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Today, I am surrendering;

Surrendering amidst the vista;

To keep myself in attunement;

In my heart I know;

Dear life, it feels liberating.

As I gaze upon the horizons;

It reminds me of my ever-growing dreamscape;

A picturesque of euphoria;

In my mind I know;

Dear life, it feels awakening.

The realm of hope engulfs me;

While getting lost in the depths of my thoughts;

A never ending thought;

In my wariness I know;

Dear life, it feels empowering.

As I took a sigh of relief;

The gentle breeze flustered me;

I mustered up the courage to face the inevitable;

In my belief I know;

Dear life, it feels reinforcing.

Today, I am accepting;

Of my defeats with grace;

For I am fearfully and wonderfully admitting; 

In my realization I know;

Dear life, it feels musing. 

Animon Rapacha 

BBM VI Semester, United College

In the mid winter,

Just like the flickers of light in darkness,

Just like the icy serenade of coolness in dawn,

A part of me was forlorn.

After some years,

In the mid spring,

Just like the gentle breeze of wind in May,

Just like the first drizzle of rain,

One fine afternoon,

A part of me was melancholic.

But,

Some parts of me were under Phoenix’s spell.

Amidst nowhere,

There existed be-all and end-all,

In your presence,

I could be more human.

More courageous.

More myself.

What a time!

Animon Rapacha

BBM VI Semester, United College

Aditya Goenka, a student from Nepal who topped the Richmond American University at London in BA Economics (Hons), leading to distinguished offers from the prestigious Cambridge and London School of Economics for pursuing his Masters’, has committed himself to helping alleviate poverty at large, reshaping the socio-economic landscape in Nepal with the help of a multi-utility grass called Vetiver. He envisions extending his paradigm of sustainable and inclusive development across the developing world once he sees Nepal’s underprivileged empowered with sustainable and inclusive development in place. 

He believes that comprehending ‘Ecosystem based Adaptation (EBA)’ holds the key to the holistic development of a nation. For us in Nepal, this is very pertinent. It can be understood as interactions that connect several approaches to addressing climate change adaptation, biodiversity and ecosystem conservation, and socioeconomic development with people being at the center of the approach. For the vulnerable communities, it assumes even larger significance.

He has embraced Vetiver, a specific vegetation known for its capability as a sustainable agriculture tool along with being a bioengineering marvel. It impacts all the 17 SDGs in Nepal. The initiative covers diverse need-based arenas as critical as soil and water conservation, disaster mitigation, wasteland reclamation, groundwater recharge, carbon sequestration, phytoremediation of abandoned mines, quarries etc, substitution of fossil fuel with green energy, landfills, leachates, and many more.

The impact of his work has been revolutionary across various applications, with the aforesaid being just a few examples. Vetiver plantations can be seen at several public projects in Nepal having solved bioengineering challenges with elan—such as the under-construction ‘Fast Track’ road project from Nijgadh to Kathmandu, Pokhara International Airport, Mahakali Irrigation Project, Wasteland Reclamation for farmers and several more. 

Goenka is confident that most of the critical issues as challenging as poverty, climate, hunger, unemployment in Nepal (and in extension across the developing world) can be addressed with Vetiver which is not just a grass but, it’s a technology. It is a C4 perennial grass that fits well in ecosystem service models contributing to multifarious environmental applications, and offers sustainable opportunities for carbon sequestration as well.

Vetiver has unique morphological, physiological and ecological characteristics including its massive root system, tolerance to highly adverse growing conditions and to high levels of toxicities. As a fast growing grass, it possesses some features of both grasses and trees by having profusely grown, deep penetrating root systems that can offer both erosion prevention and control of shallow movement of surface earth mass. It is also cost-effective and environmentally-friendly.

On the poverty alleviation narrative, Goenka is working on a model wherein the farmers can bid adieu to the less revenue-accruing traditional crops and plant Vetiver as a livelihood measure which would fetch them several times more of revenue—a buy back arrangement with institutional tie-up is being worked out by him. This will enable a large number of farmers to come out of misery. There are several farmers in the terai whose stretches of lands got swept away by devastating rivers turning those into wastelands. 

Since Vetiver evolves in such lands too, there will still be a restoration of fortune for them which provides a sigh of relief to this young epitome of humanity, Aditya whose mission is driven on the premise of his pledge to bring a smile on the faces of these farmers many of who have been rendered “Sukumbasis”. He is working with his plantations right in a flood-devastated region of the downstream Bagmati river where there is a settlement of ‘Sukumbasis’ whom he provides employment and supports with Vetiver plants to guard whatever little lands some of them could save when a major flood struck the region in 2050.     

Goenka envisions helping usher-in security for the nation across all the following attributes if the wastelands in the country which are absolutely redundant today, could be put to Vetiver plantation. food, jobs, energy, climate, economic rewards, et al, can be available to the nation. 

“The heaventree of stars hung with humid nightblue fruit,” mused James Joyece in his unparalleled Ulysses. In another of his ravishing sentences, he ponders about the vastness of the age of stars when he says, “so-called fixed stars, in reality, evermoving wanderers from immeasurably remote eons to infinitely remote futures in comparison with which the years, threescore and ten, of allotted human life, formed a parenthesis of infinitesimal brevity.” Joyce had an almost unmatched mastery with words. In another of his classics, ‘Finnegan’s Wake,’ which is a reversal of Ulysses, he wrote a sentence that was later to be immortalized in the world of physics: “Three quarks for Muster Mark.”

‘Quarks,’ as is now known in the world of physics, is the elementary stuff, i.e., something without any underlying substructure out of which protons and neutrons are made. Democritus, the great Greek philosopher, thought atoms to be uncuttable—the building blocks of matter. But it is these elementary particles—Quarks—that, in the truest sense, are uncuttable. 

It is the interactions of these quarks, along with the forces that bind them, that are gluons, that give rise to the mass of the matter in the entire universe, ranging from the heaventree of stars to the unfathomable depths of black holes and everything in between. But how does mass come about in the first place?  All of the universe is permeated with something known as the Higgs field, much as the life of a fish in an ocean is surrounded by water. It is the interaction of the particles with this field that gives rise to mass. If you imagine that there is a shoal of fish in a pond—all of whom we could think of as the Higgs field. 

Now suppose three different kinds of fish come across the shoal, one of which is the kind of the shoal itself. This fish might not interact with the shoal and pass without perturbing the Higgs field and therefore have no mass. Another kind, a larger one that is a smaller predator, might scare or disturb the shoal and interact with the Higgs field and acquire some mass. A super predator like a whale, for example, scares and interacts greatly with the shoal—the Higgs field—and acquires greater mass. In the real universe, photons that make up light do not interact with the Higgs field at all. Different types of quarks interact differently with the Higgs field and have different masses.

When the universe came to life out of nothing, as some theorists proposed, it was an incredibly tense object and unbelievably hot too. Only after it cooled due to expansion did it have the right conditions to give rise to quarks. After a millionth of a second after its formation, quarks aggregated to give rise to protons, neutrons and electrons. Only after 380 thousand years did the universe cool enough for the electrons to be trapped around stable orbits outside the nucleus and form the first-ever atoms: hydrogen and helium.

About 200m years later, the first stars were formed. Right now, there are about 100bn stars in every galaxy, and the number of these galaxies is thought to be a trillion. Given that a star like the sun can hold about a million Earth-like planets, is it even sensible to ask whether the universe is light enough to float on water? Well, every question is a shout-out to know the universe. Given that “The universe is not simply stranger than we imagined but stranger than we can imagine,” as Heisenberg brilliantly put it, it’s well worth asking the question.

We also know that Saturn, despite having 100 times the mass of the Earth, can float on water due to the gigantic volume that makes it incredibly light. But measuring the volume of the universe is a different ball game altogether. This is because we don't quite know the boundary of the universe, and for all practical purposes, we shall never do. This is because of the boundary problem in the universe.

Well, the universe is only 13.7bn years old, which means that the light in the universe has only so much time to travel, and so has information because there's nothing that travels at a speed greater than the speed of light. But our observable universe is about 93.5bn light-year across, and the large-scale structures of the universe reveal to us that the matter in the universe has spread out evenly, meaning that they must have interacted with each other at some time in the past.

But inflation is given that light has had only 13.6bn years to travel. How has information traveled at a distance much, much more to make the universe homogeneous? An answer to this conundrum was posed by Alan Guth, who put forward the theory of inflation. He theorized that soon after the Big Bang, the universe expanded by a factor of more than a billion of a billion of a billion in a matter of a fraction of a billionth of a billionth of a billionth of a second. In other words, the universe has expanded as much as that tiniest fraction of a second during inflation as much as it has ever done since. This gives the matter in the farthest creatures of the universe time to interact just before inflation kicks in. And how much has the universe expanded ever since?

Well, we don’t really know, and we shall never really know. 

This is because the most distant galaxies are being pulled apart from each other due to the rapid expansion of space. The galaxies that are nearer to each other, such as Andromeda and the Milky Way, have a greater gravitational force of attraction than the energy of empty spaces between them. Other galaxies that are further away have a greater energy of the empty space than the gravitational pull, and as a result, the distance between them is ever-increasing. As the expansion of the empty space continues, the galaxies will be so far apart that there will be no traces of other galaxies as they will recede from each other at speeds greater than the speed of light.

So, given that the universe is expanding so much, we can never truly know the density of the universe. We can only see the density of the observable universe, and this, too, is varying. During its origin, the universe was infinitely dense. Then, with inflation, this changed. After inflation, 13.6bn years since, its density is a mere 9.9 times 10 to the power minus 27 kilograms per meter cubed. This is as low as taking all the mass of molecules in a cubic meter of air that we breathe and expanding the volume as much as the space between the Earth and the Moon.

So, yes, the observable universe would float on water, given you could go outside the universe and find as much water as possible. But space and time and matter and water, all of these things exist only inside the universe. There is no outside, and since the edges of the universe are flying apart from us at speeds greater than that of light, we shall never know what is the boundary of the universe. Are there other universes, too, in a grand multiverse with a different density? We can only speculate. “Such are the ever-changing tracks of never-changing space,” James Joyce so memorably put it.