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Nepal has once again plunged into a major crisis after the violent Gen Z uprising that led to the collapse of the KP Sharma Oli government. 

To address the demands of protestors, a civilian government led by former Chief Justice Sushila Karki has been formed. Although the constitution does not provide for appointing a prime minister outside the legislature, President Ram Chandra Poudel invoked his inherent authority as the protector of the constitution, citing the abnormal and complex political situation that followed the protests of Sept 8 and 9.

Prime Minister Karki has set March 5 next year as the date for national elections. However, top leaders of the major parties—Nepali Congress, CPN-UML, and CPN (Maoist Center)—are still under the protection of the Nepal Army and have yet to issue official statements on the polls.

The parties have opposed the government’s decision to dissolve Parliament without first ensuring conditions for free, fair, and credible elections. Their initial reactions prompted President Poudel to issue a statement on Sept 13 urging the parties to calm public anger and prepare for elections. He has been credited with finding a constitutional solution while averting attempts to dismantle the republic and revive either monarchy or military rule.

For the parties, the only real option is to participate in the March 5 elections. Failure to do so would push the country into further instability, as the interim government will lose its legitimacy after six months. Some parties may push instead for restoring Parliament and forming a new government from within it to oversee elections.

Concerns also loom over whether the Supreme Court may invalidate Karki’s appointment and the dissolution of Parliament. The constitutional foundation of the current government is weak, and precedent is mixed: in 2020 and 2021, the court restored Parliament after Oli’s dissolutions, ruling that it could not be dissolved before completing its full term. Yet, some argue that the Court might uphold Karki’s appointment under the principle of necessity and in light of the President’s intervention during a volatile crisis.

Even if the court allows it, the larger challenge is whether the interim government can create an environment for free and fair elections. It has announced the formation of a high-level judicial commission to investigate killings, destruction of property, and human rights violations during the protests.

Meanwhile, the security situation remains precarious. After widespread vandalism and looting of police posts, security forces are under severe strain. Leaders and cadres of mainstream parties continue to face direct and indirect threats. Without a proper investigation into the violence, parties may refuse to contest elections. The Ministry of Home Affairs faces the enormous task of providing shelter and logistics for police, who have long operated without adequate arms or ammunition, leaving them ill-equipped to maintain order.

This weakness was exposed during the recent protests and earlier in the May 15 demonstrations organized by royalist groups. The police, lacking arms due to a decade-long procurement freeze and recent destruction of their stock, were unable to respond effectively. While the 2017 and 2022 elections were largely peaceful, the risk of election violence now looms high, making it imperative to prepare security forces adequately.

Despite these challenges, political parties have signaled willingness to join elections if the government ensures security. Speaking in Kathmandu, CPN-UML General Secretary Shankar Pokhrel said the Karki-led government must move decisively toward holding elections and guaranteeing safety. However, the UML has not yet held an official meeting to finalize its position.

Within Nepali Congress, several leaders have warned that a prolonged legislative vacuum would deepen the crisis, urging participation in elections. Senior Maoist leaders too have indicated support for the government’s efforts.

Still, it may be premature to draw conclusions. Top leaders remain absent from the political stage. NC President Sher Bahadur Deuba and his spouse Arzu Rana Deuba, both severely injured during the protests, are still hospitalized. With many party offices and leaders’ residences burned down, it may take weeks before the major parties formally declare their stance.

Nepali Congress General Secretary Gagan Thapa has emphasized that holding free and fair elections and protecting the constitution are the party’s central priorities. “The government has pledged to conduct elections within six months, and Nepali Congress, as a responsible party, should support this effort,” Thapa said. “Our priority must be to bring the constitution and democracy back on track through free and fair elections.”

The environment is what surrounds us. Women, with their deeper aesthetic sense, often perceive and value its beauty in ways that shape culture and tradition. Aesthetics, the philosophy of beauty and the arts of life, is closely tied to how we view and experience the environment. Environmental aesthetics, then, refers to the study of the beauty of the natural world. From ancient times, humanity has been a lover of beauty, and the secret of beauty lies in nature—the storehouse of eternal charm.

Women are the true custodians of cultural, artistic, and archaeological heritage. They play an important role in protecting the environment, serving as a constant source of strength, energy, and inspiration. In Nepal, a land blessed with mighty mountains and milky rivers—including Sagarmatha, the world’s highest peak—the natural environment has always been central to life and culture. As Kalidasa wrote in his monumental work Raghuvamsha, rivers are like mothers and mountains like fathers. Civilizations have long flourished on riverbanks, and the confluence of rivers—sangam—is considered deeply sacred. In India, Prayagraj holds this status, while in Nepal, Devghat is revered. The Bagmati is not merely a river, but a cradle of civilization, just as the Ganges embodies centuries of cultural heritage.

Water means life, symbolizing not only physical sustenance but also spiritual cleansing. Riverbanks have always been sacred spaces for men and women alike. In Nepal, married women observe the annual Swasthani ritual by fasting for twenty-four hours without a drop of water, praying for their husbands’ long lives. This ritual, performed on the banks of the Salinī River near Kathmandu, is deeply spiritual—but the river itself is polluted, posing serious health risks. Women with weakened immunity during fasting often suffer from waterborne diseases, a reminder that the environment must remain clean and pure.

Similarly, Maithil women celebrate the great folk festival Chhath by fasting for over thirty-six hours. Water is essential to this festival, yet most rivers, rivulets, and ponds used for the rituals are highly polluted. The health risks are immense. Still, Maithil women demonstrate remarkable environmental consciousness: they sanctify and purify the riverbanks, create beautiful aripan folk art, and burn sandalwood and incense to purify the surroundings. Religious devotion and environmental care are deeply intertwined in their practices. This cultural heritage reflects a duty to hand over a clean, healthy environment to future generations.

Tree worship, too, is integral to Nepali culture. Women venerate banyan trees on Batsavitri, and mango and mahua trees during marriage ceremonies—a tradition of tree cults that has endured for centuries. The message is clear: protecting green trees is essential for a pollution-free environment. Yet today, deforestation threatens Nepal’s once-famous forests. The old slogan, “Green forests are Nepal’s wealth,” feels like a memory, as brutal tree-cutting continues. One poet pleaded:

“O woodcutter,

Do not cut me.

I will give you shade,

I will give you shadow.”

This intertwining of nature and spirituality can be seen in Lumbini, the birthplace of the Buddha, once a lush grove described as an earthly paradise. Yet archaeologists—both Nepali and foreign—have focused only on material remains, ignoring the study of ancient landscapes. The same neglect applies to sacred gardens in Janakpur, such as Manimandap and Tirhutiya Gachhi, and in Siraha, where the historic Salhes garden (Raja Phoolbari) flourishes with medicinal plants and trees. Local myths speak of miraculous flowers and divine apparitions, yet these sites remain unexplored, under threat from encroachment, and absent from tourism initiatives. Remarkably, in Salhes garden, a single woman priest continues to safeguard the ecological environment—an extraordinary tradition linking women directly to nature.

UNESCO’s role in environmental protection has also been noteworthy. Its work in Chitwan and Sagarmatha National Parks has set important examples, combining heritage conservation with biodiversity protection. By involving indigenous communities, UNESCO has fostered connections between heritage tourism, sustainability, and conservation. It also supports government policy-making and encourages dialogue on future challenges such as climate change, sustainable tourism, and digital transformation.

In what has emerged as a dramatic turn of events in Nepal’s evolving political crisis, a group of youths staged a protest outside the Prime Minister’s official residence in Baluwatar at midnight, demanding resignation of newly appointed Prime Minister Sushila Karki.

Karki was appointed as the first female Prime Minister of Nepal on April 12 upon the recommendation of the Sudhan Gurung-led ‘Hami Nepal’ group.

They staged the protest after the news came out that Prime Minister Karki appointed former Managing Director of Nepal Electricity Authority Kulman Ghising as Minister for Energy, Rameshwor Khanal as Minister for Finance, and Om Prakash Aryal as Minister for Home Affairs without consulting the youth leaders who led the anti-corruption protests that toppled the KP Sharma Oli-led government.

Aryal is the legal advisor of the Kathmandu Metropolitan City Mayor, Balen Shah. He had played the role of facilitator during the Gen Z protests.

During the protest, also attended by family members of those who lost their lives during the protests, chanted various slogans like "Prime Minister should resign," and "Justice for the victims’ family," among others.

Gurung said, “People are powerful. No one can stop us. If we have the power to choose leaders, we also have the power to take them down,” adding “While I was managing bodies, Om Prakash Aryal was hatching a conspiracy to become the minister,” Gurung said.

The ministers participating in the Karki-led interim government will take the oath of office and secrecy on Monday.

The President Office informed that newly appointed ministers will be administered the oath of office and secrecy at 11 am today.

Former Chief Justice Karki was appointed as the Prime Minister of Nepal’s interim government after days of anti-corruption protests that claimed lives of 72 people and forced Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli to resign and flee his official residence in Baluwatar.  With this appointment, she has made history by becoming the first female Prime Minister of the Himalayan nation.

According to Chief Secretary Ek Narayan Aryal, 59 protestors, 10 prisoners, and three security personnel were killed during the protests.

He said that 133 protesters and 57 security personnel, who were injured in the protests, are undergoing treatment at various hospitals.

He said that Prime Minister Karki has decided to provide free treatment to the injured, declare those who died in the protests as martyrs, and provide them with Rs 1 million each.

In accordance with Article 61 (4) of the Constitution, President Ram Chandra Paudel appointed Karki as the head of the interim government in consultation with the Nepal Army Chief and representatives of Gen Z who spearheaded the protests.

Known as Nepal’s first woman Chief Justice, Sushila Karki is admired for her clarity of thought, firm stance, and integrity during her tenure in the judiciary.

Karki served as the Chief Justice of Nepal from July 11, 2016, to June 6, 2017.

In April 2017, some lawmakers had attempted to impeach Karki accusing her of breaching the Constitution and failing to bear her duties, but the effort failed.

Former Chief Justice Sushila Karki has officially assumed the role of Prime Minister of Nepal's interim government, with a constitutional mandate to conduct national elections within six months and hand over power to elected representatives. Appointed by President Ram Chandra Poudel on September 12, Karki’s first major move has been to dissolve the Parliament elected in 2022, which was originally scheduled to complete its term in 2027. This decision was made despite President Poudel’s advice against dissolution and strong suggestions from political leaders and constitutional experts to explore alternatives within the existing parliamentary framework.

Karki has announced the national elections will be held on March 5 next year, marking a critical step toward restoring political order in a country reeling from widespread protests. Her success, however, will depend largely on her ability to ensure free, fair, and inclusive elections where all political parties and forces can participate. To that end, Karki is currently working on forming a new interim cabinet and is expected to consult with both traditional and emerging political groups, regardless of whether they choose to join her cabinet.

Observers suggest she could draw valuable lessons from Khil Raj Regmi’s successful tenure as head of the interim government in 2013, which led to the peaceful completion of the second Constituent Assembly elections. Many of these parties, responding to the youth-led "Zen-Z" protests, have pledged not to seek power in the upcoming elections, offering Karki a potential window to work independently while maintaining political consultation.

The new PM inherits a fragile security situation. Hundreds of prisoner have escaped prison, many have seized police weapons, and public confidence in law enforcement is at an all-time low. Several police stations and government offices were torched during recent violent demonstrations. Boosting the morale of the police force and restoring public security are among Karki’s immediate priorities. She is expected to announce the formation of an independent investigative panel to probe killings, arson, and other violent crimes committed during the unrest. Human rights organizations and civil society leaders are calling for accountability from both sides — state security forces and protestors. Without justice and closure on these violations, experts warn, truly democratic elections cannot take place. Impunity is a biggest threat to democracy and without addressing this issue, there cannot be a peaceful election. 

Karki has committed to fulfilling the core demands of the protestors — chiefly, eliminating corruption, ensuring good governance, and creating economic equality. Upon assuming office, she declared: “My priority is to end corruption, maintain good governance, and ensure economic equality.” As a former Chief Justice, Karki is widely expected to uphold the independence of judiciary and constitutional bodies. However, questions are already being raised about the constitutionality of her appointment, which is expected to face scrutiny in the Supreme Court.  Many constitutional bodies remain vacant, and with no functioning parliamentary committees, filling key posts — including in the Election Commission — will be one of her earliest tests.

Karki’s administration will also need to manage relationships with major international players such as India, China, the United States, the European Union, Japan, and South Korea. While these countries have pledged support for Nepal’s democratic transition, much will depend on how her government engages with them diplomatically. In her first address to the media, Karki described the situation as a "national tragedy" and blamed recent violence on what she believes was a "planned conspiracy."

“The 27-hour protest caused unimaginable destruction. Fires at Singha Durbar, the Parliament building, the Supreme Court, and other public offices have erased crucial state records. This is a shame,” she said. She emphasized that she accepted the position not out of personal ambition but as a response to the people’s call. “I did not come to power by choice. I was asked by the people to take responsibility. I will not remain in office beyond six months. I promise to hand over the country to an elected government.” 

People are closely observing Karki’s initial days in office. Her success will depend on how effectively she adopts an inclusive approach and ensures a level playing field for all political forces.