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In an age where information shapes the course of nations, the perilous impact of misinformation cannot be overstated. This feature investigates the critical issue of misinformation in Nepal, with a particular focus on the potentially devastating consequences of inaccurate intelligence provided by the National Intelligence Department (NID). Advocating for urgent reforms, the article calls for the autonomy of the NID, merit-based recruitment processes and a culture of professionalism and ethics to fortify national security, economic stability, and public trust.

In the digital era, where information reigns supreme, the reliability of intelligence agencies is fundamental to informed decision-making by governments. This piece scrutinizes the threats posed by misinformation in Nepal, particularly when disseminated by the NID. The ramifications of inaccurate information stretch beyond borders, impacting economic stability, public trust, security agencies and the overall effectiveness of the government.

To modernize in the digital realm, it's essential for the NID to embrace technology and adapt to a changing landscape.

This involves leveraging digital tools and platforms for gathering and verifying information. Additionally, providing training to NID members and staff is crucial. They need to stay updated with the latest technological advancements and methodologies to effectively operate in today’s evolving landscape. Adapting to these changes ensures the NID functions optimally, meeting the demands of the times and fulfilling its role effectively.

Operating under the Prime Minister’s Office, the NID grapples with challenges in conducting impartial investigations and maintaining oversight. This lack of autonomy not only raises concerns about the integrity of the information provided but also weakens public trust. The article proposes a remedy: Granting full autonomy to the NID, liberating it from political influence and broadening its mandate to encompass oversight of various government entities.

Taking cues from neighboring countries, especially India, the article underscores the imperative of accurate data analysis and political independence within intelligence agencies. It sheds light on the repercussions of misinformation in India, suggesting that Nepal can glean valuable lessons to strengthen its own intelligence apparatus.

Investing in data analysis: Highlighting the significance of data analysis for informed decision-making to prevent wasted investments and economic instability. 

Ensuring NID’s independence: Advocating for a political appointment process based on accurate assessments to preserve the integrity of the national intelligence apparatus.

Harnessing the expertise of think tanks: Encouraging collaboration with think tanks to provide strategic insights and analysis grounded in accurate data. 

Promoting media literacy: Emphasizing the role of education in empowering the public to discern and critically evaluate information, thereby combating misinformation. 

Holding perpetrators accountable: Arguing for accountability measures to deter the spread of misinformation and convey a resolute message that such actions will not be tolerated.

The responsibility of safeguarding accurate information falls on the collective shoulders of Nepal. By granting autonomy to the NID, investing in data analysis, leveraging think tank expertise, promoting media literacy and holding perpetrators accountable, Nepal can construct an impregnable defense against misinformation. A thriving nation is built on the bedrock of reliable intelligence, and it is this foundation that Nepal must fortify to ensure its future prosperity. 

Infographics

Active military personnel

Source: World of Statistics

As the world commemorates the 75th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) on 10 Dec, the theme ‘Dignity, Freedom, and Justice for All’ resonates more powerfully than ever. This occasion provides a moment to reflect on the progress made in upholding human rights globally and to emphasize the interconnectedness of human rights with disability rights.

The nexus between UDHR and disability rights

The cornerstone of the UDHR, Article 2, proclaims the right to freedom from discrimination. It boldly asserts that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in the declaration without any distinction based on race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status. This universal principle is a crucial foundation for recognizing the inherent dignity of all individuals and ensuring their equal treatment. The emphasis on non-discrimination is not only a moral imperative but also a legal commitment that nations around the world have pledged to uphold.

Similarly, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), adopted by the United Nations in 2006, reinforces and extends the principles laid out in the UDHR. The preamble of the CRPD explicitly acknowledges the principles set forth in the UDHR and the International Covenants on Human Rights, highlighting the commitment to ensuring the full enjoyment of human rights without any form of discrimination. Article 1 of the CRPD articulates the purpose of the convention: to promote, protect, and ensure the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms by persons with disabilities. It underscores the importance of respecting the inherent dignity of individuals with disabilities, aligning seamlessly with the core principles of the UDHR.

The interconnectedness of human and disability rights

The inseparable link between human and disability rights is a vital thread in the worldwide push for inclusive societies. It resonates powerfully in the proactive execution of inclusive policies, the creation of accessible infrastructure, and the nurturing of supportive environments. Across the globe, governments, organizations, and communities are not only acknowledging but vigorously embracing their legal duty within the international human rights framework to protect the rights of individuals with disabilities. This recognition goes beyond mere morality—it symbolizes an escalating dedication to guaranteeing the complete engagement of every individual in societal activities.

Inclusive policies play a pivotal role in embodying intersectionality, addressing not only overarching human rights issues but also the unique challenges faced by individuals with disabilities. These policies span various sectors, including education, employment, healthcare, and social services, aiming to prevent the inadvertent oversight or marginalization of the rights of persons with disabilities within broader frameworks.

The realization of intersectionality extends beyond policies to tangible changes in infrastructure design and implementation. Accessible infrastructure encompasses physical structures, digital spaces, transportation systems, and communication channels. The goal is to dismantle barriers hindering the participation of individuals with disabilities in societal activities, integrating inclusivity into the very essence of infrastructure development.

Supportive environments go beyond accommodation, actively addressing the diverse needs of individuals with disabilities in physical, social, and cultural contexts. Inclusive mindsets and the dismantling of stigmas contribute to environments where everyone can thrive, irrespective of abilities or limitations.

The global recognition of the interconnectedness between human and disability rights emphasizes the shared responsibility on the international stage. Governments, international organizations, and grassroots movements collaborate and exchange best practices to create a more inclusive global landscape.

However, in Nepal, practical gaps persist in realizing disability rights as human rights. The dominance of the social welfare model positions individuals with disabilities as passive recipients rather than active rights-holders, necessitating a paradigm shift toward empowerment. Despite inclusive policies, challenges in implementing inclusive education, unequal access to healthcare services, barriers in employment opportunities, and limited accessibility in rural areas highlight the gap between policy intentions and on-the-ground realities. Bridging these practical gaps requires a concerted effort to ensure that the rights of individuals with disabilities are not only recognized on paper but also fully realized in daily life.

Quoting the words of Eleanor Roosevelt, one of the architects of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, “Where, after all, do universal human rights begin? In small places, close to home.” As we celebrate 75 years of progress on International Human Rights Day, it is imperative to recognize that the interconnection of human rights and disability rights is not an abstract concept but a lived reality. The principles embedded in Article 2 of the UDHR form the bedrock of a just society, emphasizing freedom from discrimination for all. The subsequent evolution of these ideals through the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities demonstrates a profound commitment to inclusivity. Inclusive policies, accessible infrastructure, and supportive environments are not just strategies; they are the embodiment of a collective resolve to ensure that dignity, freedom, and justice are not mere aspirations but tangible realities for every individual, regardless of ability.

The journey towards a truly inclusive world is ongoing, but as we reflect on 75 years of progress, let us renew our commitment to the universal values that bind us together. The interconnectedness of human and disability rights is a testament to our shared humanity, and it is only by upholding these principles that we can truly celebrate the triumphs of the past and pave the way for a future where every person, irrespective of ability, can thrive with dignity, freedom, and justice.

The author writer, researcher and disability rights activist

The friendly Nepal-China relations are well tested. However, the reported inclusion of two small operational projects, Panda Pack Project and Amity Living Water Project in the list of projects under BRI by the third Road and Belt Forum for International Corporation in its meeting held on 17-18 Oct 2023.is disappointing and alarming for Nepal, for it sends two messages. First, China is reluctant to take any new project in Nepal and second, the naming of these two projects warns Nepal not to accept the terms and conditions laid down by China for BRI, which have been accepted by Pakistan and Sri Lanka. It is evident from the indirect messages of the Chinese envoy, who claimed the construction of Pokhara International Airport under BRI, as he knew well that the project was started before Nepal signed it. The envoy’s remarks on the Nepal-India electricity trade were also a pointer that China was not happy with the present dispensation. It has been skeptical toward Nepal since the approval of MCC, the US project by Nepal’s parliament.

PM Pushpa Kamal Dahal did his best to rush to China directly from the US to attend the 19th Asian games opening ceremony at Hangzhou and to meet president Xi jinping. But his plan failed, perhaps, as he could not satisfy President Xi for Nepal not accepting the terms and conditions of BRI. Nepal and China had signed 12 agreements, which included development of electricity connectivity between the two countries.

Dahal, though optimistic to have at least one or two projects out of nine agreed upon previously for approval under BRI, could read the mind of President Xi, who, with his ambitious plan of One Belt and One Road Initiative in 2013 (rechristened Belt and Road Initiative), has succeeded in connecting  China with Europe through Central Asia and South Asia to become the largest economy of the world through its mass production at the lowest cost and technical advancements. 

However, due to Covid 19, the slackened economy of China warranted immediate action to boost the economy. During the premiership of KP Sharma, Nepal-China relations were enhanced to strategic partnership. Naturally, China was very hopeful to bring some projects in Nepal under BRI. Moreover, in recent years, China has been assertive in Nepal’s internal politics and had managed to bring the CPN (Maoist Center) and the CPN-UML together before the 2072 election, which resulted in the coalition securing a majority in the federal parliament and also at provincial and local levels of government. However, it became frustrated with Dahal when he discarded the UMLand joined hands with the Nepali Congress and the CPN (Unified Socialist), defeating the UML in the elections. And since there was no progress on selecting projects under BRI, he annoyed China further.

Even after becoming Prime Minister with UML support, he again betrayed Oli and kicked out UML ministers from his cabinet. All these made China more suspicious of Dahal. It is a truism that Prachanda favored China by canceling the decision of the Dr Baburam  government to construct the Budhi Gandaki 1200 MW project by Budhi Gandaki Hydroelectric Project Development Committee, and  signed the MoU with China Gezouba Group Corporation (CGGC) to be constructed under the engineering, procurement, construction and financing (EPCF) model. His party leader and the then Finance Minister Varshman Puna had accepted a loan from the Chinese EXIM bank for developing the international airport in Pokhara.  Though the Deuba government canceled the project, KP Sharma Oli government again roped in the CGGC in 2018, as was done by the Dahal government.

Nepal went ahead to upgrade its relations with China to strategic partnership during President Xi’s visit to Nepal in 2019. Nepal allowed Chinese language in school curriculum. The PM’s Office authorized a subsidiary company of the Chinese Huawei Technologies Co Ltd after suspending the bidding process to set up the ‘action room’ equipped with a video conferencing hall. Nepal allowed China International Development Cooperation Agency to provide development assistance to 15 northern districts of Nepal and signed a treaty of  Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters with China, which it does not have with any other country. Nepal,  after breaking its traditional stand,  allowed the bracketing of the word ‘Zhumulangma’ with the Nepali word ‘Sagarmatha’.

In spite of the good intention of Dahal to satisfy China, he could not do so, as he is heading a coalition government. The coalition partners are  not willing to accept any projects under BRI loan with high percentage of interest and shorter period of repayment. These parties can accept projects under aid or grant. And there is no ground to reject the Chinese offer at lower rates of interest and longer timeframe for repayment, as being offered by other international funding organizations. Moreover, China should not equate Nepal with Pakistan and Sri Lanka, as its relations with Nepal are centuries old.

Karl Marx, a 19th-century political theorist, economist, and philosopher, laid the groundwork for a profound exploration of societal development and human nature. His comprehension of these fundamental facets of human existence wielded a significant influence on global political movements, revolutions, and scholarly discussions.

According to Marxist Views on Human Nature, Marx’s philosophy accentuates the dynamic interplay between individuals and their social milieu, challenging traditional conceptions of human nature. Marx rejected the idea that human nature is static and unchangeable, instead positing that it is a product of historical and material circumstances. He argued that an individual’s traits and behaviors are shaped by social interactions within prevailing economic and social systems, inherently emphasizing the social aspect of human nature.

When considering Nepal, Marxist ideology contends that human nature is not fixed but rather molded by social interactions and material conditions. Examining Nepal’s historical evolution from feudalism and monarchy to its transition into a republic in 2008 provides insight into Marxist perspectives on human nature and societal change.

Marxist theory underscores the importance of class conflict in driving societal transformations. The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) led a prolonged armed rebellion spanning a decade, aiming to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republican governance structure. This insurgency successfully achieved its objectives, leading to the abolishment of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic in Nepal.

Marxist theory posits that humans inherently possess a drive towards creativity and productivity, traits stifled by capitalist modes of production. The exploitation of workers in sectors like agriculture and manufacturing in Nepal has resulted in widespread poverty and inequality.

How does Marx’s claim that human nature is a function of social relations and material circumstances relate to Nepal’s historical transition from feudalism to republicanism?

The transition in Nepal’s historical trajectory from feudalism and monarchy to a republic aligns with Marx’s beliefs regarding human nature. The pivotal moment of ending the monarchy in 2008 marked a significant turning point, propelled by evolving social relationships and material circumstances. The Marxist perspective can offer valuable insights into interpreting this transformation as a consequence of shifting socioeconomic systems and the evolving roles and responsibilities of individuals within the societal framework.

How did the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) utilize Marxist theory throughout the armed revolt, and how did the successful abolition of the monarchy correspond with Marxist concepts of societal transformation through class conflict?

The Maoist insurgency in Nepal represented a practical application of Marxist theory, specifically highlighting the significance of class conflict. This uprising, spearheaded by the exploited working class, aimed to dismantle the feudal and monarchical structures perpetuating injustice. The successful removal of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic supported Marx’s assertion that societal revolution is achievable through the resolution of class conflicts.

Regarding Marx’s analysis of Capitalist Modes of Production and Exploitation, Marxist theory contends that capitalism stifles inherent human creativity and productivity. In Nepal, this perspective is observable in the exploitation of workers, particularly in sectors like agriculture and manufacturing, leading to widespread poverty and inequality.

How does the Marxist criticism of capitalist forms of production correlate with the socio-economic issues faced by Nepal, notably in terms of worker exploitation in agriculture and manufacturing?

The Marxist critique resonates deeply within Nepal’s socio-economic landscape, where exploitative practices in agriculture and manufacturing significantly contribute to widespread poverty and inequality. By examining these issues through a Marxist framework, one can comprehend the structural factors that limit human creativity and productivity, aligning with Marx’s theoretical perspective.

How does Alienation in capitalist societies affect human fulfillment? 

In his early writings, Marx posited that labor stands as the fundamental creative and productive force inherent in human nature, enabling individuals to alter their surroundings. However, he argued that within capitalist institutions, this productive potential becomes distorted and alienated. People experience a sense of estrangement not only from one another but also from the labor process itself and the fruits of their labor. Marx maintained that the pivotal characteristic of capitalist systems is this alienation, shaping human nature in manners that hinder genuine human fulfillment.

Marx on societal change and historical materialism

Marx’s theories of historical materialism are intricately intertwined with his viewpoints on social transformation. He posited that alterations in the material conditions of production exert a profound influence on the progression of civilizations. Marx contended that these changes serve as catalysts, ultimately driving transformations in institutions, interpersonal relationships, and the entire socioeconomic system.

Is Marx’s critique of capitalism still relevant today?

Marx’s critique of the inherent contradictions within capitalism and his emphasis on the exploitation of the working class significantly shaped discussions about societal institutions. However, considering the globalized and highly developed nature of modern capitalism, there arises a question regarding the ongoing relevance of Marx’s criticisms in today’s world.

Is it still possible to apply Marx’s fundamental contradictions to today’s complex economic and social systems?

Marxist perspectives on societal change underscore the crucial role played by the superstructure and ideology in upholding the dominance of the ruling class. Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx posited that the prevailing ideologies within any society typically align with those of the ruling class. This implies that the dominant ideology contributes significantly to legitimizing and sustaining the existing social order through cultural norms, religious beliefs, and political institutions.

Within capitalist societies, the superstructure operates to safeguard bourgeois interests. Marxist theorists argue that the media, educational systems, and cultural establishments wield considerable influence over people’s consciousness, serving the interests of the ruling class. Since the creation of a new social order necessitates the overthrow and replacement of the current superstructure, overcoming these ideological pressures becomes a crucial aspect of effecting societal change.

Is a classless, socialist society a realistic vision for the future? 

Marxist theories concerning human nature and social transformation have encountered challenges and criticisms despite their significant impact. Detractors argue that Marx’s deterministic view of history oversimplifies the complexities inherent in society’s development and overlooks non-economic motives, cultural influences, and individual agency. Moreover, the practical implementation of Marx’s theory in various historical contexts has led to authoritarian regimes and unsuccessful endeavors aimed at establishing the envisioned classless society.

The contemporary landscape of the capitalist system is characterized by international integration and technological advancement. This has prompted some scholars to question the relevance of traditional Marxist interpretations in the twenty-first century. The intricacies of modern social systems, the rise of information-based economies, and the fluidity of capital present new challenges that might necessitate adaptations to the conventional Marxist paradigm.

How can societies overcome the ideological influences of the ruling class?

The discourse on ideology and superstructure highlights the role of media, educational institutions, and cultural entities in aligning with the objectives of the ruling class. This prompts the question: How can societies confront these deeply embedded ideological influences to effect substantial social change? What strategies are necessary to challenge and transform existing superstructures toward a more egalitarian social order?

In conclusion, Marx’s enduring influence in comprehending human nature, societal transformations, and critiques of capitalism remains evident in Nepal’s historical transitions and present-day challenges. Employing a Marxist perspective enables a clearer understanding of class conflicts, exploitation of workers, and the shaping of societal ideologies. The pursuit of social justice and equality underscores the ongoing relevance of engaging with Marxist concepts to mold the future, despite persistent doubts about the applicability of Marx’s theories in our intricate, modern world.

The author is pursuing BA LLB at Kathmandu School of Law