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The film industry worldwide is undergoing a significant transformation, and Nepal is no exception. With the advent of artificial intelligence (AI), the landscape of filmmaking is evolving rapidly, offering new opportunities and challenges. AI’s integration into the Nepali film industry is not just a trend but a revolution that promises to redefine how films are made, distributed, and consumed.

Pre-production: Enhancing creativity and efficiency

In the pre-production phase, AI tools are proving to be invaluable. Scriptwriting, for instance, can benefit immensely from AI algorithms that analyze successful scripts and suggest improvements. AI can help writers develop more engaging plots, create realistic dialogues, and even predict the potential success of a script based on various parameters. This not only saves time but also enhances the creative process by providing writers with new perspectives and ideas.

Moreover, AI can assist in casting by analyzing actors’ past performances and predicting their suitability for specific roles. This data-driven approach ensures that the right talent is chosen, which can significantly impact the film’s success. For directors and producers in Nepal, this means making more informed decisions that align with both artistic vision and market demands.

Production: Streamlining processes and reducing costs

During the production phase, AI technologies can streamline various processes, making filmmaking more efficient and cost-effective. AI-powered cameras and drones can capture high-quality footage with precision, reducing the need for multiple takes and extensive reshoots. These technologies can also handle complex shots that would be challenging or dangerous for human operators.

In addition, AI can assist in managing schedules, budgets, and logistics. By analyzing data from previous projects, AI can predict potential delays and suggest ways to mitigate them. This proactive approach helps keep productions on track and within budget, which is particularly beneficial for the Nepali film industry, where resources are often limited.

Post-production: Revolutionizing editing and visual effects

Post-production is where AI’s impact is most profound. AI-driven editing software can automate many tedious tasks, such as sorting through hours of footage, identifying the best takes, and assembling rough cuts. This allows editors to focus on the creative aspects of their work, such as refining the narrative and enhancing the emotional impact of scenes.

AI is also revolutionizing visual effects (VFX). Advanced algorithms can generate realistic CGI, perform complex compositing, and even create entire scenes from scratch. This opens up new possibilities for filmmakers in Nepal, enabling them to produce high-quality visual effects without the need for expensive equipment or large teams.

Distribution: Targeting audiences and maximizing reach 

AI’s role extends beyond production into distribution and marketing. AI algorithms can analyze audience preferences and viewing habits to predict which films will resonate with different demographics. This information can be used to tailor marketing campaigns, ensuring that promotional efforts reach the right audience.

For the Nepali film industry, this means more effective use of limited marketing budgets. By targeting specific segments of the population, filmmakers can maximize their reach and increase the chances of their films being successful. AI can also assist in optimizing release schedules, choosing the best platforms for distribution, and even setting ticket prices based on demand predictions.

Challenges and ethical considerations

While AI offers numerous benefits, its integration into the film industry also raises several challenges and ethical considerations. One major concern is the potential loss of jobs as AI automates tasks traditionally performed by humans. This is a significant issue in Nepal, where the film industry provides employment to many people.

To address this, it is essential to focus on reskilling and upskilling the workforce. By providing training in AI and related technologies, the industry can ensure that workers are equipped to take on new roles and responsibilities. Additionally, there should be a balance between automation and human creativity, ensuring that AI enhances rather than replaces human input.

Another ethical consideration is the potential for bias in AI algorithms. If the data used to train AI systems is biased, it can lead to unfair and discriminatory outcomes. This is particularly relevant in casting and scriptwriting, where biased algorithms could perpetuate stereotypes and limit diversity. It is crucial to develop and implement AI systems that are transparent, fair, and inclusive.

Future of AI in Nepali film industry 

The future of AI in the Nepali film industry looks promising. As technology continues to advance, AI will become even more integrated into all aspects of filmmaking. This will lead to more efficient production processes, higher-quality films, and greater opportunities for creative expression.

For filmmakers in Nepal, embracing AI is not just about staying current with global trends but also about leveraging technology to overcome local challenges. By adopting AI, the Nepalese film industry can enhance its competitiveness, reach a wider audience, and tell more compelling stories.

In conclusion, AI is set to play a pivotal role in the future of the Nepalese film industry. Its ability to enhance creativity, streamline production, and optimize distribution makes it an invaluable tool for filmmakers. However, it is essential to address the challenges and ethical considerations associated with AI to ensure that its integration benefits everyone involved. With the right approach, AI can help the Nepali film industry achieve new heights and continue to thrive in the digital age.

Mamkoila Sarki from Jumla shares the lifelong struggle of accessing clean drinking water. She recalls a time when melting snow was a daily routine for drinking water. Decades ago, crops thrived with minimal spoilage, but now recurrent landslides and unfavorable climatic conditions frequently destroy seeds and paddy, she says.

Sadhana Tharu from Nepalgunj observes rising temperatures over the years. Whereas rainfall used to arrive between mid-May and mid-June, it now occurs between mid-July and mid-August, often leading to flooding between September and October.

Dhanjit Budha from Jumla explains that with many men and educated women working abroad, the remaining women, who rely heavily on agriculture, struggle to support their families. Climate change has reduced agricultural productivity, making survival increasingly difficult.

In the documentary Bahav, produced by Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung last year, the impact of climate change on water resources is highlighted.

Women in remote districts like Bardiya and Jumla are adapting to climate variability in their villages. According to the World Bank’s Country, Climate, and Development Report, Nepal’s temperature is projected to rise by 0.9°C between 2016 and 2045, further increasing the country's climate risks.

This article will explore how documentaries and short films have brought climate change issues in Nepal to the forefront. It will examine the presentation of climate challenges in various contexts, and whether commercial cinema has adequately addressed these critical issues.

Emerging issues

A documentary produced by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) illustrates how poverty and environmental changes are driving migration. Intense monsoons lead to floods in the Tarai and landslides in the hills, while droughts damage crops, exacerbating food insecurity. For example, in Arghakhanchi district alone, more than 50 percent of households have family members migrating for work. 

Respondents in the documentary noted that climate change has harmed crop yields, livestock, and livelihoods. However, FAO demonstrates that intervention is possible through a problem-solving approach, providing support to affected communities, especially women, who bear the brunt of climate change.

In The Last Yak Herder of Dhe, visual anthropologist Fidel Devkota showcases the challenges faced by Kungshang Rinzin, the only remaining yak herder in Upper Mustang’s climate-vulnerable region. The documentary, featured by WWF Nepal, reveals the population decline in Dhe village due to shrinking grasslands and water shortages.

A documentary by NDI Nepal, supported by USAID, focuses on climate change and governance in Nepal. Stakeholders warn that 21 glacial lakes—sources of the Koshi, Gandaki, and Karnali rivers—are on the verge of bursting due to global warming. This could lead to massive displacement and poverty. Despite many policies, implementation remains a challenge. 

Dr Punya Prasad Regmi, Vice-chancellor of Agriculture and Forestry University, stresses the need for collaboration between the Ministries of Agriculture, Energy, and Forestry to address climate-related policy gaps.

The World Bank report also forecasts drier winters and wetter monsoon summers in Nepal, with river flooding potentially affecting 350,000 people by 2030. Between 2012 and 2019, Nepal’s carbon emissions rose by 26.9 percent, with agriculture contributing 54 percent and energy 28 percent.

Climate storytelling in film festivals

The 19th edition of the Kathmandu International Mountain Film Festival (KIMFF) in December 2021 focused on climate change under the theme “Karma.” The festival screened 40 films from 28 countries. Festival chair Basant Thapa emphasized the deep connection between humans and nature, calling for urgent action to heal the planet.

Notable films included The Icefall Doctor (2021), which portrays the life of Angnima Sherpa, who managed the Khumbu Icefall on Everest amidst environmental and personal challenges, and Bally Peak Outlook 2020 Expedition (2020), documenting a 47-day cleanup campaign led by environmental activist Dawa Steven Sherpa. The campaign, conducted during lockdown, removed 2.2 tons of waste from three mountains.

Other films, like God’s Buffalo (2021) and When Glaciers Go (2021), depict the personal and environmental struggles of rural communities affected by climate change, such as forced migration due to water shortages in Mustang.

KIMFF also organized a short film competition on the theme of “Green Growth—Green Recovery,” receiving 10 films on climate change and environmental issues. A decade earlier, the British Council Nepal and DFID launched the UK-Nepal Climate Change Short Film Competition, with winning entries screened at KIMFF.

While festivals like KIMFF promote climate storytelling, their reach is limited to Kathmandu, and the remote areas most affected by climate change remain largely unaware of these efforts.

Absence of climate stories in commercial cinema

Medical anthropologist and filmmaker Sachin Ghimire argues that Nepali cinema has largely neglected climate-related stories. He believes commercial filmmakers have not explored this issue, although doing so could attract larger audiences and raise awareness.

Ghimire criticizes Nepal’s political system for its failure to prioritize climate issues, blaming a lack of political vision and leadership. Despite some efforts by NGOs and INGOs, climate storytelling in Nepal is often driven by funding availability rather than genuine concern.

Senior movie journalist Samipya Timalsena notes that Nepali cinema tends to focus on entertainment, with few films exploring complex issues like climate change. He believes that creating issue-based movies with compelling protagonists and antagonists is a challenge.

Another documentary filmmaker, speaking anonymously, agrees that bringing such topics to mainstream cinema is difficult without the support of key stakeholders. However, he commends the work of visual anthropologists and documentary makers who continue to address these critical issues.

Climate change activist Arnab Chaudhary advocates for more indigenous storytelling in climate narratives, emphasizing that indigenous communities are disproportionately affected by climate change. He argues that their stories should be told by themselves to authentically reflect their experiences, with non-indigenous allies providing support.

Way forward

Nepal faces many challenges as a developing country, but ignoring environmental issues will only lead to a more uncertain future. Despite contributing just 0.027 percent of global emissions, Nepal ranks fourth in climate vulnerability.

Efforts like Sagarmatha Sambad, a multi-stakeholder dialogue on climate issues initiated by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, are commendable. The first summit, scheduled for April 2020, was postponed due to the Covid-19 pandemic.

As a signatory to the Paris Agreement, Nepal must continue raising climate concerns in international forums. Domestically, the government must prioritize helping climate-vulnerable communities, especially indigenous groups, through effective policy implementation.

Having grown up near the Mahabharat Range, I’ve seen firsthand how human activity and climate change have altered the landscape. The glaciers are melting, and the floods in the Tarai affect thousands. Living in Kathmandu for over a decade, I noticed this year was especially hot.

Storytelling has always been a powerful tool for understanding and sharing experiences, and it’s time for the entertainment industry to embrace climate stories. Raising awareness through compelling narratives can help create the momentum needed for policymakers to act on climate justice.

Restoring our connection with nature is crucial for a sustainable future. Why not start by reflecting on our relationship with the Earth?

Urbanization in Nepal has accelerated in recent years. The number of municipalities increased dramatically from 58 in fiscal year 2013/14 to 293 by 2017/18. Consequently, the population residing in municipalities surged from 17 percent to 66 percent. This sharp rise in urban areas is largely a result of reclassifying rural areas as urban, based mainly on population criteria. However, a significant concern remains the rapid migration from rural regions to Kathmandu Valley, turning it into an overcrowded city.

Urbanization is driven by both economic and non-economic factors. In rural areas, subsistence agriculture often fails to meet basic needs, pushing people to cities in search of better jobs and higher wages. The decline of rural industries, which once provided employment for many, has also led to increased rural unemployment and poverty, prompting migration to urban centers. Additionally, social factors such as caste-based discrimination, exploitation, and social inequality motivate rural residents to seek better opportunities in urban areas. Natural disasters like floods, landslides, and droughts, which destroy property and livelihoods, further compel people to relocate. Beyond escaping rural hardships, people move to cities for access to better education, healthcare, and modern amenities.

Benefits of urbanization

While urbanization has contributed to overcrowding in Kathmandu Valley, some economists, such as Arthur Lewis and T.W. Schultz, argue that it has positive effects on agricultural development. Growing urban incomes boost demand for agricultural products like milk and vegetables, which in turn stimulates agricultural production and rural incomes. Urbanization also increases the availability of capital, which can be used for farm expansion and modernization. Rural migrants working in cities often send remittances back home, further supporting rural economies and promoting capital formation.

Urbanization also brings opportunities for education and exposure to new ideas, expanding the horizons of rural people and making them more open to change. Returning migrants, having experienced urban life, can introduce innovations such as new crops and farming techniques in their home villages.

However, the nature of rural challenges has shifted. With much of the younger population migrating to cities, rural areas are increasingly populated by the elderly and disabled. As a result, once-valuable agricultural land is left barren, and rural marketplaces are often deserted except for occasional festivals like Dashain.

Costs of urbanization

On the other hand, some economists argue that urbanization can have negative consequences for both urban and rural economies. As urban populations grow, competition for limited jobs intensifies, contributing to urban poverty and unemployment. Social problems such as crime, prostitution, pollution, and inadequate housing also increase in overcrowded cities like Kathmandu. The rise in theft, robbery, and other crimes in the valley underscores these concerns.

Urbanization also strains public services such as housing, safe drinking water, sewerage systems, electricity, and transportation. Kathmandu’s growing water and sewage issues are clear examples. Due to budget constraints, the government struggles to keep up with the demand for improved public services. Additionally, urbanization can reduce agricultural output as rural labor declines, a significant issue for a country like Nepal that increasingly relies on imported food grains.

Strategies to slow urbanization

Unlike earlier views that saw urbanization as beneficial, many now consider it a contributing factor to urban underemployment and a symptom of underdevelopment. To curb excessive urbanization, it is essential to strike a balance between rural and urban economic opportunities by reducing the focus on urban areas.

Rural development initiatives that boost incomes and create jobs can help reduce migration to cities. As rural areas become more attractive, people are less likely to leave. Therefore, comprehensive rural development programs aimed at increasing production and improving quality of life offer a sustainable solution to excessive rural-urban migration.

Since agriculture remains the backbone of Nepal’s economy, modernizing agriculture is an effective strategy to generate employment and raise rural incomes. To retain young people in rural areas, farming must be made an attractive and viable career option. Agricultural modernization—encompassing diversification and commercialization—can increase incomes and act as an incentive for young people to stay in their villages.

Another key strategy is to promote rapid industrialization, focusing on both large- and small-scale industries. In a labor-abundant country like Nepal, developing agro-based industries and rural enterprises should be a priority. These industries not only strengthen the agricultural sector but also create jobs. However, it is crucial to adapt traditional skills and products to meet changing market demands. If young people have access to better income opportunities and higher social status in rural areas, they will be less inclined to migrate to cities.

A one-day Talent Show was held in the capital recently. The event was organized by Association of Pre-school Educators Nepal (APEN) Gokarneshwar Municipal Committee in connection with the International Children’s Day. More than 250 students of different schools, teachers, principals and parents were present in the program.

Students aged below eight from 15 Montessori schools participated in the program. They gave group and individual performances during the talent show. The students performed dances, sang songs and played music. 

The Chairperson of the Parliamentary Finance Committee and Member of Parliament Santosh Chalise was the chief guest of the event. Meanwhile, the Deputy Chief of Gokarneshwar Municipality Sannani Lama, General Secretary of APEN Center Krishna Bohora, Central Member Nirmal Nepal, Praveen Jang Thapa and others were also present in the event.

The participants were given medals, letters of appreciation and tokens of love during the event. Congratulating APEN for organizing such a beautiful program, Chalise said that he is ready to cooperate with the organization in the future.

Lama said that the municipality was ready to coordinate with APEN to help students get education while learning with fun.