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Nepal’s electric vehicle transition has moved beyond the stage of experimentation. What was once a cautious policy-backed alternative has become a defining feature of the country’s transport landscape. The shift is visible in ordinary, unremarkable moments: cars idling silently at intersections, public vehicles stopping to recharge instead of refuel, and new buyers walking into showrooms already determined that their next vehicle will be electric contributing for a safer and cleaner tomorrow.

In just a few years, electric vehicles have gone from novelty to norm, particularly in urban Nepal. This change has delivered immediate benefits. Fuel imports have declined, reducing pressure on foreign exchange reserves. Electricity generated from domestic hydropower is being consumed locally rather than wasted or exported cheaply to our neighboring countries. Urban air quality, especially along major traffic corridors, has shown modest improvement as tailpipe emissions fall.

According to the Department of Customs, Nepal imported 11,701 electric cars, jeeps, and vans in 2023/24, marking a staggering 189 percent increase from the previous fiscal year. The trajectory did not slow. In just the first ten months of 2024/25, an additional 9,859 four-wheeled EVs entered the country — collectively worth more than NPR 23 billion. When two-wheelers, three-wheelers, and public electric transport are added, total EV imports for the same year soared to 44,534 units, a figure unimaginable only a few years ago.

The Customs data show that Nepal imported 4,286 EVs—including buses, minibuses, microbuses, cars, jeeps and vans—worth Rs10.44 billion in the first five months of the fiscal year that ended in mid-December.

A combination of policy incentives, rising fuel prices, and improvements in vehicle technology lately has reshaped the market faster than many expected. Reduced import duties made electric vehicles price-competitive with internal combustion engine models. Volatile fuel costs pushed buyers to seek more predictable operating expenses. At the same time, newer EV models offered longer ranges, better performance on steep gradients, and extended battery warranties with very reasonable prices than gasoline vehicles.

For drivers, the appeal is straightforward. Bhakta Kumar Gupta, a public van driver operating in the Kathmandu Valley, says the decision to switch was driven by daily realities rather than ideology. “It is easy to drive and much cheaper to operate,” he says. “There is no engine noise, no smoke, and fewer mechanical problems. Using electricity instead of fuel also feels better for the country in terms of going green and is also convenient and cheaper.”

As per him, lower operating costs, reduced maintenance needs, and smoother driving have helped overcome early skepticism. As per him, a 100 kWh EV can run 10 km with just one unit of electricity. Considering the cost of Nrs 10 per unit of electricity, the total operating cost of EV would be Nrs 1,50,000, while petrol one would have cost much more higher than that. Gupta is satisfied that he doesn’t need to spend additional on servicing and maintenance toolike for fuel vehicles. 

The private sector is capitalizing on the momentum. International brands from China, India, Korea, and Vietnam have entered the Nepali market in rapid succession. Chinese manufacturers — including BYD, Wuling, Xpeng, Zeekr, and Leapmotor — have captured significant market share, offering long-range models at competitive prices. MG Motor, Tata Motors, Hyundai, and VinFast continue to strengthen their portfolios as Nepali buyers grow more confident in electric alternatives. 

Nepal’s experience is distinct among South Asian countries. Unlike many countries in the region, it produces most of its electricity domestically, largely through hydropower. Every electric vehicle on the road displaces fuel that would otherwise be imported, paid for in foreign currency, and burned in congested urban centers.

Electric mobility as a national strategy

From the government’s perspective, the rise of electric vehicles aligns closely with Nepal’s broader economic and energy goals.

For decades, Nepal has depended heavily on imported petroleum products, draining foreign currency reserves and exposing the economy to global price fluctuations. Transport emissions are also a major contributor to urban air pollution, particularly in the Kathmandu Valley, where winter temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground and worsen public health outcomes. 

Electric vehicles offer a way to address multiple challenges at once. They reduce fuel imports, increase domestic electricity consumption, and contribute to cleaner urban air. As hydropower generation expands, electric mobility provides a ready market for surplus electricity, particularly during the wet season.

Kulman Ghising, who currently oversees both the energy and transport ministries, has repeatedly described electrification as a practical necessity rather than an abstract environmental ambition. He added how Nepal can be more prosperous and economically independent if every household adapts into electric lifestyle. 

“During my tenure in Nepal Electricity Authority, I introduced electric vehicles inside the office and electric cooking. Electric devices and vehicles in daily life are the best option to reduce Nepal’s financial burden and make the country safer and pollution-free,” Ghising remarked. 

He argued that wider use of electricity in daily life, including electric cooking and transport, helps reduce Nepal’s financial burden while making cities cleaner and safer.

This thinking has shaped policy priorities. Investments in charging infrastructure, grid upgrades, and electric public transport have increased. Import incentives have remained favorable. 

His message aligns with Nepal’s broader ambitions to cut fuel imports, stabilize energy use through hydropower, and position the country as a leader in clean mobility in South Asia. The government has continued investing heavily in charging networks and grid upgrades, and public-private partnerships are being explored to accelerate deployment.

However, most of this focus has been on accelerating adoption, with far less attention given to managing the full lifecycle of electric vehicles.

Dealers across Nepal report that customer attitudes toward electric vehicles have changed fundamentally. They have not just started trusting brands and ready to switch into it, but also questioning about long-term durability. 

At Hyundai Nepal, junior manager Ariya Dhakal says EVs are no longer treated as experimental purchases. “Earlier, electric vehicles attracted only a small group of customers who were interested in new technology,” she explains. “Now, many people walk in already asking about electric models. For some buyers, petrol or diesel vehicles are not even part of the discussion.”

The questions customers ask reflect a more mature market. “Battery life, warranty coverage, and long-term reliability come up almost immediately,” Dhakal says. “People understand that the battery is the most expensive component of an EV. They want to know what happens after five, eight, or ten years, and also ask about the safety issues while charging at home.”

This shift in consumer thinking shows that electric vehicles are now seen as long-term investments rather than short-term experiments. Buyers are planning ownership across a decade or more, and their concerns extend well beyond the purchase price.

Concern of Battery Life 

Beneath the momentum lies a challenge that remains largely unresolved. Electric vehicles may not emit exhaust fumes, but the batteries that power them have a finite life. As Nepal accelerates toward an electric future, the question of what happens to these batteries at the end of their use is becoming increasingly important. 

According to industry experts, the way the country addresses battery disposal and recycling will determine whether the EV transition remains environmentally sound or simply relocates pollution from the streets to less visible spaces.

Lithium-ion batteries, which power most electric vehicles, contain materials that require careful handling. Over time, batteries degrade and eventually fall below the capacity needed for vehicle use. At that point, they must be reused, recycled, or disposed of safely. Nepal does not yet have a comprehensive system to manage this process at scale.

Environmental expert Bhusan Tuladhar warns that the country has a limited window to prepare. “Most of the batteries entering Nepal today will reach the end of their automotive life within eight to twelve years,” he says. “If systems are not built in advance, the problem will arrive suddenly and at scale.”

As per studies, battery replacement costs for EVs over a 20-year lifespan range from NPR 11,00,000 to NPR 22,00,000, posing financial burdens on consumers and the country. 

Electric vehicle battery waste poses challenges unlike many other waste streams Nepal have dealt with. Lithium-ion batteries contain heavy metals and reactive chemicals. If damaged or improperly stored, they can leak toxic substances into soil and groundwater or pose serious fire hazards.

Informal recycling, which is common for electronic waste in Nepal, adds further risk. Workers often dismantle components without protective equipment or technical training, increasing exposure to hazardous materials. Fires linked to battery mishandling have been reported globally, highlighting the dangers of unregulated processing.

Nepal’s geography amplifies these risks. Many cities and towns are located near rivers that feed major watersheds. Poorly managed waste can travel quickly through water systems, affecting agriculture, drinking water supplies, and hydropower infrastructure downstream.

Unlike air pollution, which is visible and immediate, the impacts of battery contamination are slow and cumulative. They may not provoke immediate public concern, but over time they can undermine ecosystems and public health in ways that are difficult and costly to reverse also leading to environmental degradation.

Nepal’s existing waste management laws were drafted before lithium-ion batteries became common. The Solid Waste Management Act and related regulations do not clearly classify EV batteries as hazardous waste, nor do they assign responsibility for collection, transport, or recycling.

As a result, there is no nationwide requirement for importers or sellers to take back used batteries. There is no dedicated lithium-ion battery recycling facility operating at scale. There is also no formal tracking system to monitor what happens to batteries once they are removed from vehicles.

For now, the absence of visible battery waste allows the issue to remain largely outside public debate. However, as EV numbers continue to grow, this policy gap will become increasingly difficult to ignore.

Companies operating in Nepal’s EV market acknowledge the battery challenge but point to regulatory uncertainty. Sahil Shrestha, CEO of Cimex Inc. Pvt. Ltd an executive from the sector has spoken about sustainability and battery recycling as part of industry efforts toward responsible end-of-life battery management. He says the issue is widely recognized within the industry. “Serious companies know battery waste is coming, but without clear government rules, investing in recycling systems is risky. One company alone cannot build the entire ecosystem.”

This uncertainty creates uneven incentives. Companies that invest in responsible practices may face higher costs, while others avoid them entirely. Without regulation, voluntary initiatives are likely to remain fragmented and insufficient.

In many countries, battery waste is managed through Extended Producer Responsibility, or EPR. Under this framework, producers or importers are legally responsible for managing products after consumer use, including collection, recycling, and safe disposal.

Applied to Nepal’s EV market, EPR could involve mandatory battery take-back schemes, recycling targets, reporting requirements, and enforcement mechanisms. Such a system would shift responsibility away from municipalities and informal handlers toward companies best positioned to manage battery lifecycles.

Gopikrishna Nyaupane, Managing Director and former General Secretary of Nepal Automobiles Association (NADA) said – '' Electric vehicle batteries typically lose 30–40% of their capacity over time, after which they need to be properly recycled to prevent environmental harm. Nepal has great potential for reusing EV batteries. Used batteries can still serve as energy storage solutions. "

While discussions around EPR have taken place within policy circles, no binding framework has yet been adopted for EV batteries in Nepal, as per the experts. 

Battery management infrastructure

According to the Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Transport, it has commissioned a technical study to develop an action plan for EV battery management — including “second life” reuse and future handling frameworks. Ghising is of view that the outcome of this study is expected to inform future policy options but no regulations have yet been promulgated.

Academic and policy research titled "A Transformative Policy Strategy for Sustainable Waste Management published in Tribhuvan University Journal Volume 39, No. 2 (2024) confirms that EPR is seen as a potential tool to address broader waste challenges. The academic article argues that EPR could transform Nepal’s waste management landscape, promote a circular economy, and reduce environmental pollution — but it also highlights regulatory gaps and implementation challenges.

Electric vehicle batteries often retain significant capacity after being removed from vehicles. In other countries, these batteries are repurposed for stationary energy storage, backup power systems, and grid balancing.

For Nepal, second-life batteries could support solar installations, rural electrification, and seasonal energy management. However, reuse requires testing standards, safety certification, and regulatory oversight as well as orientation on proper handling, Tuladhar adds.

Without clear rules, second-life use risks becoming informal and unsafe, extending battery life without addressing environmental risk. As Tuladhar notes, “reuse can be beneficial only if it is properly regulated and monitored.”

EV adoption has been strongest in Kathmandu and other major cities, where charging infrastructure and service centres are available. Rural areas lag behind due to weaker grids and limited technical capacity.

Battery management infrastructure is likely to follow the same pattern unless addressed deliberately. Concentrating facilities in cities could leave rural districts exposed to unsafe storage or disposal practices as electric vehicles gradually spread nationwide.

A sustainable transition must account for geography as well as market demand.

A UNFCCC technical report on Nepal’s waste policy published in November 2024 notes that while the Solid Waste Management Act 2011 recognizes integrated waste management, enforcement, effective regulations, and coordination between government, private sector, and NGOs are urgently needed to actually implement provisions for segregation, recycling, and coordination with communities and private actors.  

As electric vehicles are now firmly embedded in Nepal’s transport system. They are reducing fuel imports, supporting domestic energy use, and contributing to cleaner urban air. These gains are real and widely acknowledged.

Whether they endure long-term will depend on how responsibly the country manages what comes next. Batteries may be out of sight, but their environmental impact will not remain out of reach. As Nepal continues its shift toward electric mobility, the systems it builds today to manage battery waste will play a decisive role in determining whether this transition remains genuinely sustainable in the decades ahead.

Note: This report was prepared with the support of Internews Earth Journalism Network and the Nepal Forum of Environmental Journalists (NEFEJ).

A biopic based on the life of renowned pilot, entrepreneur, and media figure Captain Rameshwar Thapa was officially inaugurated on the auspicious occasion of Guru Purnima. The inaugural ceremony took place at Trigajur Shivalaya in Gaurighat, Kathmandu, marked by Vedic rituals, Ganesh puja, and Shiva worship led by Pandit Kumar Subedi.

Renowned businessperson Upendra Mahato initiated the shoot with the ceremonial clap, while Capt Thapa called “Action”, signaling the symbolic beginning of what promises to be one of Nepal’s most compelling biographical films.

Directed and written by acclaimed filmmaker Dipendra K Khanal, the biopic, ‘Captain Saab’, will trace the extraordinary life journey of Capt Thapa from his humble beginnings in Kavre to becoming a celebrated helicopter pilot and a central figure during Nepal’s turbulent conflict era. The movie primarily focuses on Capt Thapa’s positive role during the decade-long Maoist insurgency, the peace process, and the promulgation of the constitution.

Khanal shared that the inspiration for Captain Saab came rather unexpectedly. While browsing a bookstore, he was struck by the cover of the book ‘Into the Fire’ , Capt Thapa’s autobiography.     “The cover felt like a movie poster,” Khanal recalled. “When I read the book, I was deeply moved. The life he has lived is far more heroic than most characters we see in the films.”

According to Khanal, the book didn’t just offer cinematic moments, but a real portrait of resilience, bravery, and service—qualities that defined Thapa’s role both in the skies and on the ground during times of national crisis.

Though initially hesitant about having his life adapted for cinema, Capt Thapa agreed after understanding the film’s intent to depict not just his professional achievements but the underlying human story. Khanal emphasized that the movie will balance cinematic storytelling with real-life emotion. “Crafting a biopic is not easy,” he said, “but it can be a powerful narrative when handled with sincerity.”

Leading the film as Capt Thapa is one of Nepal’s finest actors, Khagendra Lamichhane, who previously collaborated with Khanal in ‘Dhanapati’. Known for his intense performances and dedication to character, Lamichhane has taken this role as a personal mission.

“I’ve known Captain Thapa since 2015 when we met during the shoot of Pashupati Prasad,” Lamichhane said. “His dedication to saving lives during Nepal’s conflict era inspired me. This role is a tribute to his spirit. It’s not just acting for me—it’s about capturing a man’s life of purpose.”

To portray Thapa authentically, Lamichhane has spent significant time understanding the captain’s routines and personality. As someone who also came from a village background, Lamichhane sees parts of his own journey reflected in Thapa’s. “We both came from rural beginnings,” he said. “He became a pilot, and I became an actor. That shared root makes this portrayal more personal and convenient to work.”

Joining Lamichhane in a pivotal role is Surakshya Pant, another spectacular actor, playing the role of Thapa’s wife. Pant, who also starred opposite Lamichhane in ‘Dhanapati’, said this film reunites not only cast members but also a creative synergy that had worked well in the past.

“This character is close to my heart,” said Pant. “It’s a story of strength behind the scenes. The emotional layers of a wife supporting her husband through intense times—conflict, uncertainty, and public duty—need careful portrayal. I consider it a privilege.”

Pant emphasized the challenges of acting in a biographical film that touches on real-life trauma, including Nepal’s Maoist conflict and political unrest. “It’s sensitive material,” she noted. “We must show respect to those who lived through those times while keeping the cinematic experience alive.”

Sanjog Rasaili also features in a key role, alongside a strong ensemble cast that includes several experienced and emerging talents.

In addition to writing and directing, Khanal is also one of the producers, along with Karan Shrestha and Shrishtima Khanal. Rich Entertainment and Yarsa Studio are jointly backing the project. The film is being marketed as one of the most ambitious biopics in Nepali cinema.

The visual storytelling will be handled by Krishna Bahadur Thapa, an experienced cinematographer known for bringing emotional depth to Nepal’s diverse landscapes. The production team has planned to shoot in Kushadevi in Kavre—Capt Thapa’s birthplace—as well as Kathmandu and Chitwan.

Director Khanal described “Captain Saab” as a film that not only celebrates an individual’s courage but also reflects a pivotal time in the nation’s history.

“It will be an entertaining film, yes, but also a deeply moving one,” Khanal said. “It’s about a man navigating political instability, risking his life for others, and building something meaningful from scratch. That human element is what we are bringing to screen.”

The narrative of ‘Captain Saab’ will weave together elements of personal and national importance rescue missions, helicopter flights into remote areas, and the emotional toll of conflict. It promises to chronicle not only the professional life of Capt Thapa but also the unseen sacrifices and decisions made in the shadows of Nepal’s political upheaval.

Thapa, who currently serves as the Chairman of Simrik Air and Annapurna Media Network, was previously the head of the Airline Operators Association. His contributions during the civil conflict, especially through high-risk rescue operations, have earned him public respect.

The film, according to insiders, aims to reflect both the dramatic highs and the quiet sacrifices behind such a public figure. From people’s movement, mass rescue missions to aviation challenges and navigating complex political terrain, ‘Captain Saab’ is expected to resonate with both general audiences and those familiar with Nepal’s recent history.

Along with the lead producers, the film boasts a robust crew: Srijana Napit is serving as the executive producer, while Saugat Basnet is the chief assistant director. Bhimsen Shahi of Trident Concept is responsible for poster and publicity design. The production design is being handled by Aki Thekpa, with Rohit Raj Gautam and Bishnu Mainali managing the production process.

The director highlighted the team’s commitment to authenticity, not only in storytelling but in technical execution. “This is not a rushed project,” Khanal stated. “It’s going to be crafted with care, dedication, and clarity of vision.”

While biopics are rare in Nepali cinema, this film could pave the way for more stories rooted in real life. With a strong foundation of collaboration, veteran direction, and socially resonant themes, the journey of Captain Saab is one that the audience will be eager to follow.

Director Khanal summed it up best: “This is more than a film. It’s a responsibility to history, and a tribute to a man who dared to rise above the clouds—literally and metaphorically.”

Nepal government condemned the barbaric terrorist attack on innocent tourists in Pahalgam, Jammu and Kashmir.

"We extend our deepest condolences to the bereaved families and express our sincere wishes for the swift and full recovery of those injured" reads a statement issued by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

"Nepal stands in steadfast solidarity with the Government and people of India in this time of sorrow," the Ministry said.

"In line with our firm and principled position, Nepal condemns terrorism in all its forms and manifestations and believes that such heinous acts of terrorism cannot and should not be justified on any ground," according to the statement.

Global leaders have condemned the terror attack in Jammu and Kashmir’s Pahalgam region that killed at least 26 people, including Indian and foreign tourist.Militants affiliated with the Resistance Front (TRF) opened fire on a group of non-Muslim tourists in Anantnag district's Baisaran meadow.

The attack targeted non-Muslim tourists, with reports indicating that the attackers chose victims based on their religious identity. Among the dead were Indian citizens from several states, as well as foreign tourists from Nepal and the United Arab Emirates. The incident is regarded as the deadliest civilian attack in the region since the removal of Jammu and Kashmir's special status in 2019. Authorities claim multiple injuries and widespread fear in the area.

The attack drew widespread condemnation from global leaders:

• United States: President Donald Trump expressed that the US stands firmly with India against terrorism. Vice President JD Vance, who was visiting India at the time, described the attack as a “devastating terrorist attack” and extended condolences to the victims’ families.

• Russia: President Vladimir Putin labeled the attack a “brutal crime” with no justification and offered condolences to the families of the victims.

• Italy: Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni condemned the attack and expressed solidarity with the Indian people and government.

• France: Ambassador Thierry Mathou condemned the attack and expressed support for India in its fight against terrorism.

• Germany: Chancellor Scholz denounced the attack, offered condolences, and wished the injured a speedy recovery.

• Israel: Foreign Minister Sa’ar mourned the victims and affirmed Israel’s solidarity with India against terrorism.

• Ukraine: The Ukrainian Embassy voiced concern and reiterated support for regional peace and security.

• Denmark: Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen described the news from Pahalgam as terrible and extended condolences to the victims’ families .

• United Nations: Secretary-General António Guterres strongly condemned the attack, emphasizing that attacks against civilians are unacceptable under any circumstances.

• European Union: European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen described the attack as vile and extended condolences, affirming that Europe stands with India.

• Other Nations: Leaders from countries including Israel, Germany, Sri Lanka, and Ukraine also condemned the attack and expressed support for India.

The international community's unanimous condemnation demonstrates a united front against terrorism and a shared commitment to assisting India during this difficult period.

In  response to the attack, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi ended his visit to Saudi Arabia and returned to New Delhi. Home Minister Amit Shah visited Srinagar to examine the situation and coordinate the security reaction. Security personnel initiated a manhunt to catch the criminals, and a hotline was set up to help impacted travelers.

India has said that its decision to withdraw the transshipment facility extended to Bangladesh would not affect Bangladesh’s exports to Nepal and Bhutan. In a weekly press conference, Randhir Jaiswal, spokesperson at the  Ministry of External Affairs said decisions would not affect  regional integration and trade.

We do have that in mind that regional trade needs to be promoted, he said, so that how I would look at India-Bangladesh ties.  Last week, India revoked the transshipment facility it granted to Bangladesh, meaning Bangladesh can no longer export goods to third countries through Indian ports and airports.

Pervasive presence of plastics in our environment has raised significant concerns globally, and Nepal is no exception. From the deepest ocean trenches to the highest mountains, microplastics and other plastic pollutants have infiltrated ecosystems and, alarmingly, the human body. Plastics, derived from petrochemicals and synthetic materials, are ubiquitous in modern life due to their durability, lightweight nature, and versatility, which have led to widespread use in packaging, textiles, construction, and healthcare. However, plastics present a substantial downside: they do not biodegrade easily. Instead, they break down into smaller particles known as microplastics—particles less than 5mm in size—that have been found in various food items, beverages, and even the air we breathe.

The pathways through which plastics enter the human body are diverse, starting with food sources. In Nepal, the consumption of freshwater fish from the country’s rivers and lakes is a significant avenue for microplastic contamination. Research conducted by the Nepalese Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) revealed concerning levels of microplastics in common fish species, such as Rohu and Catla, which form staple protein sources for many Nepalis. Marine organisms, mistaking microplastics for food, ingest these particles, leading to bioaccumulation up the food chain. When humans consume these fish, they inadvertently increase their microplastic intake, raising potential health concerns.

In agriculture, the practice of using plastic mulch has become commonplace among Nepalese farmers due to its benefits in weed control and moisture retention. However, this practice contributes to plastic pollution in the soil. As plastics decompose, they disrupt the availability of micronutrients essential for plant health, resulting in potential residues on produce grown in contaminated soil that may eventually enter human diets. Furthermore, the rise of packaged food products in urban areas like Kathmandu and Pokhara has increased exposure to microplastics. Many food items are sold in plastic packaging that can leach harmful chemicals into the contents, particularly under high temperatures during storage and transportation. The National Institute of Health and Population (NIHP) recently indicated concerns about certain packaged snacks containing microplastics, contributing to the overall apprehension about their health impacts.

Environmental exposure is another critical pathway. Air pollution in urban centers is a growing health concern, and airborne microplastics have been detected in air samples across Nepal. High levels of construction, vehicle emissions, and industrial activity suggest that individuals may be inhaling microplastic particles. Dr. Anuja Tamang, a pulmonary specialist in Kathmandu, noted that these inhaled particles could lead to respiratory issues and other chronic health conditions. Additionally, water sources in Nepal are increasingly threatened by plastic pollution. Rivers and lakes, often used as dumping grounds for plastic waste, pose a risk of microplastic contamination in drinking water supplies. A recent survey conducted by the Department of Water Supply and Sewerage detected microplastics in drinking water sources across several districts, raising serious concerns about the health implications for consumers.

Daily habits also contribute to plastic ingestion. Personal care products often contain micro plastics, known as "microbeads," found in soaps, scrubs, and toothpaste. Many consumers in Nepal remain unaware that their everyday skincare routines could lead to plastic exposure. Dr. Sabin Sharma, a dermatologist in Kathmandu, encourages consumers to seek out products free from micro plastics, advocating for natural alternatives that pose fewer risks to human health and the environment. Household items made from synthetic materials, such as cleaning supplies and furniture, can also release micro plastics. With regular use, these products can shed tiny plastic fibers into the air, presenting another route of inadvertent exposure over time.

The health implications tied to microplastic ingestion are still under investigation, but research is beginning to uncover potential risks. Studies suggest that microplastics may provoke inflammation, disrupt endocrine functions, and even contribute to various diseases, including cancer, metabolic syndrome, and reproductive issues. In Nepal, where healthcare resources may be limited, the growing burden of plastic-related health problems poses additional strains on the healthcare system. Dr. Pramila Shrestha, a public health expert, emphasizes the urgency of raising awareness regarding these health risks while advocating for more comprehensive studies to understand and mitigate the impact of microplastics on the population.

In conclusion, while the benefits of plastics in modern society are undeniable, the growing challenge of plastic pollution—particularly as it relates to human health—demands urgent attention, especially in resource-limited settings like Nepal. Comprehensive measures, including improved waste management practices, public education campaigns, and regulation of plastic use, are critical to mitigating the impact of plastic contamination in food, air, and water. As the data continues to emerge, it is essential for stakeholders, including policymakers, health professionals, and the general public, to collaborate in adopting sustainable practices that safeguard both human and environmental health.

The Newar community, indigenous to the Kathmandu Valley, is known for their rich culture, artistic heritage, and deep-rooted traditions. Among the many aspects of Newari or Newa culture, jewelry holds a special place. Newari jewelry is more than mere ornamentation; it reflects history, craftsmanship, spirituality, and social identity.

Adorned by Newari women during festivals, ceremonies, and daily life, these intricate pieces of jewelry carry symbolic meanings that connect them to their ancestors and gods. Crafted in gold, silver, and precious stones, each piece tells a story of tradition, skill, and devotion. Beyond jewelry, Newari culture is an amalgamation of ancient customs, unique festivals, traditional attire, and architectural marvels that have stood the test of time.

This article delves into the beauty of Newari jewelry and explores the essence of Newari culture, providing insight into the traditions that define this remarkable community.

Legacy of Newari jewelry

Newari jewelry has a history dating back centuries, influenced by Hindu and Buddhist traditions. These ornaments are often handcrafted by skilled artisans, using age-old techniques passed down through generations. Newari jewelry is diverse, with different pieces worn for separate occasions. Some of the most popular types of jewelry include:

• Kantha

Kantha is a thick gold necklace, often designed with intricate patterns. It is worn by married Newari women, symbolizing prosperity, and social status.

• Tayo

Tayo is one of the most iconic pieces of Newari jewelry. This large, crescent-shaped pendant, often made of gold, features intricate designs, and is associated with wealth and good fortune. It is commonly worn by Newari women during festivals and weddings.

• Makashi

Makashi, or gold headpieces, are worn by Newari brides and young girls during special ceremonies. These ornate head ornaments enhance beauty while also signifying purity and cultural pride.

• Pata

Pata is a type of wide, gold choker necklace often worn during significant occasions. It is crafted with fine detailing, showcasing the craftsmanship of Newari artisans.

• Naugedi

Naugedi consists of multiple gold beads strung together into a necklace. It is a commonly worn ornament by Newari women, symbolizing elegance, and prosperity.

• Har

Har is a long necklace made of gold and beads, often worn with traditional attire. This piece adds to the graceful and royal appearance of Newari women.

• Bulaki

Bulaki is a small gold ornament worn on the nose. It is especially significant for elderly Newari women and carries religious importance.

• Tilhari

Tilhari is a traditional necklace worn by married women. It consists of a long string of red beads with gold cylindrical pendants, representing marital status and longevity.

Symbolism and spiritual significance

Newari jewelry is not just about adornment; each piece has a cultural and spiritual significance. Many ornaments are inspired by Hindu and Buddhist beliefs, incorporating motifs of deities, lotus flowers, and other sacred symbols. For example, Tayo represents good fortune and is believed to bring protection and blessings from the gods. Similarly, gold jewelry is often considered auspicious and plays a vital role in marriage ceremonies and religious rituals.

Artisans behind the craft

The creation of Newari jewelry is a meticulous process conducted by skilled artisans, primarily from the Shakya and Sunar castes. These craftsmen use traditional hand tools and techniques to mold gold and silver into exquisite designs. Many families have been in the jewelry-making profession for generations, preserving the craftsmanship and knowledge of this art.

Despite modern influences, the demand for handmade Newari jewelry remains high, both within Nepal and internationally. Newari jewelers continue to practice their craft, blending tradition with contemporary aesthetics to appeal to a wider audience.

Essence of Newari culture

Newari culture is one of the most vibrant and well-preserved cultures in Nepal. It encompasses unique traditions, cuisine, festivals, language, and architecture, making it a significant part of Nepal’s heritage.

• Language and literature

The Newars have their own language, Nepal Bhasa (Newar language), which has a rich literary history. It has been used in inscriptions, religious texts, and folk tales for centuries. Newari manuscripts, written in scripts such as Ranjana and Prachalit, highlight the intellectual depth of this community.

• Traditional attire

Newari clothing reflects the beauty and grace of their culture. Women traditionally wear a Haku Patasi, a black sari with a red border, accompanied by a shawl. During special occasions, they adorn themselves with elaborate jewelry. Men wear Daura Suruwal along with a traditional Newari cap, known as Topy.

Bridal attire in Newari culture is particularly elaborate, featuring luxurious fabrics, gold jewelry, and intricate headpieces. The combination of attire and ornaments creates a majestic look for Newari brides.

Newari culture is a living testament to Nepal’s rich heritage, blending spirituality, tradition, and artistic excellence. From vibrant festivals and intricate architecture to exquisite jewelry and flavorful cuisine, every aspect of Newari life reflects a deep-rooted connection to history and community. Despite modernization, the Newar people continue to preserve their unique customs, ensuring that their cultural identity remains strong for future generations. As one of the most significant cultural groups in Nepal, the Newars not only contribute to the nation’s historical legacy but also serve as a symbol of resilience, creativity, and devotion.

Kalpana Aryal, a 40-year-old homemaker lady, talks about how switching to electric cooking instead of gas allowed her to lower her LPG bills and how this altered her daily cooking schedule because it is dependable and convenient. Kalpana started using electric cooking three years ago, and she hasn't looked back since.

This means a considerable saving of the LPG bill, which costs around Rs 1,900 per cylinder. “Households can slash their LPG bills if housewives are trained about the usage and accessibility of E-cooking,” Aryal says: It is a smart, affordable, accessible and simple method of cooking.

Electric cooking has the potential to improve the quality of life for people who cook using biomass, both by improving health by eradicating harmful emissions and by removing the need to collect fuelwood, thus freeing up time for other activities. Per some estimates, 63.6 percent of Nepali households, primarily those in rural regions, still primarily utilize biomass for cooking, accounting for 69 percent of the country’s primary energy usage. 

Conventional biomass cookstoves emit a lot of smoke and are inefficient. These burners expose women and children to dangerous toxins in kitchens with inadequate ventilation. Women also frequently have to walk great distances to gather firewood, and cleaning a kitchen covered in smoke residue is a tedious task.

Notably, 33.1 percent of Nepali homes use bottled liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), which is also being used more and more frequently as their primary cooking fuel. In less than five percent of Nepali homes, cooking is done with electricity. Susil Shrestha, an electric appliances seller based in Mahaboudhha, says electrical cooking devices are in high demand as they are effective in terms of cost and time both. The government’s positive impetus on the use of these devices is also fueling the demand, per Shrestha. 

The right to live in a hygienic and safe environment is guaranteed to residents of Nepal under the Constitution and by 2030, all Nepali households are expected to have clean cooking. Electricity and LPG are currently the government’s two most promising technological solutions when it comes to renewable energy. The government wants to encourage electric cooking because of Nepal’s enormous solar and hydropower potential. 

This is due to the fact that LPG not only adds to carbon dioxide emissions but also depletes Nepal’s meager foreign exchange reserves and increases its reliance on fuel imports, leading to energy instability. The Nepal Electricity Authority makes investments in distribution system reinforcement in order to achieve this aim. 

Biraj Gautam, CEO of PEEDA, adds the widespread of electric cooking awareness in urban areas than in rural. He adds “There is no denying the financial advantages of switching to electric stoves: Less reliance on imported LPG gas will accumulate valuable foreign exchange reserves, which can subsequently be directed toward more fruitful industries that support the advancement of the country. Beyond the financial benefits, Nepal’s goals for sustainable development are ideally aligned with the use of electric stoves. Since electricity is a greener and cleaner energy source, it is essential for lowering carbon emissions and lessening the negative effects of climate change.”

The Department of Customs’ (DoC) records offer factual proof of Nepal’s transition to electric stoves, a move that has numerous potential advantages for the country. Nepal imported an astounding 204,393 electric stove units in the fiscal year 2022-23 alone, spending a total of Rs 425.47m. This astounding number not only demonstrates the increasing interest from consumers, but it also represents a move toward more economical and ecologically responsible cooking methods. It is impossible to overlook the notable surge in the quantity of electric stoves acquired, which represents a whopping 30 percent increase over the previous fiscal. A significant trend toward the usage of electric stoves in homes is indicated by an growth rate. Indicating a wide range of consumer preferences, 130,745 induction stoves and 73,648 infrared stoves made up the total number of imported units. This paradigm shift has far-reaching and profound repercussions.

Former NEA MD and Pulchowk Engineering College professor Mukesh Kafle emphasizes “the need for an in-depth assessment of Nepal’s energy infrastructure in light of the surge in imports of electric stoves. A regular and consistent supply of electricity would be necessary to keep up the momentum and promote the widespread use of electric stoves. Without which, cooking online would only become a hassle.” He adds that if every person in a nation wants to switch to electric cooking, there won’t be enough electricity. He also offers his insightful commentary on the government’s repeated delays in finishing various hydropower storage projects, which prevents us from using the hydropower that sustains our nation.

Due to the limited electricity supply and simple access to rural places, cooking with electrical appliances is still problematic in Nepal. Only five amps of current can be used in a majority of Nepal’s older dwellings. While electricity is easy to use in new homes, there are other issues like intermittent load-shedding, only half-light systems, problems when cooking materials malfunction in electrical appliances, the inability to get it in Nepal, and concerns about the quality, availability and taste of food.

As a result, Nepal Electricity Authority and associated parties must take note of it. To ensure a prosperous future for their population, governments must constantly adjust to new paradigms in a world marked by rapid technical innovation and environmental conscience. Nepal, a nation blessed with stunning scenery and a rich cultural legacy, is welcoming change in one crucial area: The energy sector.

In opposition to what Mukesh Kafle claimed, the current MD of the NEA, MR. Kulman Ghising, argues that there is a production difference in power during the wet and dry seasons. He describes the “trade mechanism that involves purchasing electricity from them during the dry season and exporting it during the dry season.” Several reservoir projects and storage projects, such as the 140 MW Tanahu water project, are in the works to fill these gaps.

Electricity must be readily available, dependable and reasonably priced in order for electric cooking to become widely used in Nepal, as was previously said. Although Nepal possesses enormous hydropower potential, run-of-the-river (RoR) plants are the only way to fully utilize this potential. There are very few strategically viable seasonal storage projects, and developing them comes with a significant social, environmental and financial cost. Thus, in order to supplement RoR and storage hydropower plants with solar PV plants that can generate energy throughout the day, when solar resources are accessible, and during the dry season, the government must develop an electricity generation policy. 

In Nepal, the vertically integrated NEA’s monopoly is another impediment to innovation in the power sector. Rent-seeking,political patronage and labor unions’ powerful influence have all contributed to the institutional lock-in that has come from this. In light of this, decomposing the resulting monolithic distribution company into seven provincial distribution companies and quickly unbundling NEA into distinct generation, transmission and distribution companies could encourage additional advancements in the field of electricity distribution.

In order to fix the price of power based on supply and demand, the government will need to create a differential energy tariff system. Since there would be less demand for electricity when it is in excess, the price of electricity would be cheaper. To encourage electric cooking in particular, a pricing structure of this kind for residential consumers may be developed. In addition, a big public education effort regarding the financial and ecological advantages of using electricity for cooking will need to be launched by the government. Using electric cooking will be encouraged in part by this. We need to acknowledge the various initiatives in this respect that the government and its agencies have become involved in, with cooperation from the business and non-governmental sectors.

Without a doubt, Nepal’s growing interest in electric stoves represents a constructive and revolutionary change that is consistent with the objectives of the worldwide sustainability movement. To take advantage of this momentum, the government needs to make sure that everyone in the country has access to reliable and effective electricity. By doing this, Nepal may significantly lower the amount of LPG gas it imports, protecting its foreign exchange reserves, promoting environmental preservation, and promoting economic growth. 

The increasing use of electric stoves should be viewed as a sign of development, leading Nepal toward a more prosperous, independent and ecologically conscious future. In order to encourage the use of electric cooking over LPG cooking, the government must put a great deal of effort into developing and implementing sensible policies. Government, non-government and private sectors must work together closely and coordinate their efforts to create a smoke-free environment and enable all Nepali households to use clean, renewable electricity produced locally for cooking. This will go a long way toward helping Nepal achieve its goal of becoming a net zero-carbon nation by 2050.

The government should be commended for the positive progress and provide strategic assistance for the recent increase in the import of electric stoves and cooking devices. The advancement of electric stoves should be seen as a sign of progress that moves Nepal toward a future that is not only brighter, but also more self-sufficient and environment-friendly. Now is the time to act as Nepal moves toward sustainability and prosperity for all.

This story has been produced under the program, #CommunicatingClimate is an initiative under the Climate Champion Action Network (CACN)