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Per capita energy consumption reached 400 units in the last fiscal year, according to data released by the Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA). Following the end of load shedding in the country and the regular supply of electricity, energy consumption has tripled. 

In the fiscal year 2015/16, energy consumption was 3.72bn units, but by 2023/24, it had increased to 10.2bn units. Over the span of eight years, the country’s energy consumption grew by 6.51bn units. Last year, 4.31bn units were consumed domestically, while industrial consumers used 3.69bn units. Eight years ago, per capita energy consumption was just 131 units.

Eight years ago, there was eight hours of daily load shedding even during the rainy season, with projections of up to 14 hours per day in winter. Starting in Oct 2016, load shedding was eliminated for domestic consumers in the Kathmandu Valley and gradually in other major cities, followed by the end of load shedding for industrial consumers. By April 2022, the entire country was declared load shedding-free.

At that time, only 58 percent of households had access to electricity. Today, electricity reaches 99 percent of households, with 97 percent connected to the national grid and two percent powered by small hydropower, solar energy, and other sources. The number of electricity consumers has grown from around 3m to approximately 5.9m, including community users.

NEA’s Managing Director, Kul Man Ghising, attributes the increase in energy consumption to the regular supply of electricity following the end of load shedding. “Industries are receiving a consistent electricity supply, and their loads are being approved. There is also an increasing use of electricity for household purposes, such as cooking, and in both private and public vehicles. Electrification has been rising rapidly, resulting in increased energy consumption,” Ghising said. “Each year, with rising demand for electricity, the challenges in supply increase. To provide reliable, standard, and safe electricity, major cities have been divided into 11 clusters, and a plan for transmission and distribution infrastructure to meet demand until 2050 has been prepared and is being gradually implemented.”

Electricity consumption, which was 3.72bn units in 2015/16, increased by 28.47 percent to 4.77bn units in 2016/17. Consumption reached 5.56bn units in 2017/18, 6.3bn units in 2018/19, 6.42bn units in 2019/20, and 7.28bn units in 2020/21. In 2021/22, 8.84bn units were consumed, 9.35bn units in 2022/23, and 10.2bn units in 2023/24.

Electricity consumption increased by about 10 percent in 2023/24 compared to 2022/23. The peak demand for electricity in 2023/24 rose by 11.34 percent compared to the previous year, with the highest demand recorded on May 30, 2023, at 2,212 megawatts.

Although Nepal exports electricity to India for six months during the rainy season, winter sees a decrease in production from run-of-river hydropower projects, necessitating imports to meet domestic demand. However, the amount of imported energy is decreasing. Last year, imported energy accounted for 14.68 percent of the system’s supply, an 8.57 percent reduction from the previous year.

Electricity exports increased by 44 percent in the last fiscal year. About 1.9bn units of electricity worth Rs 16.93bn were imported from India, but 1.95bn units worth Rs 17.06bn were exported, making Nepal a net exporter of electricity by a margin of over Rs 130m.

Ghyang Phedi Secondary School of Nuwakot saw 16 of the 17 students fail in the recent Secondary Education Examination (SEE), a staggering 95 percent failure rate that underscores significant deficiencies in the school’s educational system. A closer observation reveals multiple contributing factors, including prevalent child marriage, with some students already having children, which disrupts their focus and continuity in academics. Additionally, underqualified teachers and an insufficient number of staff have resulted in a substandard quality of education compared to private schools.

Geographical challenges exacerbate these issues, with many students forced to walk for hours to attend school, creating significant physical and time burdens. Unlike students in private schools who often attend extra tuition classes, students from Ghyang Phedi Secondary School are typically engaged in household chores after school, further detracting from their academic pursuits.

This problem is not isolated to Ghyang Phedi Secondary School but is indicative of a widespread issue across Nepal. An alarming 52.13 percent of SEE students nationwide have been categorized as non-graded, meaning that more students failed than passed—a record high in the last five years. This rise in the failure rate coincides with a policy change in Nepal's grading system. Since 2016, students needed a 1.6 GPA to progress to grade XI, regardless of individual subject scores. However, starting this year, students must achieve at least 35 percent in each subject, both in theory and internal assessments, to advance. Failure to meet these criteria necessitates retaking the subject, even if the overall GPA exceeds 1.6. This change, intended to reform the education system and improve the quality of human resources, has made it more difficult for students to pass. However, expecting meaningful results without adequate investment in resources is unrealistic.

Class differences, economic disparities, geographical challenges, and societal structures remain substantial barriers to quality education in Nepal. For instance, Bagmati Province had a failure rate of 33.88 percent, while Karnali Province saw a failure rate of 50.02 percent. In Lumbini Province, 61.2 percent of students failed, and Sudurpaschim Province had the highest failure rate at 68.12 percent. The stark contrast between private and government schools has been evident across Nepal for decades. Private schools consistently produce better results due to better staffing, funding, infrastructure, and access to course materials. Students from more affluent backgrounds attend private schools, while others are compelled to attend under-resourced government schools. Bagmati Province, which has the highest number of private schools, also has the lowest failure rate, highlighting the role of economic and class disparity in the quality of education.

Geographical challenges further compound these issues. Bagmati Province, with the best transportation infrastructure, has the highest number of students appearing for the SEE exam. In contrast, students in other provinces must walk for hours to attend school, depriving them of easy access to education. Only 53,446 students appeared for the SEE exam from Sudurpaschim Province, compared to 99,872 students from Bagmati Province.

Educationist Biddhyanath Koirala says that the results are affected by teachers’ inability to teach according to the interests and needs of students. He also noted that students and their guardians do not seem serious about education. However, these results are not merely due to a lack of motivation among students but reflect deeper problems embedded in the education system. The inability of government schools to provide quality education has been a major contributing factor.

Vice-principal of Ghyang Phedi Secondary School Prem Syangtan echoed these sentiments, stating that the problem is not limited to their school but is a nationwide issue affecting government schools. Students are weak at a basic level due to the lack of qualified teachers. Syangtan says that in private schools, underperforming teachers are removed, whereas this cannot happen in government schools. Private schools are driven by the goal of achieving high scores, while government schools struggle to complete the syllabus. Syangtan is dissatisfied with the current education system and calls for an urgent need to reform Nepal’s education system. 

It is the government’s duty to ensure the quality education in all government schools by hiring qualified teachers, conducting parent orientation programs, improving infrastructure, and providing academic support to students after school hours.

Digital transformation is a hot topic around the world, both in academia and in practice. Nepal cannot stay away from this discourse and has also envisioned the idea of a Digital Nepal. However, digital transformation presents various challenges, not only in the developing world but also in developed countries. Philosophers even raise the question, especially because of the rise of artificial intelligence: is it doing anything good for human society? However, in my opinion, it’s not possible to reverse the situation. We have to learn to live with the digital paradigm. But it’s necessary to reflect on questions such as: are we focusing too much on the digitization of everything, or do we need to strike a balance? Or, in practical terms, digitalization for what? For whom, and how? I have been reflecting on this discourse based on my research and personal experiences from three different countries. Here, I have first-hand experience and some insights to share.

During my first PhD in Industrial Engineering years in South Korea, I gained valuable insights into technology's profound impact on society. South Korea’s remarkable transformation from a country struggling with poverty due to its colonial past to a leading tech innovator is a compelling example of technology's potential. I saw the benefits: advanced infrastructure, thriving tech companies and a highly-skilled workforce. The success of companies like Samsung and LG illustrates this transformation.

The South Korean government played a crucial role in this progress. Through strategic policies fostering innovation, attracting global investment and a strong emphasis on Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education, the country built a workforce adept at handling technological challenges. Ongoing investment in research and development kept South Korea at the forefront of technological progress, raising living standards and driving economic growth. However, my experience also revealed the complexities of rapid technological change. Despite its many benefits, the pressure to stay constantly connected in the digital world led to stress and mental health issues, and exclusion of elderly people from fast-changing technology, demonstrating that technology’s advantages must be balanced with attention to personal well-being and social dynamics.

In my second PhD, which focused on how technology enables development, I had the opportunity to closely observe the digitalization in the mountain regions. I encountered a dramatically different situation. While South Korea advanced rapidly, Nepal faced significant challenges. Despite its rich cultural heritage, I found during my research, Nepal continued to struggle with political instability, inadequate infrastructure and limited access to quality education, hindering technological progress. Issues such as unreliable electricity and limited internet access, especially in rural areas, were common. The education system often fell short in preparing individuals for a technology-driven world, and economic constraints further limited investment in technological development.

The digital divide in Nepal is striking. Urban areas have better access to technology and education, while rural regions lag significantly. The high cost of technology and internet services limits accessibility for many, and gender disparities affect women’s opportunities in technology, reflecting broader cultural and educational inequalities.

Now, continuing with the same research and working in Norway, I observe a more balanced approach to technology. Norway navigates a middle path between the extremes of a highly digitized South Korea and a digitally excluded Nepal. Here, technology is integrated into society with a focus on social well-being, environmental sustainability and educational improvement. Norway’s approach prioritizes quality of life and social equity. There is a strong commitment to ensuring that technological advancements do not undermine personal well-being, with policies promoting work-life balance and reducing the stress associated with constant connectivity. Although Norway faces its own challenges in digital transformation, the country is actively working to maintain this balance.

Environmental sustainability is another key focus in Norway’s digital strategy. The country emphasizes green technology and sustainable practices, ensuring that technological progress does not come at the expense of the environment. This commitment reflects a responsibility to future generations and the planet. Norway’s education system is inclusive and forward-thinking, integrating digital literacy from an early age to prepare students for a technology-driven world. Continuous investment in teacher training and educational resources supports this goal, creating a workforce ready to adapt to technological changes.

From my experiences in South Korea, Nepal and Norway, it is evident that technology can drive significant progress, but it must be managed thoughtfully. South Korea’s success shows how education and innovation can lead to advancement, while Nepal’s challenges underscore the need for inclusive policies and infrastructure. Norway’s balanced approach demonstrates that it is possible to leverage technology’s benefits while prioritizing social well-being, environmental sustainability and educational improvement.

For Nepal, valuable lessons can be learned from both South Korea and Norway. By investing in reliable infrastructure, focusing on inclusive education, adopting a balanced approach to technology and promoting sustainable practices, Nepal can work toward a future where technology enhances the quality of life for everyone. This balanced and inclusive strategy can help ensure that the benefits of technology are accessible to all while minimizing potential drawbacks.

The author is a professor at the University of Agder, Norway

Nepal is going to export an additional 251 megawatts of electricity to Bihar and Haryana states of India.

 The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) under the Ministry of Power of India has given approval to the Nepal Electricity Authority to export an additional 125.89 megawatts to the state of Haryana and 125 MW to Bihar.

The NEA is currently selling 190 megawatts of electricity to the state of Haryana.

The surplus electricity in Nepal is sold to Bihar and Haryana every year from June to October. Along with this, the amount of electricity to be sold to the state-level distribution companies of India has reached 360 megawatts.

The Constitution of Nepal has established basic healthcare as a fundamental right of its citizens. In the context of the federal governance system, it is the responsibility of the state to ensure easy access to quality health services for all. The national health policy 2019 primarily aims to develop and expand a health system based on social justice and good governance. Moreover, the policy has laid emphasis on the social health protection system by integrating the most marginalized sections within and across societies. 

At a recent press conference, Health Minister Pradeep Paudel presented his key health priorities and action plan to ensure people have easy access to quality health care services at all levels. The rationale of these priorities is largely based on the guiding principles of national health policy, 16th plan and the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Ensuring equitable access to healthcare is a primary agenda of health sector reforms. 

In the federal context, the first and foremost priority is to develop a solid strategic roadmap to improve coordination with clarity on roles and responsibilities within and across three levels of governments in order to harmonize effective implementation of national health policies, strategic guidelines and the emerging priorities. The idea of establishing an integrated health infrastructure development project is innovative and timely as it provides a clear picture of existing human resources, health infrastructure, health financing mechanisms, logistics and supply chain management at all levels. 

Undoubtedly, this strategic approach will facilitate federal, provincial and local governments to identify new opportunities and gaps, and address existing challenges in delivering quality healthcare services. Strengthening the institutional capacity of local health governments and health facilities is one of the critical challenges in the health sector due to limited human resources, inadequate health infrastructure and supplies, poor monitoring and evaluation systems of healthcare services. 

Therefore, the ambitious action plan to increase the coverage of health insurance as well as other social security schemes is easier said than done. Evidence suggests that national health insurance and other social protection services are facing serious implementation challenges. However, it is yet to be seen how the new priorities of the health minister are implemented in the months to come. The ground reality is that without realistically addressing persistent structural barriers in health systems and ensuring effective implementation of policy and regulatory frameworks, one can not simply hope for significant reform in the health sector.

Other emerging issues such as mental health, non-communicable diseases, disaster and health emergencies need a more pragmatic approach for actions to enhance the capacity of local governments for multi-sector response in the health sector. Interestingly, migrant health has also received  priority in order to address the health care needs of migrants and their families. 

By formulating a new population policy, there is an increasing focus on strategizing demographic dividend for sustainable socioeconomic development. The health security of marginalized and indigenous populations is another priority, but again needs a clear strategic roadmap for implementation. Among many other priority areas, one of the praiseworthy initiatives is to improve nutritional status of children under five years of age, adolescents and mothers by enhancing the institutional capacity of provincial and local governments to effectively implement the multi-sector nutrition plan at the communities. 

Though there is explicit focus on urban health systems, climate change and associated environmental health risks for consideration, it is interesting to see how these issues will be effectively mainstreamed in federal health systems for timely action. In addition to enhancing the capacity of hospitals across the country, improving physical infrastructure of the health facilities in the rural areas is a high priority in the health agenda. 

Moreover, there is a critical need to strengthen procurement and supply chain management by ensuring transparency and efficient practices to avoid any interruptions in supplies of drugs and other essential logistics. Ensuring safety, quality and efficacy of medicines is crucial. At the same time, public awareness on road safety is equally important to reduce the mortality, injuries and disability. Health promotion and communication strategies for behavior change are also critical to a healthy lifestyle. 

Therefore, the key stakeholders are now enthusiastically looking forward to effective implementation of the priorities as highlighted by the health minister. Without good governance and strong political commitments, the ambitious plans are less likely to deliver the expected results. The implementation mechanisms and structures must be strengthened with clear terms of reference and a strategic roadmap for reform. Establishing robust monitoring and evaluation systems should be a high priority action point to track the progress and realistically address the bottlenecks in health systems at all levels. 

Despite some notable progress in the health sector, the federal health system has a long way to go to meet the wider expectations of people in accessing and utilizing quality healthcare services at the local level. There is still hope that effective implementation of the new priorities in the health sector will have profound implications in ensuring equity and social justice at large.  

The author is a health policy analyst

K V Rajan and Atul K Thakur are the co-authors of “Kathmandu Chronicle: Reclaiming India-Nepal Relations”. Definitive and deeply researched, the book opens a window to many stories of India–Nepal relations that largely remain untold and therefore unknown till date. Kamal Dev Bhattarai of ApEx interviews Rajan, also a former India’s ambassador to Nepal, and Thakur, a policy professional, writer and columnist.

What are the key revelations in the book from your anecdotal accounts as India’s longest serving Ambassador to Nepal?

K V Rajan: At the outset, let me clarify that whatever I have set down is with the intention of conveying the total picture as I know it—pertaining to Nepal and to India-Nepal relations. If in the process I have upset or hurt anyone, I can only apologize and hope that the overall context of goodwill and empathy for Nepal will not be doubted. The core message that should come across through the anecdotal reflections is one of hope and optimism for Nepal's future, respect for its insistence on equality and sovereign space, and admiration for the resilience and capacity of the Nepali people and leaders over many years to take the country forward in the face of major odds. 

The linkages between our two nations are old, many and time-tested, the economic complementarities have a compulsive logic of their own, the reservoir of human talent is huge. We need only to understand and draw lessons from the past, deal with imagination and sensitivity to the trends and issues of the present, in order to craft a great future for a peaceful, inclusive and prosperous India-Nepal subregion which will be a role model for the region and perhaps the world. 

We need to have a broad based consensus on the kind of relationship we both want, and establish mutual acceptance in our ties. We can achieve wonders by jointly building on our soft power assets, new technologies, and complementarities. No issue is incapable of solution between India and Nepal if tackled in the right spirit and in the context of their unique linkages and unshakeable faith in a common great future. 

Happily, a consensus-based effort on both sides in tackling problems and making progress is possible, so that projects can be negotiated and delivered despite changes of government. This has been demonstrated time and again, for example spectacularly during the negotiation and parliamentary ratification process of the Mahakali Treaty. 

The book has a different take as to who might have perpetrated the royal assassination of 2001 that wiped out King Birendra Shah and his family, which changed Nepal’s natural progression. Can you elaborate?

K V Rajan: The readers’ will have to draw their own conclusions after going through the concerned chapter in the book. Even the facts that are in the public domain support the strong probability of an international conspiracy whose core was a foreign-based large scale smuggling and terrorism-related industry that was thriving on misuse of the India-Nepal border. The palace tragedy followed a series of serious incidents and exposures. India and Nepal were enjoying excellent relations under the twin pillar policy being followed by the former, of supporting the monarchy as well as multiparty democracy. The expanding Maoist insurgency was a matter of growing concern for India as well as Nepal, but signals were being exchanged on possible compromise solutions. The smuggling-terrorist nexus was the one major force which did not want such a negotiated compromise to be reached and had also been steadfastly trying to undermine relations between India and Nepal and was also uncomfortable with Nepal’s identity as a Hindu state.

All available indications are that the crown prince was trapped in a sinister plan combining serious drug abuse with targeted misinformation. The rest is history. 

How do you think we can reclaim India-Nepal relations in the changed times with Nepal grappling with challenges on several fronts including governance and economy?

K V Rajan: As vibrant democracies the two countries have the duty, responsibility, the right, and the necessity to reclaim their age-old relationship for the sake of peoples on both sides of the border and of future generations. A reset in the bilateral relations is a necessity, for Nepal today is a completely transformed country and India too is very much on the rise, both confronted by new challenges as well as new opportunities in an uncertain and changing world order. Strengthening democracy, improving governance, and accelerating inclusive development must occupy top priority. Future major cooperation must be consensus-based cutting across party lines to the extent possible and civil society needs to play its part in this exciting endeavor.

Catering to the interests and aspirations of youth on both sides on the border, and improving the lot of the marginalized, the most disadvantaged, the poorest and the most needy, should also be a focus. Just as India has set a goal of becoming a developed country by 2047, we should dare to think of a new vision for India-Nepal ties, so that they can scale new heights within the next two decades. A joint endeavor in this direction—which would include sectors like education, health, creation of job opportunities on a huge scale to protect the demographic dividend, and new supply chains which will foster greater interdependencies and economic integration— would go a long way. 

Opportunity is banging at the door. A business-as-usual approach will not do. 

As a long-time scholar on Nepal, your book is making news in both India and Nepal. Could you reflect on Nepal’s prolonged transition and fluctuating graph of India-Nepal relations?

Atul K Thakur: Despite their much-vaunted ‘special relationship’ (a term rarely used by Nepal in recent times), India-Nepal ties have repeatedly experienced setbacks, some of them with long-term implications. Since India’s independence, Nepal has undergone several significant transformations, and not coincidentally, India has been intimately involved in many of these pivotal moments. 

Yet, there have been regular anti-Indian eruptions in Nepal, and there is so much mutual distrust and suspicion despite India's best intentions. I believe Nepal and India, both at the level of government as well as civil society, urgently need to come to terms with the past, understand comprehensively and objectively the unique challenges and opportunities offered by the present, and ‘repurpose’ their relationship if it is to achieve its exceptional potential in the coming years. 

Our book, based on first person experience, deep research, analysis and introspection, and new resource materials, facilitates understanding of how an India with credible aspirations to becoming a major world player and a transformed Nepal in a transforming world order could revisit their ties to ensure a steady upward trajectory.

Both countries owe it to their peoples to free the relationship from political vicissitudes as well as the negative legacies of the past. Concepts of national interest and mutual security need to be relevant to the world of today and tomorrow. Only mutual empathy, as either country strives to overcome its major challenges, can transform the relationship into a truly special one.

The book makes a sincere and honest effort to add to the literature on the subject through original analyses, interpretations and research.

How is China a big factor for repurposing India-Nepal relations?

Atul K Thakur: The new post-monarchy dispensation only hastened the expansion of Chinese influence and removed possibilities of ending long festering irritants like the border dispute in the Kalapani area—a unanimous multiparty Parliamentary vote endorsed a new map of Nepal incorporating border areas which it had not claimed earlier.

India has made its Nepal ties a function of Nepal-China relations. Yet the fact is that Chinese influence in Nepal will continue to expand. It is only natural that the people of Nepal, particularly the younger generation, yearn to take advantage of all kinds of economic opportunities and benefits that China has to offer. Nepal's importance to China was initially because of its desire for security on the question of Tibetan refugees. It did not seem to mind India’s preponderant influence over Nepal. Today China has additional reasons to assert itself: one is to reduce India to size to the extent possible, the other to ensure that its Middle Kingdom credentials are enhanced. But India can draw comfort from the increased wariness of Nepal about Chinese intentions because of its overtly intrusive interest in the former’s internal affairs, and the long term price of too close a Chinese embrace.

China is just not over-pervasive in Nepal with projects and political manipulation, its best edge is with the propaganda machinery that is oriented to damage the finer fabrics of India-Nepal relation beyond the core. The China factor is being played out in Nepal and unfortunately not for a constructive aim of enhancing its economic ties with the northern neighbor but to create a complex web involving India’s stake and finally letting a disastrous narrative help the traders of ultra-nationalism for scoring high politically and ruling the game of late.

How should Idia reclaim the true spirit of its old good bilateral relations with Nepal or reset it in the changed times?

Atul K Thakur: India and Nepal must return to the core strength of their unique social, cultural, strategic, political, and economic ties. India and Nepal share deep social, cultural, strategic, political, and economic ties that have been forged over many centuries. Unfortunately, ties wither if exposed to the changing fundamentals of time. India-Nepal ties have frayed slowly as the economic bonds between the two countries have failed to keep pace with India’s modernization and growth. The opportunities offered by India’s prospering economy have become increasingly inaccessible, and thereby irrelevant to ordinary Nepalis. The persistent border dispute between the two countries is an opportunity for them to modernize old ties towards a shared vision of prosperity. India and Nepal must do more than merely resolve boundary issues.

Notwithstanding the centrality of complementarities in bilateral relations, oftentimes, the official line has taken its own turn in interpreting the not-so-easy situations. While repurposing India-Nepal relations, the prudent move would be to rely more strongly on the trust factor, subsiding apprehensions and complexities. India and Nepal have a credible past as well present in engaging with each other—and walking with the changing times. In knowing the new aspirations of both sides, and accordingly creating the background of cooperation, India-Nepal relations will see further heights. In the times to come, hopefully better chapters of India-Nepal bilateral relations will be scripted.

The World Bank is going to increase the budgetary aid provided to Nepal.

In a virtual meeting held today with Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister Bishnu Prasad Paudel, Vice President for South Asia Region of the World Bank, Martin Raiser, shared about the rise in budgetary assistance.

On the occasion, Vice President Raiser suggested improvements in areas such as the investment environment, economic reforms and employment growth. Nepal had received USD 205 million as budgetary aid from the World Bank last financial year.

In response, Finance Minister Paudel said that with a stable government in place the environment is conducive for more investment and pledged to work in collaboration to complete the projects on time.

“A politician thinks of the next election. A statesman thinks of the next generation.” – James Freeman Clarke

In the vibrant tapestry of Nepali politics, the rise of social media has woven a new thread that intertwines the voices of the past with the aspirations of the future. As James Freeman Clarke poignantly stated, “A politician thinks of the next election. A statesman thinks of the next generation.” This wisdom resonates deeply in today's digital age, where platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube have transformed political engagement, allowing citizens to actively participate in shaping their democratic landscape. Social media serves as both a megaphone for the marginalized and a battleground for ideologies, reflecting the diverse tapestry of Nepali society. While it has empowered individuals to voice their concerns and mobilize movements, it has also introduced complexities that challenge the integrity of political discourse.

Rise of social media in Nepal

The advent of the internet and smartphones has significantly increased social media usage in Nepal. As of 2024, more than 11m Nepalis are active social media users, with Facebook being the most popular platform. This widespread adoption has changed the political landscape, offering politicians and citizens a new arena for engagement.

Positive impacts of social media on Nepali politics

Enhanced political participation: Social media has made it easier for Nepalis to participate in political discourse. Citizens can now voice their opinions, share concerns, and engage with political leaders directly. This increased interaction fosters a more informed and engaged electorate.

Amplification of marginalized voices: Historically marginalized groups in Nepal, such as ethnic minorities and women, have found a platform in social media to share their stories and advocate for their rights. This has led to greater awareness and action on issues that were previously overlooked.

Rapid information dissemination: News and information about political events, policies, and scandals can spread quickly through social media. This rapid dissemination helps keep the public informed and can lead to swift accountability for political leaders.

Grassroots mobilization: Social media has been instrumental in organizing protests and movements in Nepal. The 2015 Madhesi Movement and the 2019 #JusticeForNirmala campaign are examples where social media played a critical role in mobilizing citizens and drawing international attention to local issues.

Campaigning and voter outreach: Political parties and candidates use social media for campaigning and voter outreach. These platforms allow for targeted messaging and direct interaction with voters, making campaigns more efficient and personalized.

Negative impacts

Spread of misinformation and fake news: The unregulated nature of social media has led to the rampant spread of misinformation and fake news. False information can mislead the public, create panic, and influence election outcomes unfairly. During the 2017 general elections, numerous fake news stories circulated, causing confusion among voters.

Echo chambers and polarization: Social media algorithms often create echo chambers, where users are exposed only to content that aligns with their beliefs. This can reinforce existing biases and deepen political polarization, making it harder for people to engage in constructive dialogue.

Cyberbullying and harassment: Political discourse on social media can sometimes devolve into cyberbullying and harassment. Political activists, especially women, often face targeted harassment, which can discourage them from participating in political discussions.

Manipulation and propaganda: Political actors may use social media to spread propaganda and manipulate public opinion. Tactics such as paid trolls and bots are employed to create false narratives or discredit opponents. This undermines the authenticity of political discourse and can lead to mistrust in the democratic process.

Privacy concerns and data misuse: The collection and misuse of personal data on social media platforms raise significant privacy concerns. Political campaigns can exploit this data to micro-target voters with tailored messages, potentially infringing on individual privacy rights.

Case studies

Covid-19 response and vaccine hesitancy: During the Covid-19 pandemic, social media played a significant role in disseminating information about the virus and vaccination efforts in Nepal. While it was a vital tool for spreading awareness and health guidelines, it also became a breeding ground for misinformation about the virus and vaccines. False claims about vaccine safety led to hesitancy among certain groups, complicating the government’s efforts to achieve widespread immunization. Social media campaigns were eventually launched to counteract the misinformation and encourage vaccination, showcasing both the potential and pitfalls of these platforms.

#JusticeForNirmala campaign: The tragic rape and murder of Nirmala Panta in 2018 led to widespread outrage in Nepal. The #JusticeForNirmala campaign gained momentum on social media, pressuring the government to take action and ensuring that the case received national and international attention. This campaign demonstrated how social media could be leveraged to seek justice and accountability.

#NoNotAgain movement: In 2021, the #NoNotAgain movement gained traction on social media, calling for an end to the repeated election of the same old political leaders who had failed to bring about significant change. This movement, largely driven by young Nepalis on platforms like Twitter and Facebook, highlighted the power of social media in galvanizing public sentiment and pushing for political accountability. The movement forced political parties to reconsider their candidate selections and address the demands of the younger generation.

Balancing the double-edged sword

Given the significant influence of social media on Nepali politics, it is crucial to strike a balance between harnessing its benefits and mitigating its harms. Here are some recommendations:

Media literacy and education: Increasing media literacy among the public can help individuals critically evaluate information and recognize misinformation. Educational programs should focus on teaching citizens how to verify sources and discern credible information from falsehoods.

Regulation and accountability: The government and social media companies should collaborate to establish regulations that curb the spread of misinformation and protect user privacy. This includes implementing strict policies against fake news, hate speech, and cyberbullying.

Promoting inclusive dialogue: Efforts should be made to encourage inclusive political dialogue on social media platforms. Initiatives that bring together diverse voices and foster respectful conversations can help bridge the polarization gap.

Supporting ethical journalism: Supporting independent and ethical journalism is essential in providing accurate and unbiased information. Journalists can use social media to reach wider audiences while adhering to journalistic standards of truth and integrity.

Leveraging technology for good: Technology should be leveraged to enhance democratic processes. Innovations such as fact-checking tools and AI-driven moderation can help identify and mitigate the spread of false information.

Conclusion

Social media’s influence on Nepali politics is profound, acting as both a catalyst for democratic engagement and a conduit for misinformation. While it has empowered citizens and amplified marginalized voices, it has also introduced challenges that need to be addressed to preserve the integrity of political discourse. By promoting media literacy, establishing regulations, and fostering inclusive dialogue, Nepal can harness the positive potential of social media while mitigating its negative impacts. Ultimately, balancing these factors will ensure that social media continues to serve as a powerful tool for democracy, accountability, and social change in Nepali politics.

Ambassador of Pakistan to Nepal Abrar H Hashmi said Pakistan is committed for continued support to strengthen cooperation and understanding with Nepal.

At a reception hosted on the occasion of the 78th Independence Day of Pakistan featuring Vice President Ram Sahaya Prasad Yadav as the chief guest on Wednesday evening, Ambassador Hashmi said Pakistan would continue its support to Nepal.

"Our collaboration in education, defense, banking, health and other technical sectors is yielding good results. Over 7,000 strong alumni, including doctors, engineers, journalists, bankers, pilots, defense personnel and others were contributing to the progress and development of Nepal in their respective fields", he noted.

Both Pakistan and Nepal are vulnerable to climate change, he said, adding, "We share ecologically fragile Himalayas; glaciers are melting at a faster pace causing Glacial Lake Outburst Floods, and in the medium to long term, could lead to water and food shortages".

Ambassador Hashmi stressed that it was crucial to address these challenges for welfare of the communities and sustainable development of the region.

Pakistan is committed to establish peaceful and cordial relations with all the countries of the world, he said, adding, it contributes to global peace, through diplomatic efforts to UN peacekeeping.

"Nepal is a close friend of Pakistan. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1960: mutual respect, trust, cordiality and understanding remained the hallmark", he added.

Pakistan and Nepal share a unique tapestry from geography to religious and civilizational linkages – from the peaks of Everest to K2, to rich Gandhara heritage and cultural similarities, the ambassador mentioned.

"As partners, we work together at regional and multilateral forums especially at UN and SAARC", he further highlighted.

Pakistan's approach to its partnership with Nepal is also underpinned by the desire to maturity benefit, he noted, adding the two countries have inked a number of agreements such as trade, air services, cultural, tourism and cooperation in agriculture and a number of bilateral mechanisms exist.

Also present on the occasion were Deputy Speaker Indira Rana, former Prime Minister Madhav Kuamr Nepal, former ministers, parliamentarians, diplomatic missions chiefs in Kathmandu, high-ranking government officials, entrepreneurs, journalists and distinguished people.

A documentary reflecting Pakistan's progress in social-economic, technological and defense sectors was also screened on the occasion.

Do you remember the comfort food your mother made when you were sick? For many in Nepal, that dish was ‘jaulo’, a simple yet soothing rice and lentil porridge that remains a staple in Nepali kitchens. It holds a special place in the hearts of most Nepalis, much like its variations do in other cultures—‘khichadi’ in India, British kedgeree, and Italian risotto.

For me, jaulo is more than just food. It’s a warm, comforting hug from my mother. Whenever she made jaulo, it was more than a meal; it was a gesture of love, a remedy for any ailment, mood, or weather. My mother always knew when jaulo was needed. Whether it was a chilly day, someone in the family was feeling under the weather, or she just couldn’t decide what to cook, jaulo was the go-to dish. It was a staple in our household, often served for breakfast, lunch, or even as a snack. Her cooking was simple, quick, and easy, yet it tasted like nectar to us.

The recipe for jaulo is remarkably straightforward—one part rice, three parts lentils, and six parts water, with just turmeric and salt for seasoning. However, the magic lay in the tempering, which varied based on what was available at home. My mother loved using mung daal, but she was flexible and used whatever lentils were on hand. Seasonal greens were often added, giving the dish a fresh twist.

The tempering was the soul of her jaulo. She always used garlic and whole red chilies, tempered in ghee, which gave the dish its distinctive aroma and flavor. Depending on the lentils, she would vary the spices, sometimes using mustard seeds, ajwain (carom seeds), fenugreek seeds, cumin, and occasionally asafoetida (hing), which was my favorite. On special occasions, she would add jimbu (Himalayan chives), making the dish absolutely delicious.

Once, when I missed her jaulo terribly, I called her for the recipe. Trying to recreate it from memory, I realized the key was in the details—how she balanced the spices, the exact timing of adding ingredients, and the love she poured into every pot. Jaulo is more than just a dish. It encapsulates the essence of home, a mother’s love, and the simplicity of comfort food that warms the heart and soul.

Each bite of jaulo is a nostalgic journey back to my childhood, bringing with it the warmth and security of my mother’s kitchen. Whenever I cook jaulo now, I’m transported back to those days when my mother’s cooking made everything better. Her jaulo was not just food—it was a symbol of her care and affection, a dish that could heal and bring joy no matter the circumstances.

Jaulo and its global cousins

Rice and lentil dishes have been a staple in many cultures worldwide for centuries. From the comforting Nepali jaulo to the British kedgeree and the Italian risotto, these dishes share a common base of rice and lentils or legumes, but each brings unique flavors and cultural significance. Here’s a look at some of these beloved dishes.

Nepali jaulo
Jaulo is a simple yet nutritious dish central to Nepali cuisine. Traditionally consumed during Maghe Sankranti, it’s believed to have cleansing properties and is often prepared with minimal ingredients. The basic recipe includes rice, lentils, water, turmeric, and salt, with optional additions like vegetables and spices.

Indian khichadi
Khichadi, often referred to as Khichdi or Khichari, is a staple across India, known for its simplicity and ease of digestion. This dish is particularly associated with comfort during illness or monsoons. It typically includes rice, moong dal (split yellow mung bean), and a variety of spices, sometimes with added vegetables.

British kedgeree
Kedgeree is a dish that evolved during the British colonial era in India, inspired by the traditional Indian khichari. It typically includes smoked fish, rice, and eggs, seasoned with curry powder and garnished with fresh parsley. Kedgeree combines the protein of fish and eggs with the carbohydrates of rice, providing a hearty and nutritious meal.

Italian risotto
While not traditionally made with lentils, risotto shares the same comforting and hearty nature as jaulo and khichadi. It’s made with arborio rice, known for its creamy texture, and often includes ingredients like mushrooms, seafood, or saffron. Risotto provides energy from carbohydrates and can be enriched with various proteins and vegetables, making it a versatile and nutritious dish.

Rice and lentil dishes like jaulo, khichadi, kedgeree, and risotto are cherished across different cultures for their simplicity, nutritional value, and comforting nature. Each dish reflects its unique cultural heritage while sharing a common foundation of rice and legumes or complementary ingredients. These dishes not only provide sustenance but also carry historical and emotional significance, connecting generations and regions through their enduring appeal.

As the world becomes more health-conscious, these humble dishes continue to hold their place on our tables, reminding us of the warmth and love that come with a home-cooked meal. Whether it’s the Nepali jaulo or its global cousins, each dish offers a comforting taste of home, wherever that may be.

The author is a UK-based R&D chef

With the increasing frequency of road accidents in Nepal, travel becomes particularly perilous after the monsoon season. The recent incident in Simatal, Chitwan, where two buses went missing, taking 62 lives, underscores the hazards. Nepal experiences frequent accidents throughout the year, with a significant spike during the monsoon season due to natural calamities, damaged roads, slippery surfaces, and reduced tire grip during rainy days.

“Infrastructure expert Ashish Gajurel notes that the monsoon season is a significant contributor to accidents, with half of the 30,000 annual accidents occurring during this period, resulting in 15,000 accidents. The Prithvi Highway and Kathmandu Highway are experiencing higher accident rates due to the heavy traffic.

Increasing awareness programs for both travelers and non-travelers is a crucial first step. Gajurel added, “Buses can fall from heights of 100-500 meters, leading to devastating accidents. We are urging the government to construct road safety barriers in high-risk areas.”

Despite the rising number of incidents, Nepal Police spokesperson DIG Dan Bahadur Karki commented, “Nepal experiences numerous accidents, including the recent Simatal incident, but it’s uncertain if more accidents occur during the monsoon season.” He added, “The Kathmandu-Narayanghat, Muglin-Pokhara, Kathmandu-Hetauda, and Karnali highways are particularly affected during this season.”

Nepal’s geographical challenges, damaged roads, aging infrastructure, and poor timing in road construction contribute to increased destruction and disruption in areas affected by calamities. Karki cautioned, “Bus travelers should be aware of weather and highway conditions, avoid night travel, and stay informed about post-accident road conditions.” Both drivers and passengers should be vigilant and gather information regularly to stay updated.

Spokesperson Karki said, “We are preparing safety precautions in areas where accidents frequently occur.” He recommended timely checks of buses, careful consideration of geographical features during road construction, regular inspection of mechanical systems, and ensuring that only drivers with recent bus maintenance passes are allowed to operate.

According to the data, Provinces with higher population density and more vehicle use, such as Kathmandu Valley and Koshi Province, reported the highest number of accidents, while less populated or less densely trafficked areas like Sudurpaschim Province had fewer incidents.

Data suggests that the highest numbers of deaths and severe injuries were reported in Madhes Province and Gandaki Province reported the lowest numbers in these categories. Overall, the data highlights a serious issue with road safety in various provinces, with a particular need for improved safety measures.

I used to focus on tech as a business, but I realized there is a higher calling. It is why I shifted to directing the Dharma Farm, an institution that seeks to preserve culture through education in linguistics, history, and environment. Nepal is blessed with an extraordinary array of cultures, cultures exquisitely worthy of saving. Yet, so many of its inhabitants want to leave.

Commonly referred to as “brain drain,” the concept denotes the departure of a society’s highest educated or most skillful members to other places in search of opportunity. For Nepal, it is a critical problem. In 2022, the government issued certificates allowing as many as 165,000 students to go abroad for education. That represented a rough doubling of the number the year before. Added to that were somewhere around 800,000 Nepalis people who left for employment. These numbers continue to rise year-on-year. According to The Kathmandu Post, “only a handful” of students return upon graduating from foreign universities.

This indicates a core part of the problem. Having spent a great deal of time in Nepal among students, a common theme emerged, one not exclusive to Nepali youth, but especially troublesome nonetheless. Many authors and policy analysts have proposed a number of strategies to mitigate the brain drain problem, most of which have merit and demand serious consideration and implementation. They have suggested ideas such as improving the education system, focusing on economic innovation, and promoting good governance. One resolution strategy, however, has received relatively scant attention. It is this point that I hear youth ignore more than any other, but it is the single most effective answer to the problem.  

In the American business world, we often employ the phrase “pass the buck.” The phrase connotes the shifting of blame for a problem or the responsibility to solve it. After hundreds, if not thousands, of conversations with Nepali youth, passing the buck is the tacit response for how to improve the situation in Nepal. For them, the issues that drive them from their homeland belong to someone else to solve. Heading overseas represents an easier solution to enhancing their own circumstances than tackling the underlying causes for why they leave in the first place.

To justify this reasoning, they will point to obstacles that appear beyond their individual ability to surmount. Indeed, systemic problems do exceed the capabilities of nearly all individuals to fix them. Ignoring them, however, does nothing to diminish any specific obstacle, let alone a system-wide deficiency. As the saying goes, “Rome wasn’t built in a day,” neither was it built by any one man or woman. So it goes for Nepal.

Over my career, I taught problem-solving strategies in a wide variety of fields. Firefighting, policing, technology, and translation all raise serious challenges that can be quite daunting at first glance. My method always began with reductionism. Any task, no matter its complexity, is eminently less burdensome if broken into its component parts. Whether the duty at hand involves solving a computational bug in a piece of software or battling a forest fire, compartmentalizing the obligations to fulfill, and then completing them one-by-one guarantees a far higher chance of success at resolving the overall dilemma than attempting to undertake the entire thing at once.

There is no question that turning Nepal into a bastion of opportunity will be hard. Leaving the litany of matters in need of attention to someone else is far easier than staying behind and working to address them. Facing the challenge will require numerous sacrifices and an abundance of energy and creativity. But, consider this. If the youth does not do it, who will? They cannot expect their parents, the government, or some nebulous “other” to manage things for them. Despite the good intentions any of them may have, they are simply unequipped to go it alone.

If the youth insist on leaving, then little will change. Nepalese remaining behind will continue to struggle to eke out a living in increasingly empty cities and villages. The beautiful plains of the Tarai and the majestic mountains of the Himalayas will lose the cultures that supplement their magnificence, opening the door for exploitation by outsiders who recognize only their materialistic value. Meanwhile, Nepali youth will move to new lands in pursuit of capitalistic opportunity. In the places in which they settle, however, they will never truly feel at home. At best, their cultural uniqueness will simply blend with countless others, diluting into an austere version of its once splendid self. At worst, it will serve as a constant reminder of its foreignness in this new land they now blandly call “home.” And all the while, the very home they left will slowly cease to exist as they knew it.

I am not writing these words to criticize anyone. Rather, I come from a country whose cultural landscape consists of a vast mix of them, but with little identity of its own. Having been immersed in both mine and Nepal’s, I am unafraid to state that allowing Nepal’s cultural liveliness to degrade into a mere shell of itself would be a tragedy of epic scale. Moreover, once such a catastrophic result is reached, there is no going back. Frittering away such a jewel out of fear of or indifference toward facing problems will summon a specter of regret that will haunt innumerable generations to come.

For the young folks reading this: what I have described is not the inevitable future of Nepal, if you do not want it to be. If that is indeed the case, then the brain drain needs to be plugged. The brilliance I have observed among so many of you needs to be turned inward, to focus on conquering challenges, one small step at a time. It won’t be easy. But your family, children, and country will forever thank you for it. The answers lie within.

Nepal was recognized by the International Olympics Committee in 1963 and made its Olympic debut at the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. The Olympics serve as a platform for Nepal to showcase its sporting talent on a global stage. However, in these six decades, Nepal’s performance has been subpar, with the country yet to win an Olympic medal, reflecting the challenges faced by its athletes.

In the ongoing Paris Olympics 2024, six out of the seven Nepali players have already exited without any medals. Badminton player Prince Dahal, table tennis player Santoo Shrestha, shooter Sushmita Nepal, judoka Manita Shrestha Pradhan, and swimmers Duwana Lama and Alexander Shah have all lost their matches and exited from the competition. Santoshi Shrestha remains in Paris to compete in the marathon, scheduled for Aug 11. Let’s hope she can achieve something for the country.

Though Nepali players didn’t show significant performance in the 2024 Olympics, swimmer Shah set a new national record in the men’s 100 meters freestyle. He improved his own record of 52.17 seconds by completing the distance in 51.91 seconds.

However, our poor performances throughout these decades are not due to the players but rather the stakeholders. 

Nepal lacks world-class training facilities, which hampers the preparation of athletes. Talent identification programs and scouting are essential to find and nurture young athletes. Both government and private sector support are crucial for the development of sports in Nepal but to no avail. Moreover, there is no situation in Nepal where players can sustain themselves by just playing sports. Unless these issues are addressed, there is no way our sporting situation on the world stage will improve.

A significant increase in investment in sports infrastructure and training programs is essential. Such investments will provide athletes with the necessary facilities and resources to hone their skills and compete at an international level. With proper support and development, including access to world-class coaching and competitive opportunities, Nepal can aspire not only to participate but to achieve its dream of winning an Olympic medal in the future.

Despite these challenges, Nepali players are doing everything on their own. Nepal has potential in sports like taekwondo, boxing and athletics, where there has been some success in the Asian Games and other regional competitions. Grassroots development programs can help identify and train young talent, ensuring a steady pipeline of athletes. 

CPN (Maoist Center) Deputy General Secretary Janardan Sharma has expressed the conviction that the originality and uniqueness of Nepal's peace process will be established globally.

Speaking after the three major political parties reached an agreement on the bill related to transitional justice today, he said an important agreement has been sealed today after 17 years, eight months and 11 days since the Comprehensive Peace Accord was signed.

Tasks like Constitution making and integration of the army have already been accomplished during this period.

"Justice to the conflict survivors, reparation and reconciliation were delayed. Today, an important agreement has been reached," he said.

The Maoist Center Deputy General Secretary said that they have been successful in facilitating agreement on the bill and fulfilling the responsibility assigned to Home Minister Lekhak, UML Chief Whip Mahesh Bartaula and himself, taking the advice, suggestion and with the cooperation of stakeholders and the experts, in the context of agreement on amendment to the TRC bill in line with the Supreme Court's order becoming elusive.  

He expressed the confidence that this will pave the way for promptly completing the remaining works of the peace process.

Deputy General Secretary Sharma has thanked all those who extended support in this connection by providing suggestions or by asking questions, and to the party Chair Pushpa Kamal Dahal for assigning the important responsibility.

The three major political parties forged an agreement on the bill related to transitional justice today.

Nepal is renowned for its diverse geography, spanning from the majestic Himalayas to the lush hills and the expansive Tarai region. Despite these natural wonders, Nepal is plagued by geographical challenges every year, leading to numerous crises that result in significant human and material losses. Disasters, whether they are natural or man-made, have become a recurrent occurrence in Nepal. From flooding and landslides to road accidents and earthquakes, these crises cause physical destruction that have lasting effects on people’s mental well-being. 

The term ‘disaster’ has become all too familiar to Nepalis. The aftermath of such events often leads to immeasurable, tangible and intangible losses. While the physical toll is readily apparent, the long-term mental health implications are frequently overlooked. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prevalent mental health challenge that many individuals in Nepal grapple with following a crisis. As a counseling psychologist, I have witnessed numerous clients struggling with the repercussions of traumatic events. What initially presents as stress and irritability ultimately reveals deep-rooted trauma from past disasters. The enduring impact of these crises on mental health cannot be overstated.

Long after the physical signs of destruction have faded, individuals continue to battle the emotional and psychological scars. Despite the passage of time, the pain, stress, and disturbance persist, searing deep into their minds. It is imperative to acknowledge that seeking professional help is not a sign of weakness but a courageous effort to reclaim one's mental well-being. Engaging with a psychologist or counselor can provide the necessary support to navigate through the lingering effects of trauma. Not everyone has similar coping patterns; few people can cope with anything, whereas many can’t handle even a small amount of stress in daily life. Everyone is unique, and individual differences make society. One may be good in one way, and another is in the next way. Never think that we should be filled with everything in life. It wouldn’t be a good life if we had everything. Let’s make a culture of asking for help.

Recent tragic events, such as the plane crash and the bus accidents in the Trisuli River, have left an indelible mark on the Nepalese community. As we mourn the loss of lives, we must also recognize the profound impact on the mental health of the affected families and communities. In such trying times, the strength of our collective cultural practices becomes evident as individuals come together to offer support and solace. Amidst the grief and turmoil, fostering an environment where individuals feel empowered to seek help without fear of judgment is essential. In addition to creating a supportive environment for seeking help, a proactive approach to mental health education and awareness is pivotal in addressing the long-term impact of crises on mental well-being. By fostering a culture of openness and understanding from an early age, we can sow the seeds of empathy and resilience in the fabric of our society.

In the meantime, I want to request the government of Nepal to make an integrated approach to helping people who are in grief and who face disaster, man-made or natural. The collective effort of making people affected by the crisis is only a way toward healing. Otherwise, you may help them by providing first aid to physical health, but there is yet to solve their mental health issues, which may affect them in the long term. To avoid people from the long-term effects of crises and disasters, the government should focus on mental well-being and implement counseling practices if support is needed. 

Encouraging conversations, seeking support from friends, family, and mental health professionals, and embracing the power of collective compassion are pivotal steps in the journey towards healing and resilience. Together, we can strive to create a society where mental health concerns are met with empathy, understanding, and accessible support services. Let's stand united in addressing the long-term impact of crises on mental health and fostering a culture of healing and hope in Nepal.

Ever wondered why so many pedestrians in Kathmandu walk on the left side of the road, believing it’s the safest option? I did too, until I noticed the alarming frequency of pedestrians being hit from behind. This widespread misconception is not only quirky but also dangerous. In my survey of nearly 200 participants from Kathmandu Valley, 68.4 percent believed walking on the left side was correct. This belief is life-threatening. Pedestrians should walk on the right side, facing oncoming traffic, allowing them to see and react to approaching vehicles. Shockingly, only 31.6 percent of respondents knew this crucial safety practice. Understanding and adopting the correct walking practice is vital for reducing pedestrian accidents. By walking on the right side, pedestrians can anticipate and avoid potential hazards, making our streets safer for everyone. Since I’ve done the research for you, all you need to do is follow this advice and help spread the word.

Imagine driving through Kathmandu’s congested streets and signaling a right turn. You switch on your right-side indicator, but the vehicle behind you speeds up to overtake, nearly causing an accident. Yes, this happened to me! According to my survey, 31.6 percent of participants misunderstood the purpose of side lights, thinking they indicate permission to overtake rather than signaling a turn. This confusion is not just inconvenient; it’s a major safety hazard. Drivers need to understand that side lights are for indicating direction, not for overtaking. Public awareness campaigns and stricter enforcement of traffic rules are crucial to correct this misunderstanding. Proper use of side lights is essential for communicating intentions on the road, thereby preventing accidents. By clarifying this simple yet often misunderstood practice, we can significantly enhance road safety. I’ve identified the issue for you, so now it’s up to you to implement and advocate for correct practices.

Now, let’s talk about road features. Have you ever noticed how roads are designed with various features to enhance safety? Take superelevation, for example—the tilt on sharp curves to prevent vehicles from overturning. While 79 percent of respondents recognized superelevation, 60 percent couldn’t explain its function. This is just one example of many road features that are critical for safety yet often misunderstood by the general public. Other features include road markings, pedestrian crossings, and speed bumps. Understanding these elements can significantly improve driving and pedestrian behavior. Awareness of these features and their purposes can lead to more informed and cautious road use. By appreciating the engineering behind our roads, we can better navigate them and reduce risks. I’ve done the groundwork in highlighting these features, so it’s your turn to understand and utilize this knowledge effectively.

To address these misconceptions and improve road safety, we must integrate findings from various sources. Kumar, Gupta, and Singh (2018) emphasize the need for better infrastructure and public awareness for pedestrian safety in urban areas. The World Health Organization reports that pedestrian fatalities account for a significant proportion of road traffic deaths globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Similarly, Smith and Jones (2019) found that many drivers in the US misuse or neglect side lights, increasing accident risks, while Lin and Zhang (2021) demonstrated that targeted driver education significantly improved compliance and safety outcomes. Anderson and Wilson (2017) discovered that many UK drivers were unaware of the purpose and benefits of superelevation. Gupta, Verma, and Singh (2020) found that public education enhances understanding and safety.

Based on the survey findings and these sources, here are some recommendations to enhance road safety awareness in Nepal:

• Integrate road safety topics into licensing exams: Ensure that questions about pedestrian safety, side light usage, and road features like superelevation are included in driver licensing exams. This will reinforce the importance of these topics and ensure that all drivers have a basic understanding of them.
• Launch public awareness campaigns: Use media platforms, social media, and community events to spread awareness about correct pedestrian practices, proper use of vehicle side lights, and the benefits of various road features. Engaging content can make these campaigns more effective.
• Collaborate with schools and colleges: Educate young people about road safety through school curriculums and college workshops. Early education can instill lifelong habits and improve overall road safety culture.
• Use technology for education: Develop mobile apps and online resources that provide interactive learning experiences about road safety. Quizzes, videos, and simulations can help users understand and retain information better.

Enhancing road safety awareness in Nepal requires a multifaceted approach that includes better education, stricter enforcement of traffic rules, and engaging public awareness campaigns. By addressing misconceptions and promoting informed decision-making, we can create a safer road environment for everyone.

So, next time you step out onto the busy streets of Kathmandu, remember to walk on the right side, use your sidelights correctly, and appreciate the engineering marvels that keep you safe on those sharp curves. Let’s work together to make our roads safer, one step and one turn at a time.