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As we age, our brain function declines. This is one of the reasons why old people aren’t as sharp as young ones. But it’s not something that is inevitable. With the right approach, you can train your brain to function at its best throughout your life. Your brain has the capacity to learn and grow even as you age, but you have to take care of it. Studies have shown that those who keep learning new skills or taking up challenging tasks have better cognition and don’t suffer from memory lapses as they age. But the earlier you start, the better. Here are some things you can consider if you want to boost memory, focus, and concentration.

Build your vocabulary

A good vocabulary is always a plus point. You will appear smarter and be more confident. But it also has another benefit that you don’t want to miss out on. Learning new words can be a stimulating brain game. Research shows that main areas of the brain are involved in tasks that involve vocabulary, particularly those that are important for visual and auditory processing. To start with, learn a new word or two every day and try to use those words in your conversations for the next few days. You can also make a list of words as you learn them—maintain a separate document or notebook for it—and come back to it to quiz yourself as your vocabulary expands.

Solve the Rubik’s cube 

Most of us have this fun thing at home but not all of us can actually solve it. Learning to solve the Rubik’s cube can be highly stimulating and it’s a skill that will make you feel smarter while working your brain muscles. There are many YouTube tutorials that can teach you how to try and solve the cube but each is different and you will really have to work your brain muscles. It will take time for you to learn this skill and you will also need to practice it to master it. The good thing is you can carry a Rubilk’s cube with you and practice whenever you have some time. Once you know how to solve it, you can challenge yourself to finish it within five minutes or less.

Do a jigsaw puzzle

Jigsaw puzzles are fun. It’s also a great way to exercise your brain muscles. These days, you not only get a 100 piece puzzle like you used to earlier but there are many 500 or a 1000 piece puzzles in the market as well so there is really no limit to just how intensive and immersive doing a jigsaw can be. Looking at different pieces and trying to figure out where they fit in the larger picture recruits multiple cognitive abilities. It can also be a meditative practice, calming and nurturing your brain. This is also a fun activity to do with family or friends. We suggest you start with a simple one consisting of 100 or less pieces and then try more complex ones. You can also create your own puzzles by printing a photo or picture you really like and cutting that into little pieces.

Learn a new language

Multiple studies have shown the overwhelming benefits of being able to speak in two or more languages. It’s believed to delay the onset of age related mental decline while also improving memory, creativity, and visual-spatial skills. Learning and using multiple languages in your day to day life is shown to be good for your cognitive reserve, which is your brain’s ability to compensate for damage caused by injury or diseases. It also strengthens neural connections, thus facilitating learning and information retention. If you don’t want to join a physical class, there are many online courses available as well. Alternatively, language learning apps or YouTube tutorials can be great tools if you are undecided about which language to learn.

Listen to or play music

Studies have shown that music has powerful effects on the brain. From stress reduction to sleep quality improvement, music has far reaching impacts. Music can improve memory and concentration by stimulating brain areas involved in learning and information recall. Music is structural and mathematical with one note connecting to the next. You might not be aware of it but your brain actually does a lot of work to make sense of it. Experts suggest listening to different kinds of music to reap its myriad benefits. Often, we listen to the same kind of music as we did when we were in our teens but unfamiliar music forces our brain to restructure itself.

Do things differently

We are creatures of habit and our days follow more or less the same pattern. While routine and discipline are essential for a good life, doing the same thing over and over again can limit mental growth. Try tweaking things up by changing your morning routine, taking a different route to work, or changing the kind of content you watch on the internet. If you are used to doing a certain thing in a particular way, see if you can do it some other way. The idea is not to be stuck in a rut. Your brain will benefit from simple changes and experts say that you will be surprised by how change can promote critical and creative thinking as well. 

The International Day of Education, celebrated on January 24, is a day dedicated to recognizing the fundamental role education plays in empowering individuals, transforming societies, and driving sustainable change across the globe. As we mark this important occasion, it’s essential to reflect on the challenges and opportunities that exist within education systems worldwide. ApEx spoke to three educators to explore the multifaceted role education plays in shaping our future and to discuss how we can collectively work towards a more inclusive and accessible education system.

Asif Maharjan, 18

Grade six tutor

The internet and AI have made research and access to information far easier than ever before. Despite the advancements, the education sector faces numerous challenges. Children are heavily dependent on the internet, mobile devices, and AI which have noticeably impacted their creativity. I’ve observed that students often depend on teachers even for simple solutions. To change that, I think it’s a good idea to introduce enjoyable activities alongside academics so that students can develop a love for learning while also acquiring new skills. To enhance critical thinking, students must participate in creative and problem-solving activities that stimulate both their curiosity and their ability to think independently. This approach will help students develop a well-rounded perspective on the world.

Anuska Lama, 23

Primary school teacher

Education today transcends mere knowledge acquisition, focusing on critical thinking, creativity, and holistic development. Many institutions embrace the 4H approach: Head (knowledge), Heart (behavior), Hand (skills), and Health (physical and mental well-being). This approach fosters inclusivity, digital proficiency, and adaptability in diverse environments. In Nepal, limited resources, undertrained teachers, language barriers, and political interference hinder progress, especially in rural areas. To address these, I think we must focus on creating safe and inclusive learning spaces. Diverse teaching materials, group activities, and tailored feedback help students thrive academically and socially. Promoting grit involves setting achievable goals, fostering a growth mindset, and celebrating progress. 

Rajan Phelu, 37

College teacher

Knowledge is no longer restricted to traditional classrooms with the growth of the internet and digital platforms. People are using virtual classrooms, online learning platforms, and educational apps particularly since the COVID-19 pandemic. Access to high-quality education is still unequal worldwide, despite the fact that digital platforms are making education more widely available. There are significant obstacles for many marginalized groups, low-income families, people living in rural areas, and children with disabilities. Inclusive education is key to addressing diverse learning needs. Varied instructional methods, such as project-based assessments, group discussions, and practical exercises, ensure meaningful participation for all students. Teachers can foster engagement by integrating real-world problem-solving, design thinking, and student-led learning.

Neo-fascism, a modern revival of authoritarian ideologies characterized by nationalism, anti-liberalism, and the erosion of democratic norms, is increasingly shaping global politics. Once associated with the authoritarian regimes of the early 20th century, such as Benito Mussolini’s Italy, neo-fascism is now emerging in various parts of the world, including Nepal. Despite its democratic framework, Nepal is witnessing the rise of neo-fascist elements within its political parties and leaders, threatening core democratic principles and minority rights.

While South Asia has had limited direct exposure to European fascism, authoritarianism, nationalism, and militarism have manifested regionally in troubling ways. Countries like India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Nepal exhibit patterns resembling neo-fascism, challenging democratic norms and inclusivity. In Nepal, both old and emerging political parties and their leaders are adopting tactics and ideologies reminiscent of fascism, undermining the nation's democratic ethos.

Nepal, with its fragile democracy and history of political instability, provides fertile ground for the rise of neo-fascist tendencies. Political parties—both traditional and new—have displayed authoritarian traits, employed exclusive nationalist rhetoric, and sought to centralize power at the expense of democratic institutions and minority rights.

A remnant of the bygone royal regime, Rastriya Prajatantra Party (RPP) embodies a yearning for monarchical centralization. The RPP often calls for the restoration of a Hindu state, promoting exclusionary nationalism that marginalizes Nepal’s religious and cultural diversity. Its leaders glorify the monarchy as a symbol of unity and stability, reminiscent of fascist ideals of a strong, centralized authority. The party’s resistance to federalism and advocacy for a unitary state align with neo-fascist tendencies of eroding regional autonomy.

The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre), under the leadership of Pushpa Kamal Dahal (Prachanda), has also exhibited authoritarian characteristics. During the decade-long insurgency, the Maoists relied on militarization and the glorification of Prachanda’s leadership, fostering a cult of personality that echoes Mussolini’s tactics. Even in the post-insurgency period, the party’s hierarchical structure and intolerance for dissent within its ranks reveal authoritarian tendencies. The party's leaders have used populist rhetoric to consolidate power while sidelining opposition voices, undermining democratic discourse.

In recent years, concerns have grown over the influence of neo-fascism within Madhes-based political parties in Nepal. These parties, which represent the Madhesi community, have historically advocated for marginalized groups’ rights and greater autonomy. However, some factions are increasingly adopting ultra- regionalist, authoritarian ideologies, characterized by aggressive regionalism, ethnic superiority, and exclusionary politics. This shift threatens the inclusive federalism enshrined in Nepal's constitution, raising fears about undermining democratic values and political pluralism. As these parties navigate their identity and power, it is crucial for Nepal to ensure that democratic principles and federalism are upheld amidst rising nationalist pressures.

Emerging political figures like Rabi Lamichhane and his Rastriya Swatantra Party (RSP) have capitalized on populist and nationalist sentiments. Lamichhane’s rhetoric often targets foreign influence, invoking fears of national sovereignty being undermined. While this approach garners public support, it risks fostering xenophobia and scapegoating minorities, particularly the Madhesi and indigenous communities. This exclusive nationalism, combined with Lamichhane’s attempts to position himself as a strong leader, reflects neo-fascist tendencies.

Even mainstream parties like the Nepali Congress (NC) and the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) are not exempt from neo-fascist tendencies. Leaders like KP Sharma Oli of the UML have frequently used divisive nationalism to strengthen their hold on power. During his multiple terms as prime minister, Oli oversaw a growing centralization of authority, efforts to undermine parliamentary processes, and the sidelining of provincial governments. His frequent use of national security threats to justify his policies echoes neo-fascist tactics of consolidating power through fear and division.

Neo-fascism in Nepal often manifests in exclusive nationalist rhetoric that sidelines ethnic, linguistic, and religious minorities. Political parties frame federalism and decentralization as threats to national unity, undermining the representation and autonomy of Madhesi, Dalit, and indigenous communities. The opposition to inclusive policies fosters a narrow vision of national identity, eroding Nepal’s rich multicultural heritage.

The suppression of dissent is another hallmark of fascism evident in Nepal. Successive governments have restricted media freedom, targeted journalists and activists, and leveraged cyber laws to curb online expression. These actions echo tactics used by neo-fascist regimes globally to silence opposition and control public discourse. The increased surveillance of civil society groups and restrictions on peaceful protests further signal a drift toward authoritarianism.

Nepal’s political leaders frequently invoke national security concerns to justify expanding military and police powers. For example, the government’s decision to militarize border areas under the pretext of protecting sovereignty has been criticized as overreach. Similarly, the increased reliance on security forces to manage civil unrest fosters a climate of fear and normalizes authoritarian measures.

Social media has become a powerful tool for spreading nationalist rhetoric and neo-fascist ideologies in Nepal. The widespread use and abuse of platforms have fueled the rise of figures like Kathmandu Mayor Balendra Saha and RSP leader Lamichhane. Political leaders and parties leverage platforms such as Facebook and Twitter to amplify ultra-nationalist messages, frequently targeting minorities and critics. The swift spread of misinformation and polarizing content divides society, providing fertile ground for neo-fascist ideas to flourish.

The rise of neo-fascism in Nepal threatens its democratic framework, inclusivity, and civil liberties. Continued erosion of democratic institutions, suppression of dissent, and centralization of power could undermine Nepal’s progress toward becoming a stable, pluralistic society.

Moreover, Nepal’s geopolitical position between India and China makes rising nationalism particularly risky. Anti-foreign rhetoric could strain diplomatic relations, disrupt trade, and hinder regional cooperation.

As Bertrand Russell warned, fascism thrives in times of unrest, using propaganda and nationalism to scapegoat minorities and consolidate power. Nepal’s path forward requires vigilance, an informed citizenry, and a robust civil society. Political parties must commit to democratic norms, promote inclusivity, and resist the temptation to exploit nationalist sentiments for short-term gains.

Strengthening democratic institutions, ensuring media freedom, and fostering interethnic dialogue are critical to countering neo-fascist tendencies. Nepal must safeguard its democratic achievements and uphold the values of pluralism, equity, and justice for all its people.

The legal system incorporates a variety of judicial and quasi-judicial bodies designed to alleviate the burden on courts and provide specialized expertise. Despite the availability of alternative remedies, there is a growing tendency to bypass these channels and directly file writ petitions. This article emphasizes the extraordinary powers of the judiciary, particularly the Supreme Court, to intervene in matters of public interest or constitutional questions when necessary. However, the misuse of this power for trivial matters threatens the efficiency and credibility of the legal system. The written petition to make the work done by the ruler of the state by the law also takes action both in the form of scriptures and weapons. But for some time now, writ petitions have been filed only for the sake of intellectual luxury and cheap popularity. Again and again, various newspapers have raised questions about the writ petition and the petitioner as a dummy writ petitioner. Increasing writ petitions in court is not a problem, but filing a writ petition for personal gain without using alternative remedies is also unfair to other parties.

Definition of writ

Article 133, Article 144 and Article 151 of the Constitution of Nepal provisions have been made regarding the rejection of writ petitions. The rights provided in these articles of the Constitution of Nepal are not limited rights. If the ruler and anybody governed by the ruler commits an illegal act, these articles are used to keep that act as it is, to cancel such an act and for other purposes as well. If there is no provision for remedy for the fundamental rights provided by the constitution or if there is provision, such remedy is found to be insufficient or ineffective, if there is any dispute of public rights or concern for the enforcement of such legal right, or if there is any dispute of public right or concern, or if there is any necessary order for the determination of legal or constitutional question, providing appropriate remedy, Courts, especially the Supreme Court, have the extraordinary right to exercise such rights or settle disputes. Such extraordinary jurisdiction of the court is writ.

Alternative treatment without experiment

Several judicial and quasi-judicial bodies have been created to provide subject expertise and reduce the increasing burden on the courts and for many other reasons. It has also been mentioned in several judgments of the Supreme Court that writs should not be used until alternative remedies are available. In this way, the trend of trying to register a writ in the Supreme Court is increasing day by day, while the judgments of the respected Supreme Court are not taken into consideration. Although there is a hearing in the Administrative Court regarding several disputes of employees working in the civil service of Nepal Government, Nepal Federal Parliament Service, or public institutions, writs are filed regardless of the jurisdiction. Similarly, the Companies Act, 2063 provides that the registrar will hear the proceedings of the company registrar’s office. Although the law provides that a complaint can be filed before the registrar at the company registrar’s office, a writ is filed against the order made by the company registrar’s office without submitting an application to the registrar. The remedy is sought through the process of writ even on tax assessments made by other tax assessment agencies including the Customs Office. Writ remedy is sought on the subject of assessment of tax for the purpose of remedy without going to the Revenue Tribunal.

Difficulty of lawyers to file a writ

Not only common people but also law professionals, the tendency of filing writs to show themselves as famous and intellectual in front of the world is increasing day by day. Studying the number of writs filed in the Supreme Court on the last date, which is respected only by legal professionals, it seems that there is a group of legal professionals who are ready 24 hours a day to file a writ in the Supreme Court. Numerous wits have been filed by legal professionals on the same issue. Once the writ is registered, if an interim order is demanded in the writ, the court spends a lot of time on the writ, discussing it, informing the opponent, listening to the arguments of parties and opposition, etc. Even though the hearing of the petitions filed concerning legitimate demands and enforcement of rights takes years, that period cannot be considered as a waste of court time. But the hearing of writ petitions filed only for the sake of intellectual luxury and cheap popularity has caused injustice to the parties in other cases as well. Similarly, Legitimate cases deserving timely resolution are inevitably pushed to the back burner.

Personal recognition vs prolonged proceeding 

Legal processes frequently extend over extended periods, and when a case reaches its resolution, the urgency of the presently raised matter may have diminished. Societal perspectives and priorities can change, resulting in a reduced focus on the concerns initially raised in the writ. Public attention may shift towards new challenges, overshadowing the urgency of previous issues. Delays within the legal system, whether caused by backlog or procedural complexities, can diminish the core impact of the writ, making the relief less effective than if it had been promptly delivered. Additionally, the emergence of new issues tends to be overshadowed by persistent old ones, creating a loop where unresolved past issues overlap with present concerns. As proceedings unfold for these lingering issues, their significance often dwindles, perpetuating a cycle where the essence of each issue fades over time. This ongoing loop contributes to the accumulation of caseloads in the Supreme Court as people prefer to file in the Supreme Court instead of the other possible administrative court.

The role of legal practitioners and responsible advocacy 

The article emphasizes the importance of judicial discretion in addressing writ petitions, emphasizing the need for critical evaluation of each case’s merits and the use of court time. Judicial intervention should be reserved for matters of genuine public interest or constitutional significance, not for cases driven by personal motives. Establishing a code of ethics and guidelines for responsible advocacy can help curb the misuse of writs and maintain the sanctity of the legal profession.

The article recognizes the intellectual allure of engaging with the writ system but cautions against its misuse. Intellectual freedom should be balanced with a sense of responsibility. Legal professionals are urged to consider the broader implications of their actions and prioritize the pursuit of justice over personal recognition

Finally, writ itself is a beautiful subject. Just because the number of writs increases in the court, it cannot be considered as a misuse. Its wrong use has made it ugly. “Though our inclination often leans towards paths bathed in limelight, wisdom reminds us that brilliance isn’t solely defined by the spotlight.” So, to prevent the misuse of writs, legal practitioners and court administration should play an important role and shall prevent filing the writ for the sake of intellectual luxury.