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Samrat Upadhyay is a Nepali-born American author whose works are centered on Nepali society and culture. He is the author of acclaimed books, Arresting God in Kathmandu, The Royal Ghosts, The Guru of Love, Buddha’s Orphans, The City Son, and Mad Country. He has received numerous accolades for his books, including the New York Times Notable Book, San Francisco Chronicle Best Book, 2007 Asian American Literary Award, and Society of Midland Authors Book Award. The Royal Ghosts was also a finalist for the Frank O’Connor Int’l Short Story Award. His new novel, Darkmotherland, is being published by Soho Press in 2024. Currently, Upadhyay is a Distinguished Professor of English and Martha C. Kraft Professor of Humanities at Indiana University.

Upadhyay also sponsors and judges Writing Nepal: A Short Story Contest in partnership with La.Lit magazine. Upadhyay, who is currently in Nepal, is due to announce the winners of this year’s La. Lit short story contest on December 21 at 2 pm in Malpi Institute, Baluwatar. Ken Subedi converses with Upadhyay on his affinity towards books, writing, and teaching.

You have written short stories as well as novels. In your experience, what was more challenging, story-story collection or a novel?

I feel more at home with short stories, but novels present more difficulties, perhaps because I feel that I’m not a natural novelist. Apart from the novel’s larger canvas, which presents its own challenges, the writing process is a bit nerve-wracking. You can write for three years or more (Darkmotherland took me about a decade to write) without fully knowing whether the project is going to be successful. But lately I’m finding that my short stories are getting longer and longer, and often they want to veer off into tangents and discursions, so perhaps I’m growing into a good little apprentice of the mighty novel

How has reading books shaped your personality as an author?

Reading is such an integral part of writing for me that at times it’s hard to tell where one ends and the other begins. I am quite impressionable, so I get easily influenced by what I’m reading at the moment. When I’m reading Cormac McCarthy, for example, I wish I could write into my own fiction the kind of dark and desolate landscape he envisions. Currently I’m reading the Argentinian writer Mariana Enriquez and am totally in love with her menacing and morbid stories of dead babies and demons and the occult. Reading her, I feel like I ought to write at least one horror story before I die. I actually like that I can get so excited by new authors I encounter, and I also am delighted when what I teach makes an impression on my students. Recently, after reading the latest Nobel winner Jon Fosse, I taught a chapter of his superb novel Morning and Evening, and I was pleased that Fosse’s free-flowing style with its eccentric syntax empowered a student to discover, in her own writing, a voice that was uniquely her own.

Do you agree that only a handful of writers from Nepal are able to produce fiction in English? Why is Nepal’s representation in English fiction negligible?

If the recent Writing Nepal contest is an indication, there is a lot of talent in fiction writing in English. In this year’s contest, I was impressed not only by the craft these writers showcased but also the risks they took. So, they might not be publishing, but they are certainly making wonderful creations. And, judging from the crappy books published every year—in America, in India—publication isn’t necessarily the only sign of the health of literature. But yes, we do need more good fiction to be published in Nepal. Radha: Wrath of the Maeju by Rishi Amatya, is a good example of quality fiction rooted in our culture that’s been published with an amazing editorial care by Safu.

Can you tell us more about your life as a creative writing professor?

I teach primarily fiction writing at Indiana University, in a department with a national reputation. Our competitive MFA program attracts students from all over the world, so I work with writers with amazing talent. Most of the time I am teaching graduate and undergraduate fiction workshops, and I find my teaching life very rewarding. Not only do I love teaching but I’m teaching the stuff I love. Sometimes I feel like I have the best job in the world. I have the opportunity to shape future writers, keep my own creative faculties sharp, and also learn a lot in the process. My students inspire me with their talents and their insights.

So, does this mean that creative writing can be taught?

I think people need to think of the teaching of writing as the teaching of, say, music, or tennis. Even if people have natural talent, that talent needs to be developed and nurtured. A good coach or a mentor, or even an intelligent peer, can provide guidance and inspiration that can lead to breakthroughs.

Do you suffer from writer’s block? If so, what do you do to overcome it?

I wouldn’t be a writer if I didn’t suffer from writer’s block. I’ve also discovered over the years that thinking of it as a “block” is counter-productive. A ‘block’ also implies a ‘flow,’ which is then supposed to be the ideal state of writing. But perhaps we should stop thinking of it as such a strict binary. When there’s a block, our brain might be trying to find ways to move to a higher level of creativity. Similarly, it’s quite possible that a good flow doesn’t necessarily lead to good writing. So, when faced with a block, I allow myself the freedom to explore. I do a lot of free writing, granting myself liberty to create work that might be useless or crappy. Often, in this exploration, I discover an opening that then leads to breakthroughs. A disciplined writing practice can also help. When you force yourself to write daily, blocks and flows recede to the background.  A writer’s block can be also cured by doing something physical–play a sport, go swimming or running etc. Sometimes watching a smart movie can trigger creativity in interesting ways.

It’s been more than two decades since you published your first book, Arresting God in Kathmandu. You’ve written three story collections and three novels. In what ways have you grown as a writer? Any advice to writers who are at the beginning of the process?

When I was first starting out, I used to think that all I had to do was write my first book and everything would be hunky-dory after that. I thought that a first book would mean that I had “arrived,” and I would no longer have to struggle with writing. How wrong I was! Each book has presented a different challenge, and each book has been more difficult to write than the previous one. My forthcoming novel, Darkmotherland, was the most challenging of them all. It’s a book of experiment and absurdity and dark humor, and it’s unlike anything I’ve written before. So I’ve grown in the sense that I’ve become more experimental, and I want to take even greater risks in my writing. I’m writing more than ever before–I have several books in various stages of completion, including a book about a talking dog.

My advice: there are no short-cuts in this business. Writing is hard, and it’ll get harder as you become better. You have to stick with it, you have to be disciplined. Don’t look for easy success. Don’t follow literary trends. Allow your writing to come from the depth of your being. Read voraciously, including books from far-flung places that might be very different from where you live. Make reading and writing such a part of your daily life that they become as natural as breathing.

No matter your age, it’s important to keep your breasts healthy and have a basic understanding of what’s normal. That way you can nip problems in the bud, should they arise. Dr Sundar Shrestha, general consultant at Bir Hospital in Kathmandu, who specializes in Endocrine, GI, and Laparoscopic surgery, runs us through the basics of breast care in a conversation with ApEx.

What are the symptoms of breast health issues?

Usually, breast health issues come with the symptoms of breast pain, heaviness, and nipple discharge, whether bloody, watery, or black/blue. Also, you should pay attention to changes in your breasts, like lumps, changes in size or shape, persistent pain, tenderness, and skin texture. One should be mindful of changes in breast temperature as well, as heat could be indicative of some problems. To avoid risks, it’s better to do routine self-checks and seek medical help if you notice any unusual signs.

How do you differentiate between a normal breast and an abnormal one?

During puberty, girls typically experience natural breast growth and some women may feel like their breasts are getting heavier before, during, or after their menstrual period. These are normal. However, unusual discharges (bloody or greenish), the presence of breast lumps, tenderness, hot areas (with or without fever), and uneven nipple position or size (either up and down or the nipple turning inward or to the side) can indicate some abnormality within the breast tissues.

What are some of the common breast health issues?

Some women have breast abscesses. These are usually common in lactating mothers. Fibroadenoma are little lumps which are also called ‘breast mice’ and they are usually found in women aged 15 to 35. It’s important to take notice of these issues and consult a doctor. A retracted nipple, where your nipple dips into the areola and doesn’t stick out as it should, can be a cause for concern. Breast eczema may cause itchy and scaly areas around the nipple. Uneven breast size can be considered normal unless there are other signs and symptoms or it’s congenital. Ductal ectasia, causing discharge from some nipple ducts, is another issue you should be aware of. If you’re facing any of these problems, it’s very crucial to seek medical help as soon as possible.

What are the main risk factors for breast cancer?

It’s important to know if breast cancer runs in your family. If you haven’t had children, you should pay extra attention to your breast health as nulliparity comes with a higher breast cancer risk. If you have been exposed to radiation, whether for medical reasons or at work, that’s something to think about too. 

As we get older, the chances of breast cancer increases. Carrying heavy loads can also increase your risk. Drinking alcohol and smoking are also risk factors. The onset of menstruation before the early age of 12 or experiencing menopause after 55 can also impact breast cancer risk. It also depends on ethnicity, with white women at higher risk. 

Do the menstrual cycle and contraceptives affect breast health?

The menstrual cycle and the use of contraceptives impact a woman’s breasts in different ways. During menopause, the decline in estrogen and progesterone levels may affect breast tissue, while the reduction in breast density can result in abnormalities later. Throughout the menstrual cycle, hormonal fluctuations can alter breast tissue density and sensitivity, causing breast tenderness in some women. While modern contraceptives with low estrogen are safe and don’t increase the risk like some pills do, it’s important to consult a doctor before taking anything. Also, be careful with other hormone treatments and try to avoid radiation exposure. 

What can be done to prevent breast health issues?

To keep your breasts healthy and lower the chance of getting breast cancer, you can do a few things. First, make sure to go for regular check-ups, like mammograms, which are x-ray checks for breast health. Catching problems early can help fix them with minimal hassle. Also, check your breasts yourself each month and look for any changes. Eating good, nutritious food, not smoking or drinking too much alcohol, and staying active by exercising can also go a long way. 

How can we self-check for problems and what’s the right age to start regular mammogram screenings?

It’s a good idea for women in their reproductive years to check their breasts for any changes every month. For that, stand in front of a mirror and look at your breasts. Check if they look different in size, shape, or skin texture. Lift your arms and use your fingers to feel your breasts for lumps or anything unusual. You can start with mammograms after you turn 40, and I recommend the test every couple of years. 

Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal has completed one year in office. In this period, Dahal visited the key countries India, China and US, and also attended some multilateral platforms. In this context, ApEx  talked with Rupak Sapkota, prime minister’s foreign affairs advisor, about the Dahal’s accomplishments and foreign policy. 

How do you assess the situation of Nepal’s foreign policy under the leadership of Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal?

The foreign policy of Nepal, under the leadership of Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal, has been independent, balanced, and committed to non-alignment movement. The nation has successfully cultivated friendly and balanced relations with neighboring countries, development partners, and major powers. This has fostered an environment of mutual trust, conducive to international cooperation and economic collaboration.

Prime Minister Dahal conducted official visits to India and China, and also visited the US to attend the United Nations General Assembly. At the UN General Assembly, he highlighted Nepal's achievements in the peace process and underscored the adverse impacts of climate change faced by the country. Additionally, in his capacity as the President of the 47 Least Developed Countries (LDCs), the prime minister effectively advocated for the interests of LDCs on the international stage. 

Many see this government as pro-Indian and pro-Western, do you agree?

Early on, there were speculations regarding the foreign policy that Dahal might adopt. But Prime Minister Dahal proved them wrong, as he has already undertaken visits to various countries, including both neighboring nations and the United Nations. These visits have resulted in crucial agreements and understandings.

Notably, a historic agreement has been reached with India to export 10,000 MW of power within a 10-year timeframe. During the visit to China, long-term agreements of importance, particularly in the realm of connectivity, were reached. These include the operation of new trading points and an agreement on a power transmission line. The agreement to open the Korala border has recently been put into operation. The Covid-19 pandemic, natural calamities, etc. had affected Nepal's cooperation with China for some years, but after Prime Minister Dahal’s visit, the relationship between the two countries has gained a new momentum.

Furthermore, the prime minister’s participation in the United Nations General Assembly was noteworthy. UN Secretary-General Guterres also visited Nepal at the prime minister's invitation. During Guterres's four-day visit, Nepal’s key agendas were presented to the global audience. The discussions covered topics such as Nepal’s aspiration to graduate from least developed countries by 2026, the unique and original character of Nepal’s peace process, and the pressing issue of climate change.

But some critics say the prime minister failed to take up key issues with major powers, what is your take on it?

On the contrary, Prime Minister Dahal's tenure has seen notable achievements, thanks to his prudent and mature foreign policy leadership in the face of challenging global circumstances. 

The Covid-19 pandemic disrupted international relations for a considerable period, and ongoing conflicts like the Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Hamas wars, along with heightened global power competition, has added complexity. Against the backdrop of the Galwan Valley clash between China and India in 2020, regional tensions escalated which affected Nepal due to its geographical proximity with China and India. Major world powers sought to enlist Nepal into their strategic plans and alliances, creating a challenging and intricate situation. 

Despite these challenges, the current government has steadfastly pursued an independent, balanced, and non-aligned foreign policy. It has effectively communicated that Nepal aims to avoid entanglement in any geopolitical camp. This stance has laid the groundwork for Nepal’s future international relations, focusing on economic and political development aspirations.

Are you suggesting that Nepal has successfully resisted attempts by powerful nations to influence its alliances, and there are no such risks moving forward?

Not definitively. The nation faces a pressing need to chart its own course in the coming days. The evolving dynamics among major powers indicate a trend towards rivalry, disrupting the existing international security system. This can lead to challenges for Nepal. We should be able to steer clear of these challenges while steadfastly pursuing the chosen path of economic and political cooperation.

What are these challenges, could you please explain them ?

First, there is the heightened military competition and the potential for strategic conflicts. This is a growing concern globally, with superpowers engaging in a military showdown that raises alarms in countries, both large and small. Like Nepal, many countries in the southern hemisphere are hesitant to engage in the current geopolitical conflict and are more concerned about their own economic development. They want to avoid unnecessary entanglements between the eastern and western hemispheres, recognizing the potential negative impact on economic cooperation.

Upholding this policy is crucial to ensuring stability and avoiding distractions in the future. 

Second challenge is the emergence of new political polarization. Unlike the Cold War era, today's rivalry is characterized by ideological competition through trade and technology wars. This shift in political dynamics can lead to the creation of camps. 

And lastly, there is the shift of strategic interests towards economic and political cooperation. Nepal should strive to avoid being caught in such dynamics. The country has already conveyed its stance that it won't participate in such polarization.

After taking both neighbors into confidence, where will be the emphasis of the government in terms of foreign policy?

We must prioritize international cooperation for economic development. Determining the key agenda and effectively managing cooperation are imperative aspects of reshaping our foreign policy and international relations. For a long time, Nepal has championed economic diplomacy as its central approach for development. However, the current global scenario reveals a shift towards military engagements among international powers. This shift has prompted countries, irrespective of size, to escalate military spending. This may affect the dynamics of financial grants and aid that Nepal has historically received. Despite this evolving landscape, Nepal will stick to economic diplomacy. But the pillars of 'economic diplomacy' which we are adopting should be refined and made more comprehensive. So far we have promoted foreign aid, trade, investment, tourism and labor as important pillars of economic diplomacy. Now, the government is broadening the scope of ‘economic diplomacy’ by incorporating ‘climate diplomacy.

A prominent folk singer, Roshni Rasaili is a familiar figure in the Nepali music scene.  recognized as a prominent folk singer. Beyond her vocal prowess, Roshni excels in lyric writing and rhythm creation. Her musical repertoire extends beyond folk, encompassing various genres, which highlights her versatility. Roshni has played a vital role in preserving and promoting Nepali folk songs and music. With over three dozen albums to her credit, she has made a substantial impact on the musical landscape. In a recent interview with Ashmita Chhetri, Roshni shared insights into her musical journey. Here are some excerpts:

What is your perspective on life?

The understanding of life becomes more intricate as one delves deeper. Life's definition varies based on individual experiences. For a poet, life may be poetry, for politicians, it can be politics, and for me, being a singer and artist, life encompasses the activities, reactions, rituals, and cultural aspects that people encounter from birth to death. Music, in my view, encapsulates life itself.

How do you define music?

Music and life traverse similar paths. The only difference is that music serves as a condensed representation of life, society, country, and situations through the lens of the mind and technology. Life, as often said, is a stage, and we are the actors on this earthly stage. Music is not just entertainment; it is the lifeblood of human existence.

From an artist's standpoint, how do you perceive music?

Music takes on countless forms that we can incorporate into our lives as needed. Touching songs emerge from the convergence of words, while melodious music flows from the fusion of seven tunes and sargams. The perspective varies based on individual principles.

How does music impact the human body?

Research indicates that music possesses healing properties and enhances the well-being of individuals. It stimulates deep sensations and emotions, maintaining hormonal balance and benefiting the mind. Music, when played at a low volume during meditation and yoga, enhances concentration and brings peace to the mind. Continuous immersion in music contributes to mental well-being.

What is the connection between music and people?

The bond between music and people is very strong and has existed since the inception of sound. Whether in times of pain or happiness, individuals seek solace in music. Music helps in balancing emotions, alleviating depression, and enhancing mood. Music has also been used as a therapy. In Nepali society, songs and music are deeply intertwined with rituals and festivals, evolving and being passed down through generations. Various music genres have established a significant presence in the Nepali music industry. What was once primarily dominated by radio, CDs, and VCDs has now shifted to a dominance of videos. There's a growing preference among people for visual experiences. This marks a notable transition in the industry.

How did you embark on your musical journey?

I was born in Indreni, Baglung Municipality-10, in Baglung district. Music has been both a hobby and a chosen field since my childhood. I found joy in humming and actively participated in various events such as weddings and festivals in my village. I consistently secured the top position in weekly extracurricular activities at school, particularly in cultural programs. My proficiency as a singer earned me numerous awards at the school, inter-school, regional, district, and zonal levels. In 2007, after successfully completing the SLC examination, I embarked on a journey to Kathmandu with a golden dream of forging a future in music while continuing my studies. I enrolled at Ratna Rajya Laxmi Campus where I delved into the study of music. This marked the formal initiation of my journey into the field.

How many albums have you released to date?

I have released over three dozen albums. 'Mutu Bijhaune,' 'Murchha Pari Chheumai Dhalda Ni,' 'Saai Ch Umer' (Teej song), 'Facebookma' (Teej song), 'Selfie Kichhinkeen' (Teej song), 'Tettis Kilo Sun,' 'Garchu Love,' and 'Maitighar’ are some of my popular albums.

How has your career been recognized in society?

I have earned considerable respect and recognition in various capacities. I am an honorary member in prominent organizations such as the Nepal Music Industry Association and the National Folk Cultural Association, and a lifetime member of the National Folk and Dohori Song Foundation. Additionally, I am an active member of the Presenters Society and the Dhaulagiri Cultural Committee. In acknowledgment of my contributions, I have been honored with several awards, including the '8th Chhayachhavi Teej Music Award-2021,' 'Star Music and Film Award-2021,' 'Jyoti Films Music Award-2021,' 'South Asian Business Excellence Award-2021 (Colombo, Sri Lanka),' 'National Creative Citizen Award-2072,' and 'Spiny Babbler Sangeetkarmi Samman-2023.' Furthermore, I have shouldered the responsibility of serving as a judge for the Genius Music Award in 2021.