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Nepal ranks among the top countries prone to natural disasters. As it sits right above the tectonic plates, occurrence of frequent earthquakes is not unusual. In times of disasters, the main priority is to conduct search and rescue operations to save lives and to provide relief. Those who reach the scenes to rescue people and provide first aid are the first responders. Who should they be? Security forces, community people, humanitarian organizations, volunteers?

There is always a debate about whether or not to reduce the size of the Nepal Army, who usually are amongst the first responders. While some argue that Nepal does not face active war so the size could be reduced for economic reasons, others say they are needed so that they can be deployed in times of emergencies. Friday night's earthquake sent a fresh alert that Nepal has reasons to strengthen its disaster risk reduction efforts.

Humanitarian organizations, most commonly known as I/NGOs, are often seen as dollar-making agencies but in times of crises, they are among the first ones to provide temporary shelter arrangements, items required to manage daily life and food items. They are able to do so as they keep stock of these items to be used in times of disaster. Yet, the perception of them is limited to the understanding of organizations that provide 'software' programs such as awareness on hand-washing, which in itself is a huge need nevertheless, and some people realized the importance during Covid-19.

When the 2015 earthquake hit Nepal, people finally realized that certain organizations that had been raising awareness on what to do in an event of earthquake were not irrelevant and that they were crucial in times of disasters. In one of my field trips to Tatopani of Sindhupalchowk, which was among the worst affected districts by the mega earthquake, I met an elderly single woman whose house was on a steep hill top, far from other houses. She told me that she received relief first distributed by humanitarian organizations. It was a hard-to-reach hill and the woman's house was the sole house on the top. For me, it was an actual example of a catch line used by development organizations—leaving no one behind!

I also recall the safe bathing spaces built specially for women to avoid being harassed or shamed. There were special packages for women too, called the dignity kits consisting of pads and other items required for menstruating women. One can imagine an aftermath of the disaster where people are living in a temporary shelter having such items can provide relief. I also saw how inflatable water storages provided easy access to water in hilly areas.

However, these organizations are expected by the government to mostly provide hardware support such as building  roads and other structures. Raising awareness, sensitizing people, or empowering people do not seem to be convincing to them. People who lose family members and houses might as well lose means of income. Those people need support to help them reach their pre-disaster economic levels. Thus knowledge on financial literacy, challenging gender norms and stereotypes, raising voice for oneself, diversification of livelihoods are vital.

I firmly believe that in a country like Nepal that still faces multiple challenges and vulnerabilities related to natural disasters, climate change, poverty, gender-based violence, superstitions, and inequalities, the presence of humanitarian and development agencies should be appreciated. Additionally, these organizations provide jobs to Nepali and pay tax to the government and contribute to the economy. 

Thousands of people rendered homeless after Friday’s earthquake are facing a shortage of food, tents and medicine. Though government ministers are pouring in the affected areas and the government is talking about providing essentials to the people, the situation on the ground is different.

Daily essentials are yet to reach several places and people including children are living under the open sky in the absence of tents. According to Suresh BK, a resident of Chiuritol, 13 people lost their lives in the village while several others were injured in the earthquake. At least 56 houses in the village were completely destroyed while 110 houses, although still standing, have become inhabitable, said BK.

The villagers have been waiting for help to arrive. “But so far, we have not received any. All our crops, grains, food, clothes and other valuables lie buried in the debris. We haven’t been able to retrieve anything as there are no security personnel to help us,” he said. “It is unbearably cold outside and none of us have had any sleep since Friday night.” Though dozens of organizations have pledged to provide aid to earthquake victims, they are yet to reach the affected people.

Rescue and search teams said on Monday that the first part of their mission—to rescue survivors, get the injured to treatment and search for bodies—was over. “Now we are working on the second phase of our work to distribute relief material, get aid to the villagers, and at the same time we are collecting details about the damages,” government official Harish Chandra Sharma said. 

In Chepare, villagers were going through piles of rocks and logs that used to be their homes on Monday, looking for anything they could salvage. “Most of what belonged to us is under the rubble, all our beds, clothes, whatever jewelry and money we had, it's all under there,” Nirmala Sharma said, pointing to her wrecked home.

She said they got a tent and some food on Sunday night. Authorities distributed rice, oil, instant noodles and salt in the village, to last them for a few days. Tarpaulin and plastic sheets made for temporary shelters for a lucky few while thousands of others spent a third night in the cold.

Mina Bika said her family was sleeping on Friday night when the ceiling fell and buried them. A relative rescued them. Her husband was badly injured and taken to hospital in the town of Surkhet while she and the couple's two sons were only lightly hurt.

“It felt like the world had collapsed and I was not sure if anyone had even survived and would be able to help,” she said. Most of the homes in the villages in the districts of Jajarkot and Rukum—where houses are traditionally built by stacking rocks and logs—either collapsed or were severely damaged but even the few buildings made out of concrete were also damaged.

Almost half of those killed in the earthquake on Friday were children, it has been found. According to data with the police, 78 of the 153 people killed in the quake on the night of Nov 3 were children. Of the deceased children, 50 died in Jajarkot and 28 in Rukum West due to the quake, said Deputy Superintendent of Police Santosh Roka.

Twenty eight of 52 people who died in the quake in Rukum West were children, said the district police chief Namraj Bhattarai. “Most of the deceased in Rukum West were children. Two 10-month-old children have also lost their lives,” he said. According to the Jajarkot police, of the 105 deceased in Jajarkot, 50 were children, 33 women and 18 men. In Rukum West, 16 women and eight men died in the quake.

Sixteen thousand five hundred and seventy houses have been completely destroyed due to the earthquake in the six local levels in Rukum Paschim. Chairman of the District Disaster Management Committee and Chief District Officer, Hari Prasad Panta, said that this number might increase as data collection is still under way in the district. Based on the data presented by the municipality mayors and the rural municipality chairpersons in the Committee meeting, the highest number of houses have been damaged in Aathbiskot Municipality of the district. It is stated that 7,148 houses have suffered complete damage in Aathbiskot Municipality, followed by 3,146 houses in Sanibheri Rural Municipality.

Seven hundred and twenty-two houses in Sanibheri have been partially damaged by the Friday night tremor. Similarly, 1987 houses have been completely damaged and 4.374 houses partly damaged in Chaurajahari Municipality while 2,300 houses have been completely destroyed and 3,500 partially damaged in Musikot Municipality. Likewise, 1935 houses have been completely damaged and 1,258 houses partially damaged in Triveni Rural Municipality while 18 houses have suffered complete damage and 107 houses partial damage in Banfikot Rural Municipality, it is stated. 

Agencies

Nepal’s Himalayas, often referred to as the "Third Pole," play a pivotal role in the world's climate system. These towering mountains are adorned with glaciers, snow, permafrost and an intricate network of rivers, forming a fragile and interconnected cryosphere. The impact of climate change on the Himalayas is profound, with far-reaching consequences affecting the region's water resources, hydropower potential and the livelihoods of its people.

At grave risk

Nepal's glaciers are retreating at an alarming rate, consistent with the global trend. The rapid melting of glaciers poses a significant threat to the country's freshwater supply. As the glaciers diminish, water resources become less predictable and water scarcity issues intensify. A study conducted in the Sagarmatha region showed that the glaciers in the region will decrease 39-52 percent by 2050 relative to present day. A recent assessment report published by the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) and UNDP states that the rate of glacier mass loss in the Hindu Kush Himalayan region has increased by 65 percent from 2000-2009 to 2010-2019. Also, snow cover extent is in negative trend with indication of seasonal shift. Furthermore, the permafrost, which holds together mountainsides and acts as a natural dam for glacial lakes, is thawing due to rising temperatures. The melting of glaciers and thawing permafrost can lead to formation and development of potentially dangerous glacial lakes. Glacial lakes have increased from 1,466 with an area of 64.78 km2 in 2010 to 2,070 with area of 85.08 km2 per the report. About 47 glacial lakes are considered as potentially dangerous glacial lakes in the three transboundary river basins of Nepal. An increasing melting of glaciers and thawing permafrost can lead to catastrophic glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs), endangering downstream communities and infrastructure.

Water crisis

The availability of freshwater from the melting of glaciers, snow and permafrost is the lifeblood for Nepal, and its precarious balance is threatened by climate change. The Himalayan region provides water to over a billion people across South Asia. The erratic and shifting patterns of precipitation, combined with the retreat of glaciers, are disturbing this balance. Nepal's agriculture, a primary source of livelihood for a majority of the population, is vulnerable to these changes. Prolonged droughts and erratic rainfall patterns are impacting crop yields and food security. As a result, the local economy and the livelihoods of many Nepalis are under immense strain.

Energy generation

Nepal possesses substantial hydropower potential, which has been considered a cornerstone for the country's economic development and energy security. There is a high potential for the export of the renewable energy (hydroelectricity) to energy-deficit countries from Nepal, which can contribute significantly to the country’s GDP and economy. However, climate change has brought forth new challenges to the sector. Changing hydrological patterns, caused by melting glaciers and altered precipitation, can lead to fluctuations in river flows, potentially disrupting hydropower generation. In addition, increasing frequency of cryospheric hazards such as GLOFs and associated cascading hazards in this region will have direct impacts on the sustainability of these projects. Hydropower projects might need to adapt to these variations, which can result in additional costs. Nepal government's ambitious plans to harness hydropower resources to export electricity to neighboring countries face increasing uncertainties due to climate-induced variations in river flows and the overall sustainability of these projects.

The way forward

On the adaptation front, the government, in collaboration with international organizations, including Green Climate Fund, is focusing on building resilient infrastructure. Such assistance is crucial in enhancing Nepal's adaptive capacity in the face of climate uncertainties. Adaptation measures can help reduce vulnerabilities, loss and damage are inevitable in a changing climate. Nepal has experienced several disasters like recurring GLOFs from rapidly retreating glaciers. These events have resulted in significant economic losses and the displacement of communities. Nepal is actively participating in global climate negotiations, including the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement. Such participation helps the country to advocate for equitable solutions and assistance.

However, the need for climate finance far exceeds the available resources. While international pledges have been made, the disbursement of funds has been slow, hindering Nepal's ability to address immediate climate-related challenges effectively. The nation seeks increased transparency and faster access to climate finance to bolster its climate resilience and mitigate the ongoing impacts of climate change. The adaptation actions also need to be expanded in the high mountain region in the form of minimizing risks from potentially dangerous glacial lakes and other cryospheric hazards.

A turning point

The recent visit of the UN Secretary-General, Antonio Guterres, to Nepal's mountain region is an acknowledgment of the country's pivotal role in the global climate system. The UN chief has sent a clear message of the worst climate change impacts on the Nepal Himalayas by pointing out that “glaciers are retreating but we cannot retreat and we must move forward for climate action”. The subsequent participation of Nepal in COP28 signifies its commitment to addressing climate change at the highest levels of international diplomacy. It will provide a platform for Nepal to voice its concerns and solutions for our Himalayas to the global community. The impact of climate change on the cryosphere, water resources, hydropower and livelihoods in the Himalayas need to be at the forefront of these discussions. The visit of the UN chief and Nepal's active participation in COP28 collectively signal a turning point in addressing climate change impacts on the Nepal Himalayas.

Efforts to promote sustainable practices, build climate-resilient communities and diversify the economy are steps in the right direction. By tackling climate change head-on and fostering international collaboration, Nepal can pave the way for a sustainable and secure future in the breathtaking but fragile world of the Himalayas.

Amid frantic search and rescue efforts that are coming to a close, earthquake survivors are awaiting food, shelter and medical treatment from the government that is trying hard to get its acts together, in a grim reminder of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake that killed about 9,000 people and caused loss of infrastructure worth billions of rupees. Hundreds of survivors are spending the night under the open sky after their houses collapsed as a mag-6.4 earthquake hit Jajarkot and east Rukum late Friday.

The emergency meeting of the Council of Ministers held at Singha Durbar on Sunday decided to set up the main liaison office at Surkhet and the auxiliary liaison office at Nepalgunj to make the search, rescue and relief distribution effective.

“The government will provide Rs 200,000 to each bereaved family and government hospitals will provide free treatment to the injured. Makeshift shelters will be managed for the affected,” said government spokesperson and Minister for Communications and Information Technology Rekha Sharma.

“Since the reconstruction work cannot be effective through the traditional construction method and the existing procurement act, there is a demand to do the reconstruction work through a robust and effective mechanism. An action plan will be formulated accordingly,” the government spokesperson said. 

The modality for providing subsidies for the quake victims to construct houses also figured in the meeting. “Genuine victims should get subsidies, and the houses built should be properly utilized,” said Sharma. The meeting also decided to provide lunch expenses to those deployed in the search, rescue and relief distribution and asked one and all to be patient in this time of disaster.

Meanwhile, Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal has issued directives for making the relief and rehabilitation for the Jajarkot earthquake victims effective. Addressing the meeting of the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management National Council at Singha Durbar on Sunday, he instructed relevant authorities to conduct relief and rehabilitation operations effectively.

PM Dahal expressed sorrow over the loss of life and properties resulting from the quake and stressed the need to utilize the disaster as an important opportunity for reconstruction.

The 13th meeting of the council was convened to discuss the damage resulting from the earthquake, and the steps the government needs to take in the aftermath of the disaster. On the occasion, PM directed all to be serious in making the post-quake rescue, relief and reconstruction effective, describing the steps taken by the three tiers of the government and other bodies right after the disaster as “positive”.

He said preparations have been made to undertake post-disaster works in a prompt manner by making suitable changes in the existing Acts, regulations and structures based on the best practices in the aftermath of the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake.

“I thank all the parties, the federal government and various agencies, the provincial government and the local governments for their post-earthquake initiatives. We have carried out search and rescue operations. Now we need to concentrate on relief and rehabilitation,” the PM reiterated. 

He directed all concerned to manage warm clothes for the earthquake victims and make medical treatment for the injured more effective. Reminding that Nepal is a country vulnerable to natural disasters, the PM acknowledged that the government’s disaster preparedness has not been adequate.

“For the next three days, let us make maximum efforts for relief. The existing Acts, procedures and structures may have to be amended to make reconstruction works more effective. We need to make a sound review of our past experiences as well,” PM Dahal reiterated. 

While 157 people have lost their lives in the quake, six more survivors have been brought to Nepalgunj-based Bheri Hospital for treatment from Jajarkot and Rukum, said Banke’s Chief District Officer, Shrawan Kumar Pokharel. They are among 38 quake survivors brought from the quake-hit districts to Nepalgunj for treatment.

Open air medical facility

A 10-bed health facility at Barekot, the epicenter of the quake, is attending to those injured in the quake in the open as the jolt has also damaged its building. Senior ANM Kalpana Rokaya said temporary arrangements are in place for providing healthcare services majorly targeting the quake survivors. Meanwhile, Jajarkot continues to experience the aftershocks of Friday’s quake.  

Seismological team in Jajarkot

A team from the National Earthquake Monitoring and Research Center at Lainchaur has reached Jajarkot to conduct a study on the mag-6.4 temblor. The team under senior seismologist Lokvijaya Adhikari will carry out a comprehensive study and research on the quake, said director-general of the Department of Mines and Geology, Ram Prasad Ghimire. Meanwhile, senior seismologist Adhikari said that the Jajarkot earthquake was not an aftershock of the Bajhang earthquake, but a new one. Four aftershocks have occurred following the earthquake that hit Ramidanda of Jajarkot. An aftershock of mag-4.5 was recorded the same night at 12:08 pm, followed by mag-4.2 jolt at 12:29 pm, mag-4.3 jolt at 12:35 pm and mag-4.2 quake at 3:40 on Saturday afternoon.