural investments, attain food self-sufficiency in vegetables and main staple crops, provide insurance coverage for agri-products, apart from promising minimum support price (MSP), farmer cards and emphasizing a productivity-centered modern industrial agriculture, but these pledges are “old wine in a new bottle”.

This document does not seem to bother much about agroecology, which is about promoting organic farming, biodiversity protection, natural farming and indigenous crops. 

It supports organic agriculture and indigenous crop production only for business purposes, which goes against the principle of agroecology. Additionally, there is a provision to provide quality chemical fertilizers for sustainable soil quality management, a practice akin to administering poison to a patient.

Summing up, agroecology can help solve several problems plaguing the farm sector like food insecurity, climate crisis, desertion of farmers due to increased cost of production, increasing import of foodgrains and agricultural goods, decrease in soil fertility due to input-intensive agriculture and increased use of chemical fertilizers. Let this fact dawn on our leaders, policymakers and bureaucrats before it’s too late.

Indian Ambassador to Nepal Naveen Srivastava and Lomanthang Rural
Municipality Chairman Tasi Nharbu Gurung laid a foundation stone for the construction of dormitory building for Lowo Nyiphug Namdrol Norbuling Monastic Schoo.

The dormitory is being built with the Government of India’s financial assistance at the project cost of Rs 41.40 million under ‘Nepal-India Development Cooperation’.

Political representatives, government officials, social workers, representatives of the Monastic school management were also present on this occasion, reads a statement issued by the Indian Embassy in Kathmandu. 

The Government of India grant under ‘Nepal-India Development Cooperation’ is being utilized for the construction of two floors dormitory building with other facilities for this Monastic school.

The project is taken up as a High Impact Community Development Project (HICDP), under an agreement between the Government of India and Government of Nepal.

This project is being implemented through Lomanthang Rural Municipality, Mustang. The project is an important example of the robust development partnership between India and Nepal, according to the statement.

Chairman, Lomanthang Rural Municipality and Chairman, Lowo Nyiphug Namdrol Norbuling Monastic School and political representatives in their remarks appreciated the continued developmental support of the Government of India in upliftment of the people of Nepal in priority sectors.      

The new building would be useful in providing better education and accommodation facilities to the students of Lowo Nyiphug Namdrol Norbuling Monastic School in Lomanthang Rural Municipality, Mustang and would create an improved environment for learning as well as contribute to the development of the education and religious care and helping in preserving their culture and tradition in this region. 

Since 2003, the Government of India has taken up over 551 HICDPs in Nepal in various sectors and has completed 490 projects.

Amongst these, 59 projects are in Gandaki Province in various sectors, including         17 projects in Mustang.

In addition to these,the Government of India has gifted 1009 ambulances and 300 school buses to various hospitals, health posts and educational institutions in Nepal.  

Amongst these, 119 ambulances and 40 school buses have been gifted in Gandaki Province, including 11 ambulances and five school buses provided in Mustang district. 

As close neighbours, India and Nepal share wide-ranging and multi-sectoral cooperation.

 The implementation of HICDPs reflects the continued support of the Government of India in bolstering the efforts of the Government of Nepal in upliftment of its people, augmenting infrastructure in the field of priority sectors.  
 

Dear Readers,

This week has seen significant developments on both the domestic and international fronts that deserve your attention. 

Nepal and China hosted a foreign-secretary level meeting in Kathmandu to discuss bilateral issues. Although no major breakthroughs were achieved, Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Sun Weidong’s visit marked a significant diplomatic engagement. During his stay, he met with Nepal’s top leaders, including President Ram Chandra Paudel.

There were speculations that Nepal and China might sign a Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) implementation plan during this visit. However, this did not materialize. It is possible that progress could be made during Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi’s visit to Nepal, which is expected to take place very soon. China was keen on finalizing the agreement during Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal’s visit to Nepal last year. But Dahal was not interested.

Speaking in the Parliament, Prime Minister Dahal outlined Nepal’s position on BRI, which almost all major parties agree with. He said Nepal prefers grants over loans and, if loans are necessary, they should be concessional with interest rates not exceeding 1.5 percent. He also stated that Nepal seeks loans from China on terms similar to those from the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. This sentiment mirrors the position of former Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba during his discussion with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi in 2022. To date, CPN-UML Chairperson and Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli has not publicly detailed his views on the BRI.

We have an in-depth analysis of Prime Minister Dahal’s parliamentary address under the heading ‘PM Faces Tough Questions in Parliament’. For more details, please visit our website.  A delegation led by CPN-UML leader Bishnu Rimal visited Beijing this week—latest in the series of Nepali leaders visiting China. China’s influence in Kathmandu has increased considerably in recent times. Our feature titled ‘China’s Growing Clout in Kathmandu’ explores how China’s engagement with Nepal extends beyond the BRI.

During his parliamentary session, Prime Minister Dahal also addressed questions about issues related to India and the Russia-Ukraine war, among other topics. Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Affairs Minister Narayan Kaji Shrestha attended the Asia Cooperation Dialogue in Iran, where he reaffirmed Nepal’s strong commitment to regional cooperation and multilateralism, a core foreign policy priority since the Panchayat era.

Last week, Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina paid an official visit to India, although she had been to New Delhi a few days ago to attend Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s inauguration. Along with bilateral discussions, the two leaders addressed sub-regional and regional issues, including power trade between Nepal, India and Bangladesh. Our detailed coverage of these topics is available online under the headline ‘A Landmark in Sub-Regional Energy Cooperation’. 

After the foreign secretary-level meeting with China, Nepal is now preparing for a similar foreign-secretary-level meeting with India. These annual meetings review the full spectrum of bilateral relations.

On the domestic front, political dynamics continue to be a topic of discussion. Speculation about the stability of the current government persists, with reports indicating ongoing talks between the Nepali Congress (NC) and the UML to explore potential new government formations. Our sister publication, Annapurna Post, recently published pieces advocating for the formation of a national consensus government.

Former President Bidya Devi Bhandari returned to the political spotlight amid rumors of her renewing her UML membership. However, in a recent interview, Bhandari clarified that she has not applied for membership and that the UML has not approached her. We have analyzed this development under the heading ‘Is Bhandari Planning a Return to UML?’, concluding that while her return to active politics is possible, it is not imminent.

The government has recommended ambassadors for eight countries, with the UML selecting former bureaucrats for its quota.

Meanwhile, the Rastriya Swatantra Party (RSP) remains in the political limelight. Its General Secretary Mukul Dhakal has come up with a report describing the party as being in ‘serious illness’ and in need of a ‘major surgery’ to maintain its status as a national party. This report, which is said to be based on feedback from over 3,000 cadres across 38 districts, has given rise to significant debate within the party. Dhakal, a vocal critic of the current government and an adversary of RSP President Rabi Lamichhane, insists that RSP ministers must justify their stay in the government. There is a section in the RSP which believes the lust for power could affect its very base.

A parliamentary panel investigating the financial status of around 29 cooperatives has expedited its work. Media reports suggest that the panel is preparing to question Home Minister Rabi Lamichhane regarding his alleged involvement in the misappropriation of cooperative funds.

I will be back with more updates next week. Wishing you all a happy weekend!

Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal has clarified that the government is determined that all territories east of Kali (Mahakali) river including Limpiyadhura, Kalapani and Lipu pass belong to Nepal.

Responding to queries raised by lawmakers during the discussion on headings of Foreign Ministry under the Appropriation Bill, 2081 in today's meeting of the House of Representatives, Prime Minister Dahal reminded that as per the Nepal-India Sugauli Treaty, 1816, these territories belong to Nepal and a political map incorporating these territories was published.

He further said that during the meeting with his Indian counterpart in the course of India visit, an understanding was reached to revise and update the existing treaties and agreements including the 1950 India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship as well as to resolve border-related issues through diplomatic channels. 

A letter has been sent to the Indian side through diplomatic channels for the seventh meeting of the Border Working Group related to Nepal-India Border as per the commitment made in the seventh meeting of Nepal-India Joint Commission to complete the works in the remaining section of Nepal-India border, explained the PM. The seventh meeting of the commission was held on January 2.

Stating that border problems surfaced between Nepal-China are resolved through bilateral talks and consensus, he mentioned that a consensus was forged during the meeting between the two ministers of Nepal and China in course of Nepal visit of State Councilor and Foreign Minister of China, Wang Yi, to forward activities related to Nepal-China Joint Border Monitoring, through mutual consultation.

The Prime Minister stressed, "I want to make it clear that the Government of Nepal does not have any policy to give permission to Nepali citizens for recruitment in foreign army except some friendly nations according to past agreements."

Stating that the Gurkha recruitment in the British Army took place by the 1947's trilateral agreement, he said the government has realized the need to negotiate with the UK government based on a national consensus to make the treaty compatible with time.

He apprised the House that the government is in regular touch with the Nepali Embassy in Moscow and the Embassy of Russian Federation in Kathmandu to take updates on Nepali citizens killed in the Russia-Ukraine war and those held captive.

"On this matter, I also informed the House about the conversation between the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs and the Russian Federation's foreign affairs minister on the telephone."

A task force has been formed to give submissions for systematizing the travel of Nepali in Russia.  Similarly, diplomatic talks with the Ukraine government are underway regarding those Nepalis held in captives, he added.

He also utilized the rostrum that in the case of one Bipin Joshi from Nepal who disappeared following the attack of Hamas in Israel in October last year, the governments of Israel, mediator Qatar, and Egypt, a close neighbor of both parties, have been urged for the release of Joshi. Both official and unofficial meetings have been utilized to advocate and appeal for the safe release of Joshi, according to him.

Nepali missions abroad have been established on the criteria of proximity, the size of the Nepali populace in the respective country, the status of bilateral trade, tourism and economic relations, and political and economic, and strategic importance among others, he said before the House.

The Department of Passport continues to make efforts to make the service delivery system prompt and civic-friendly, the Prime Minister said, adding that it is required to make the passport service more accessible, systematic, and simpler.

"Considering the convenience of Nepali abroad, the passport and consular services are further enriched technically.  Arrangements are in place to operate a mobile service camp to collect passport applications and the distribution in those countries when Nepal has no embassies," he said.

The government is working to strengthen the Institute of Foreign Affairs (IFA) as an institute for studying, researching, promoting, and publishing matters about foreign affairs, and diplomatic issues along with the management of training for staff from the diplomatic field.

Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs Narayan Kaji Shrestha has reiterated Nepal’s stronger commitment to regional cooperation and multilateralism and stressed the need to implement the ACD vision 2030 as well as ACD Blueprint 2021-2030.

The DPM and Foreign Affairs Minister made this reiteration in his address to the 19th Ministerial Meeting of the Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD) held in Tehran, the Islamic Republic of Iran, on Monday, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated in a press release. 

On the occasion, he restated Nepal’s stronger commitment to regional cooperation and multilateralism and stressed the need to implement the ACD vision 2030 as well as ACD Blueprint 2021-2030 for achieving shared objectives of growth, sustainability and prosperity including SDGs 2030. He further stated that the ACD has evolved as an Asia-wide regional forum for open and consultative dialogues on pressing issues impacting the region and beyond.

In addition, DPM Shrestha highlighted challenges posed by Covid-19, climate change, global economic recession, rising conflicts and geopolitical rivalry. He also underlined the importance of collective vision, unity, solidarity and mutual collaboration for a more integrated, resilient and prosperous Asia.

The Ministerial Meeting adopted the documents, namely, Guiding Principles for the Functioning of Asia Cooperation Dialogue Secretariat, and ACD Rules of Procedures which provide a framework of cooperation among ACD Members and an important basis for institutional strengthening of ACD Secretariat.

On the sidelines of the ACD Ministerial Meeting,  DPM and Foreign Minister Shrestha held bilateral meetings with Dr Ali Bagheri, Acting Foreign Minister of Iran; U Than Swe, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Myanmar; Dr Abdullatif  bin Rashid Alzayani, Minister of Foreign affairs of the Kingdom of Bahrain; Abdullah Ali Al-Yahya, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the State of Kuwait; Walid bin Abdul Karim Al Khraiji, Vice Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Andrei Rudenko, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation; and discussed on various matters of mutual interests including pressing regional and global issues.

As a member of the Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD) since 2016, Nepal has been engaging with other Asian Member States with a view to promoting various areas of mutual benefits and complementarities.

DPM Shrestha also attended an interaction program organized at the Honorary Consulate General of Nepal in Tehran with Nepali Diasporas in the evening on Monday and committed to providing effective and timely consular services to them through relevant agencies of the Government of Nepal including through Shahram Shantiaee, Honorary Consul General of Nepal in Tehran.  

The Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs left Tehran for Kathmandu in the evening of 24 June 2024.

Justice for children refers to the legal and systemic processes designed to ensure that children are treated fairly and appropriately within the justice system. This encompasses both criminal and civil matters and aims to protect the rights and well-being of children at all stages of their interaction with the law. The goal is to uphold the best interests of children by ensuring access to justice, promoting rehabilitation over punishment, and safeguarding their rights during legal processes.

The core of juvenile justice focuses on four main aspects:

• Identifying causes: Understanding the reasons behind juvenile delinquency.
• Preventive measures: Implementing strategies to prevent children from engaging in delinquent behavior.
• Rehabilitation: Helping juveniles who have committed offenses to reform and reintegrate into society.
• Community safety: Ensuring the community is protected from juvenile delinquency through correctional or restorative justice, rather than punishment.

Legal framework

Before 1992, there was no separate law in Nepal specifically for juvenile delinquents, and they were tried in court as adults. However, after Nepal ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) on January 26, 1990, it became mandatory to reform the existing laws to align with international standards. Consequently, Nepal introduced the Children Act in 1992, and in 2018, the new Act Relating to Children was enacted.

According to the Act Relating to Children 2018, a ‘child’ is defined as any human being below the age of 18 years. The act also defines ‘children in conflict with the law’ as those who have been accused of committing an offense and those who have been convicted by the Juvenile Court for committing an offense.

The Constitution of Nepal ensures the right to juvenile-friendly justice as a fundamental right. Article 39(8) of the constitution states that every child has the right to a justice system designed to be friendly to juveniles. This approach is based on the understanding that children are not mentally capable of committing crimes in the same way adults do.

The prevailing law dealing with delinquent juveniles is the Act Relating to Children 2018. According to this act, a child below 10 years of age is not criminally liable for any act they commit; therefore, no case or punishment is instituted against them. If a child between the ages of 10 and 14 commits an offense that is punishable by a fine, they are released after counseling. If such a child commits an offense punishable by imprisonment, they are either imprisoned for up to six months or sent to a child reform home for a period not exceeding one year.

For children aged 14 to 16 who commit an offense, the punishment is half of what would be imposed on an adult. If a child aged 16 to 18 commits an offense, they are punished with two-thirds of the penalty that would be imposed on an adult.

Challenges in juvenile justice

In Nepal’s justice system, there is a legal requirement to communicate with the accused in a language they understand. This means they should be informed about their criminal charges in simple terms they can comprehend. However, this requirement is often not followed. Children are arrested by police without fully understanding the crime they are accused of committing. They are often left in the dark about the nature of their charges.

Furthermore, children fully do not understand the legal terms and proceedings, making it difficult for them to grasp the details of their charges and defend themselves. This lack of clear communication severely hampers their ability to engage with the legal process. Without proper understanding, they cannot make informed decisions or provide relevant information that might help their case. 

Delayed case resolution 

The Supreme Court of Nepal has time and again directed district courts to adjudicate juvenile delinquency cases within 120 days through continuous hearings as mandated by section 37 of the Act relating to Children 2018.  Notable cases such as Kalinchowk 120 vs Dolakha District Court and Advocate Pushpa Raj Poudel vs Sindhuli District Court emphasize this directive. Despite these clear instructions, the timeframe is often not met, leading to significant delays in the legal process. This delay exacerbates their emotional and mental health issues, impeding their ability to reintegrate into society effectively.

Non-availability of juvenile bench 

In most cases, children are tried in regular benches instead of juvenile benches, as envisioned in Section 30 of the Act Relating to Children. The juvenile bench should be established in every district court and include a district judge, a social worker, and a child psychologist. However, the act allows district judges discretion to forgo forming a juvenile bench if it’s not feasible for any reason. Due to this exception, many children are tried without the presence of child psychologists, which hampers their mental well-being.

This practice contradicts the principles of a juvenile-friendly justice system and fails to provide the specialized support children need. The absence of child psychologists and social workers means that the unique psychological and social needs of juvenile offenders are not adequately addressed. Consequently, children face trials that do not consider their mental and emotional maturity, leading to decisions that may not be in their best interests.

Way forward 

While Nepal’s Act Relating to Children 2018 provides a robust framework for protecting the rights of juveniles in conflict with the law, significant gaps in practice undermine its effectiveness. Addressing these implementation issues is crucial to ensure that the juvenile justice system in Nepal truly serves the best interests of children, providing them with fair, timely, and child-friendly legal proceedings.

To address delays in juvenile cases, we need to enforce the 120-day resolution timeframe strictly. This can be done by monitoring case progress and ensuring deadlines are met. Publishing regular reports on case statuses will increase transparency. Additionally, creating fast-track courts for juvenile cases will speed up their resolution and reduce backlogs. 

Juvenile benches should be mandatory by amending the Act Relating to Children to eliminate exceptions. To support the mental and emotional well-being of juvenile offenders, we need to ensure the availability of child psychologists and social workers during legal proceedings. Establishing partnerships with NGOs can provide additional support and resources. 

We should provide regular training for police, lawyers, and judges on effectively communicating with juveniles. Developing child-friendly informational materials that explain legal processes in simple terms will also help. Employing child advocates and counselors can ensure that children understand their rights and charges.

Finally, establishing a comprehensive national policy on juvenile justice, regularly reviewing and updating it, and fostering collaboration among stakeholders, including the judiciary, law enforcement, and social services, will create a cohesive system that better serves the needs of juveniles. Conducting research and using data to inform policies will ensure that interventions are effective and tailored to the specific needs of children in conflict with the law.

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi has hailed the export of electricity from Nepal to Bangladesh via the Indian grid as a landmark in sub-regional energy cooperation. 

Speaking at a joint press conference with Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina in New Delhi on Saturday, Modi emphasized that the swift implementation of such large-scale initiatives in multiple areas within just one year reflects the dynamic pace and scope of bilateral relations.

Last year, Nepal and India signed a long-term power trade agreement, which included India's consent to facilitate the sale of Nepali electricity to Bangladesh. Officials from Nepal and Bangladesh are currently finalizing the modalities of this agreement.

The joint statement underscored the commitment to expanding power and energy collaboration and developing intra-regional electricity trade. This includes competitively-priced power generated from clean energy projects in India, Nepal, and Bhutan, transmitted through the Indian electricity grid. To support this initiative, India will expedite the construction of a 765 kV high-capacity Katihar-Parbatipur-Bornagar interconnection, with suitable Indian financial assistance, to serve as a key anchor for grid connectivity.

Modi and Hasina also discussed regional issues, highlighting the potential of the India-Bangladesh relationship as a major anchor for regional and sub-regional integration under the BIMSTEC, SAARC, and IORA frameworks. They committed to working together on global platforms to advance their common interests, particularly those of the Global South.

As part of sub-regional connectivity initiatives, India will provide transit facilities for the movement of Bangladeshi goods to Nepal and Bhutan via the railway network. The two leaders also reiterated their commitment to the early operationalization of the BBIN Motor Vehicle Agreement to enhance sub-regional connectivity.

Recognizing the significant contribution of their partnership to regional peace, security, and stability, India and Bangladesh reaffirmed their commitment to a free, open, inclusive, secure, and rules-based Indo-Pacific region. With converging visions for the Indo-Pacific and awareness of the region's vulnerability to climate change, India and Bangladesh will co-lead the ‘Disaster Risk Reduction and Management’ pillar of the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI). They will cooperate to mitigate disaster risks, build disaster-resilient infrastructure, and contribute to the sustainability of their shared maritime region.

The number of dengue infections is rising across Nepal. According to the Epidemiology and Disease Control Division (EDCD) report published on June 18, a total of 1,241 people have contracted the mosquito-borne disease since January this year. Dengue has been detected in 72 districts, with Mustang, Dolpa, Mugu, Humla, and Jumla being the only districts free of reported cases. Despite this, the threat of the disease spreading further looms large.

Health experts have warned that the current situation is a pre-outbreak phase, posing a high risk of a nationwide dengue outbreak. The EDCD data highlights the prevalence of cases across various districts: 141 in Kathmandu, 112 in Jhapa, 75 in Chitwan, 59 in Makwanpur, 47 in Doti, 46 in Tanahu, 44 in Sindhupalchok, 41 in Okhaldhunga, 28 in Rupandehi, 27 in Bhaktapur, and 18 in Lalitpur. Bagmati province has reported the highest number of cases, with 428 infections so far this year.

Historically, August, September, and October see the highest number of dengue cases in Nepal. With infections already on the rise, we can expect a significant increase in the coming months. This underscores the urgent need for the government to implement a comprehensive action plan to combat the dengue epidemic.

The government must immediately launch a "search and destroy" campaign along with other preventive measures to control the spread of dengue. Effective coordination among the three tiers of government is crucial to curb the infection. Since there is no specific medicine to cure dengue, prevention remains the best strategy. Wearing long-sleeved clothes and maintaining cleanliness are essential preventive measures.

Local governments, responsible for controlling communicable diseases and raising awareness in their communities, must act swiftly to eliminate conditions conducive to the rapid growth of mosquitoes and larvae. The only recommended treatment for dengue-related high fever and headaches is paracetamol. Given Nepal's past issues with paracetamol shortages, the government must ensure an adequate supply of this essential medication.

An uncontrolled dengue outbreak could overwhelm Nepal's already fragile health infrastructure and potentially claim hundreds of lives. Immediate and decisive action is needed to prevent this looming public health crisis. The time to act is now.

The ICC T20 World Cup is currently being held in the United States and the West Indies. Although Nepal was eliminated in the group stage, their games drew immense support from thousands of enthusiastic Nepali fans at the stadium. Logan Van Beek from the Netherlands praised the Nepali fans for their overwhelming presence and fervor, stating, “I am not sure whether we are in Nepal or Dallas. These fans for Nepal were amazing. It was so loud. I am struggling to think half the time.” The strong support from Nepali fans has garnered praise from various cricket pages, experts, and enthusiasts, emphasizing the substantial influence of the Nepali diaspora. This article explores the significance of the Nepali diaspora and its potential as Nepal’s soft power.

What is diaspora and why is it important?

Diaspora refers to individuals who have left their home country to live abroad for an extended period. Kevin Kenny, in his book ‘Diaspora: A Very Short Introduction,’ describes diaspora as a concept that illuminates a world influenced by migration, especially relevant to groups that have migrated involuntarily, maintain connections to their homeland, and are dispersed globally.

The Ministry of External Affairs of India reports that the global Indian diaspora is the largest, comprising 13.6 million Non-Resident Indians (NRIs), 18.6 million Persons of Indian Origin (PIOs), and nearly 32.3 million overseas citizens of India. Additionally, 2.5 million Indians move abroad every year. Similarly, Nepal has a sizable diaspora, with over 4.5 million Nepalis living outside the country. Since passports were first issued on November 26, 2010, over 10 million have been issued.

Every day, around 1,500 to 3,000 Nepali people leave Nepal for work, study, or travel. In 2023, more than 1.6 million people went abroad for various purposes including employment, tourism, training, sports, residence, and study. According to the Department of Immigration, 70,915 people left to settle permanently and 808,415 left for employment in 2023, excluding those working in India.

The economic survey data shows that 102,504 students left to study abroad in 2078-079, 110,217 in 2079-80, and 90,179 NOCs were issued until Falgun 2080-81. Most students aim to settle in economically secure countries such as Japan, Canada, Australia, the UK, the USA, South Korea, India, the UAE, France, and Denmark. As more Nepali students move to these countries, the Nepali diaspora will grow.

Currently, Nepali citizens can enter 111 countries with an institutional permit and 178 countries with an individual work permit. In the financial year 2079-80, 771,327 young people went abroad, primarily to Malaysia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Oman.

The importance of the diaspora is increasing. The contributions made by the diaspora play a fundamental role in the relationship between countries and contribute significantly to their home country's international presence, economy, and people-to-people relations.

Foreign policy and the Nepali diaspora

Nepal’s diplomatic outreach extends to 182 countries, reflecting its global relations, with the Nepali expatriate community playing a significant role. Known for their friendly and hospitable nature, as well as pride in their culture, traditions, religion, and language, Nepalis bolster the country’s reputation worldwide. Nepal’s ‘Foreign Policy 2077’ aims to harness the knowledge, expertise, financial resources, and networking capabilities of the Nepali diaspora to further national development.

This foreign policy vision strives to position Nepal as a robust, progressive, peaceful, and esteemed nation. It acknowledges the pivotal role of the Nepali diaspora in economic diplomacy and emphasizes mobilizing Nepali expatriates to safeguard and propagate Nepalese art, culture, language, and heritage.

The policy also stresses fostering positive attitudes toward Nepal, garnering support for its progress, and enhancing Nepal’s global reputation by tapping into the potential of the Nepali diaspora. It calls for unity, cooperation, and collaboration among Nepali expatriates, urging them to participate actively in the political and economic arenas of their host countries.

Additionally, the policy commits to providing legal aid to Nepalis in need and promoting efficient consular services for Nepalis living abroad. It advocates for establishing and operating Nepali language schools and training centers in countries with significant Nepali populations to preserve the Nepali language, culture, and traditions.

Despite these ambitious goals, practical implementation is often hampered by the limited budget allocated to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This budget primarily covers embassy rent and staff salaries, constraining the scope of operational activities. Bharat Raj Poudel, former Foreign Secretary and Nepal’s current Ambassador to Canada, highlights these resource constraints, noting that embassies operate with very limited budgets and small staff, focusing mainly on urgent issues such as rescuing Nepalis in need, leaving little capacity for economic and public diplomacy.

What can be done?

Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his ministers prioritize interacting with the Indian diaspora during their foreign visits, encouraging Indians abroad to visit India with friends who are not Indian. This approach has strengthened India’s ties with other countries. Similarly, Nepal’s Prime Minister and other ministers should prioritize building and nurturing relationships with Nepalis residing overseas.

It is crucial to hold diplomats accountable and bolster the capabilities of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA). Restructuring MOFA and expanding Nepal’s diplomatic presence is necessary to enhance the country’s global image. Frequent diplomatic recalls driven by political motivations negatively affect Nepal’s reputation.

Creating adaptable legislation and policies to incentivize investments from the growing Nepali diaspora is important. Non-resident Nepalis (NRNs) can unite Nepalis in their respective countries. The government can support returning Nepali immigrants’ contributions to the Brain Gain Center (BGC) to aid in national progress. All political factions in Nepal should work towards unifying the Nepali people and promoting their contributions to national development.

The participation of Nepalis in Nepal Day Parades worldwide, including in the USA, Canada, the UK, Europe, Japan, Australia, and other regions, is crucial for celebrating Nepal’s diversity and culture. The government and political parties need to acknowledge and harness the potential of the Nepali diaspora for the country's advancement.

The Maoist insurgency in Nepal, also known as the People’s War, led to widespread human rights abuses by both the Maoist rebels and the government forces. Enforced disappearances were a common tactic used during this period, with numerous individuals abducted and never seen again. According to reports from various human rights organizations, including the United Nations, hundreds of cases of enforced disappearances occurred during the conflict. The families of the disappeared have been left in a state of perpetual uncertainty and grief, without any information about the fate or whereabouts of their loved ones.

The Comprehensive Peace Accord (CPA) of 2006 was an agreement that ended the civil war and laid the foundation for peace and reconciliation in Nepal. Among its various provisions, the CPA emphasized the need to address human rights violations committed during the conflict, including enforced disappearances. It pledged to establish mechanisms for truth-seeking, reconciliation, and justice, including the formation of Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) and Commission on Investigation of Enforced Disappeared Persons (CIEDP).

Despite these commitments, the progress in addressing the issue of enforced disappearances has been slow and inadequate. The TRC and CIEDP were only established in 2015, nearly a decade after the signing of the CPA, and have faced numerous challenges, including political interference, lack of resources, and limited mandates. As of now, many families of the disappeared are still awaiting answers and justice.

The Supreme Court of Nepal has played a crucial role in addressing the issue of enforced disappearances. In a landmark decision in 2007, the Court ordered the government to criminalize enforced disappearances and establish a commission to investigate such cases. This decision underscored the need for legal reforms and accountability mechanisms to address enforced disappearances in accordance with international standards.

Subsequent Supreme Court rulings have reiterated the importance of ensuring justice for victims of enforced disappearances. For instance, in 2015, the Court struck down several provisions of the TRC and CIEDP Act, which were deemed inconsistent with international human rights norms, particularly concerning amnesty provisions for serious human rights violations. The Court emphasized the necessity of prosecuting perpetrators of enforced disappearances and providing truth and reparations to victims’ families.

Nepal’s 2018 penal code made enforced disappearance a criminal offense under domestic law for the first time. Nepal has taken some steps towards addressing enforced disappearances through national laws and commissions. The Enforced Disappearances Enquiry, Truth and Reconciliation Commission Act of 2014 established the TRC and CIEDP with the mandate to investigate conflict-era human rights violations and recommend actions for reparations, prosecutions, and institutional reforms. However, these commissions have been criticized for their inefficacy and lack of independence.

The CIEDP, in particular, has struggled to fulfill its mandate. As of 2024, A total of 3,288 complaints have been submitted to the Commission of Investigation on Enforced Disappeared Persons. It has yet to complete its investigations into the thousands of cases submitted by victims' families. The slow pace of investigations and the lack of concrete outcomes have undermined public confidence in the commission. It also highlighted the need for stronger legal and institutional frameworks to address enforced disappearances effectively.

ICPPED: A path forward

The International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (ICPPED), adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 2006, is a comprehensive international treaty aimed at preventing enforced disappearances, ensuring accountability, and providing justice and reparations to victims and their families. It establishes the right of individuals not to be subjected to enforced disappearance and the right of victims and their families to know the truth about the circumstances of enforced disappearances and the fate of the disappeared persons.  

Why should Nepal ratify ICPPED?

Enhancing accountability and justice: The ICPPED requires state parties to ensure that enforced disappearances are investigated thoroughly and perpetrators are brought to justice. Ratifying the convention would impose a legal obligation on Nepal to prosecute those responsible for enforced disappearances, regardless of their political affiliation.

Improving institutional capacity: Compliance with the ICPPED would likely lead to increased international support and cooperation, including technical assistance and capacity-building initiatives. Such support could enhance the operational capacity of the TRC and CIEDP. 

Providing a framework for reparations: The ICPPED outlines the rights of victims and their families to receive reparations, including restitution, compensation, rehabilitation, and guarantees of non-repetition. Ratifying the convention would reinforce Nepal’s commitment to addressing the needs of victims comprehensively. This would include not only financial compensation but also measures for psychological and social rehabilitation, which are crucial for the healing process.

Promoting transparency and public trust: Ratification of the ICPPED would require Nepal to adopt measures ensuring transparency in the handling of enforced disappearance cases. This includes maintaining accurate records, providing information to families, and making investigation findings public. Greater transparency would help restore public trust in the TRC and CIEDP, as well as in the broader justice system. 

Aligning with international standards: By ratifying the ICPPED, Nepal would align its domestic policies with international human rights standards. This alignment would enhance Nepal’s international standing and demonstrate its commitment to upholding human rights. It would also facilitate cooperation with international bodies and other countries in addressing enforced disappearances, including in the areas of extradition, mutual legal assistance, and sharing of best practices.

Ratifying the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance is not merely a symbolic gesture for Nepal; it is a necessary step towards addressing a painful chapter in its history, ensuring justice for victims, and upholding the rule of law. Given the historical context of enforced disappearances during the conflict, the commitments made under the Comprehensive Peace Accord, the existing national laws and commissions, and the directives of the Supreme Court, Nepal has both the moral and legal imperative to ratify the ICPPED. Doing so would strengthen its legal frameworks, enhance accountability, provide closure to victims’ families, uphold international human rights obligations, and fulfill its commitments to peace and justice.

Nepal are scheduled to play the 'Group D' final match against Bangladesh in the ICC T20 World Cup on Monday.

The match will begin at 5:15 am (Nepali time) in the Ornos Vale stadium of St Vincent, the West Indies.

As Nepal failed to advance to the quarter finals, the match did not count for the score. It is, however, considered significant for Bangladesh.

South Africa clinched top position with eight points from Group ‘D’, thereby entering the second round of the World Cup. The second group to reach super eight from Group ‘D’ is yet to be finalized.

Bangladesh will secure second position and enter into the Super Eight if they defeat Nepal.

Bangladesh have four points.

Dear Readers,

Greetings from Kathmandu!

This week, Nepal’s media focused on the Indian Lok Sabha elections and their regional implications. Following Narendra Modi’s historic re-election as India’s Prime Minister for a third term, ApEx published two analytical pieces. The first covered the election outcomes and Nepal-India relations, while the second examined the challenges Modi might face with his neighborhood policy during his third term. The diplomatic and strategy communities in Kathmandu are still analyzing these developments, but India’s policy toward Nepal is expected to see both continuity and change. There are also rumors that Modi may soon visit Nepal.

Another major story this week involved the arrest of two Nepali nationals by Tibetan officials in Gorkha. Neither the Nepali nor Chinese governments have provided information on the matter. Some media outlets suggested the arrests were related to support for Tibetan refugees fleeing Nepal, but this has not been independently verified. We have called on the government to address this issue immediately.

President Ram Chandra Poudel is currently touring Switzerland and Germany. In Switzerland, he delivered a keynote address at the high-level event of the Forum of Global Coalition for Social Justice in Geneva.  Additionally, Bangladesh’s Cabinet Committee on Government Purchase approved a proposal to import 40 MW of electricity from Nepal, with India agreeing to facilitate the sale.

On the domestic front, Home Minister Rabi Lamichhane remains in the spotlight due to allegations of embezzling cooperative funds. The Supreme Court is currently reviewing a case to dismiss Lamichhane, and all eyes are on the court as it demands evidence regarding his involvement. Lamichhane, who was outspoken just a few weeks ago, is now cautious in his public statements.

Temperatures across Nepal continue to rise, affecting daily life. Some schools have closed to protect students from heat waves. But with the arrival of monsoon three days ahead of schedule, meteorologists expect cooler conditions in the days to come.

Gandaki Province Chief Minister Surendra Pandey from the Nepali Congress secured a vote of confidence after lawmaker Phanindra Devkota defied his party’s orders and supported Pandey. The Supreme Court is also hearing cases related to government formation in Koshi Province. In the Sudurpaschim Province, intra-party disputes within the Maoist party are disrupting the government’s functioning. Overall, provincial governments are nearly defunct, with the Supreme Court holding significant power over their formation and dismissal. It is clear that provincial governments are even more unstable than the federal government.

The controversy over Giri Bandhu Tea Estate continues to make headlines. The Nepali Congress and other parties are criticizing CPN-UML Chair KP Sharma Oli, whose government in 2021 amended the Land Act enabling the tea estate to exchange around 280 bighas of land, situated at prime location in Birtamod, Jhapa. Oli has defended the controversial amendment that has been overturned by the Supreme Court. This week, the UML chair also defended his 2020 decision to dissolve the parliament, stating that there was nothing unconstitutional or undemocratic about seeking a fresh mandate when the leaders from within the governing party were refusing to work in favor of the people.   

The Janata Samajbadi Party led by Upendra Yadav held its first-ever general convention but failed to elect office-bearers due to internal controversies. Recently, Yadav’s party split, with seven members forming a separate party. Yadav has sought the court’s intervention to deem the split illegitimate. Meanwhile, the main opposition CPN-UML is holding district conventions, having completed them in more than 64 districts. This week, Oli stated that his decision to dissolve the parliament in 2020 was to protect the UML.

If you want to publish your stories, articles and columns, or offer feedback and suggestions, mail me @[email protected] or [email protected]. I have started this informal and conversational-style column to provide your updates on national and international events. Happy weekend! 

Kamal Dev Bhattarai 

Editor, The Annapurna Express

Nepal’s second match against Sri Lanka in the ICC Men’s T20 World Cup was washed out at the Lauderhill Field in Florida, USA on Wednesday.

The match scheduled to start at 5:15 am Nepali time had to be abandoned without a ball bowled because of the incessant downpour, forcing the teams to share a point each before the toss was held.

This was the first time that Nepal and Sri Lanka were facing each other in the senior cricket team but the match had to be called off due to incessant rainfall.

Nepal are at fourth position in the group ‘D’ followed by Sri Lanka.

Nepal lost to their first match at the hands of  Netherlands by six wickets in the group stage while Sri Lanka suffered a defeat to South Africa by six wickets in the first match and Bangladesh by two wickets in the second match.

South Africa have already secured their berth in Super Eight from Group ‘D’.

Nepal will have to win the remaining two games to book a place in Super Eight.

Now, the Nepali team will go to the West Indies to play the remaining two matches of the group stage.

Nepal will play against South Africa on June 14 and Bangladesh on June 16 in St. Vincent, West Indies.

Karl Wine is an emerging musical talent who has quickly made a name for himself with his energetic performances and music. Hailing from France, Wine has successfully collaborated with various international artists, expanding his reach and influence in the global music scene. His dedication to his craft and his passion for music are evident in his engaging stage presence and the enthusiastic response he consistently receives from fans. As Wine was in Nepal for Nepal Bike Day, Nesum Limbu from ApEx, talked to him about his Nepal visit and his music career.

How has your experience been so far in Nepal?

This is my first time in Nepal, and I have to say, I’m thoroughly enjoying it. The warm weather is absolutely wonderful, and I’m delighted by the local cuisine, especially dal-bhat, which I could eat every day. I’m also captivated by the country’s supportive and close-knit community, where everyone treats each other like family. The culture is fascinating, and the sense of solidarity among the people is heartwarming. Being a nature enthusiast, I always thought I’d be here for the natural beauty, but I never expected to have the opportunity to collaborate with Nepali artists. Overall, I’m loving everything about my time here, from the scenery and the food to the culture and the people. This journey has been more rewarding than I could have ever imagined.

Can you tell us about your recent projects and any new music you’re working on?

Yes, there’s this song called ‘Paisa’ by the singer Kushal Pokhrel. He reached out to me to collaborate, and when I heard the song, I thought it was amazing. We’re planning to release an international remix of the song in a few weeks, and I’ll be shooting the video here in Nepal, which is really exciting. Another project currently in the works is an album that my friend and I are creating with only Nepali artists. It will feature international music but exclusively with Nepali talent, highlighting their unique styles and voices. Since many people recognize me from the song ‘Oh-Na-Na’, we’ve decided to name the album after my verse from the song ‘Asian Beauty’. Once the album is released, we have plans for extensive promotions not only here in Nepal but also in the United States. 

What are your thoughts on the music scene in Nepal? Have you come across any local artists or music styles that have caught your interest?

A lot, actually. The first time I heard Yabesh Thapa, I was captivated by his style. I love that he’s singing in Nepali but using international beats, rather than sticking to traditional music patterns. This unique approach really fascinated me. Their singing styles intrigue me with a softness and distinct quality unlike what I hear in Europe. Their sounds and word usage are compelling. Even without understanding the lyrics, I feel deeply connected to their music, as their emotion and expression transcend the language barrier. That’s why I believe the music scene in Nepal is truly fantastic. 

You’ve collaborated with some of the Nepali artists. Can you tell us how these collaborations came about?

I’ve always wished to work with Asian artists because I admired the mutual respect they have for each other, which is different from what I often see in Europe. When an artist from the Philippines reached out to me for a collaboration, I immediately agreed, and that’s how ‘Oh-Na-Na’ came to be. Four years later, I started receiving messages saying the song was very popular in Nepal. At first, I was skeptical since I wasn’t familiar with the music scene there. Curiosity got the better of me, and I decided to look up some Nepali artists to see if I liked their work and could create new music with them. That’s when I came across Yabesh Thapa. I messaged him, expressing my interest in working together, and he responded saying he knew my song. This led to the idea of making a remix of ‘Oh-Na-Na’ with him. I also reached out to Sushant KC, proposing that he join us in the remix. We completed the song, and it became an instant hit in Nepal, with people all over the country participating in dance challenges. 

You recently performed at Nepal Bike Day. How was the experience performing at such a unique event, and what was the atmosphere like? Additionally, how did the audience react to your performance?

The event far exceeded my expectations. Initially, I was slated to perform just a few songs, and I was feeling quite nervous since it was a biker’s event. I had serious concerns that my vibe and musical style might not resonate with the biker crowd. However, those worries began to fade when Bizen went on stage before me, and the crowd went absolutely wild with excitement. When my turn finally came, the audience’s energy was even higher, and their enthusiastic response was overwhelming. It turned out to be not only a fantastic performance but also an amazing experience overall. The warm reception and the incredible atmosphere made it an unforgettable night, leaving me eager for more opportunities like this in the future.

Throughout your musical journey, what has been the most challenging aspect you’ve encountered? Moreover, what message do you aim to communicate through your music?

In the world of music, there are numerous obstacles, especially if you lack the necessary knowledge about the industry and the intricate process of creating music. These challenges can be quite daunting and overwhelming. My goal with my music is to bring joy and enjoyment to people from all walks of life. I want my audience to feel the urge to dance, to let loose, and to have fun. Through my songs, I aspire to help them temporarily forget their problems and immerse themselves in a world of sound that provides happiness and relief. When people listen to my music, I want them to experience a sense of freedom and exhilaration. I hope my melodies and rhythms can offer a respite from their daily stresses, giving them moments of pure, unadulterated joy. By creating an atmosphere of positivity and excitement, I aim to foster a connection with my listeners that transcends the ordinary, leaving them with lasting memories of happiness and enjoyment.

Amid changing politico-electoral dynamics in India, its relations with immediate neighbors are likely to be transfigured. Nepal-India relations, however, have been mostly centered on “belief”, ‘over-belief”, or ‘crises of belief”, largely swayed by elite rulers.

Beyond government-to-government relations, Nepal can strengthen its relations with the formidable opposition in the Indian parliament through party-to-party ties, or shadow government relations, given the steadfast support Nepal has garnered over the years from the Indian opposition on political, diplomatic, economic, trade, environmental, demographic and geographic issues.

Nepal should use tact and tone rather than counteract emotions to advance its national interests through a variety of avenues, including institutional, diplomatic, public and personal.

Nevertheless, both the neighbors need to broaden their perspectives and lessen the antiquated stereotype of one neighbor over the other by laying emphasis on truth, trust, tone and respect as cornerstones of their relationships for tracing a conscious and concrete relationship roadmap.