Turtles face threat even in protected areas

Turtles are among the oldest reptilian species on Earth, playing a vital role in maintaining the health of ecosystems. Acting as scavengers in aquatic environments, they contribute significantly to the balance of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Despite their ecological importance, turtle conservation in Nepal has received minimal attention. Nepal's lowland Tarai region, particularly the buffer zones surrounding Chitwan National Park (CNP), is a crucial habitat for turtles. However, even in these protected areas, turtles face significant exploitation pressures, highlighting the urgent need for conservation efforts.

In Nepal, turtles remain one of the least studied species. A recent study, published in the Journal for Nature Conservation, sought to understand the dynamics of turtle exploitation in CNP’s buffer zone. This research focused on four key turtle species: the Elongated Tortoise (Indotestudo elongata), Tricarinate Hill Turtle (Melanochelys tricarinata), Indian Flapshell Turtle (Lissemys punctata), and Black Pond Turtle (Melanochelys trijuga). These species represent a range of conservation statuses under the IUCN Red List, from "Critically Endangered" to "Least Concern." The survey revealed that turtles are commonly observed in the region, with the Elongated Tortoise being the most frequently identified species. Conversely, the Black Pond Turtle, categorized as "Least Concern," was the least reported species. Interestingly, the higher observation rates for globally threatened species could indicate local abundance, though further evidence is needed to validate this hypothesis.

Respondents reported seeing turtles mainly during the monsoon and summer seasons, which aligns with the biological behavior of turtles, as they tend to hibernate during winter. While many respondents expressed a willingness to leave turtles undisturbed in their natural habitats, about one-third admitted they would consume turtles or keep them as pets if the opportunity arose. Alarmingly, over three-quarters of respondents acknowledged having collected turtles at least once in their lifetime. This collection was primarily motivated by a desire for consumption and the belief in the medicinal value of turtle parts. Various turtle body parts are traditionally thought to cure ailments such as asthma, cough, fever, and piles, although these claims lack scientific evidence.

The study found that turtle collection was significantly influenced by age, with older children more likely to participate. This generational pattern is concerning, as it suggests that cultural practices and traditional beliefs surrounding turtles continue to be passed down. However, there are signs of change; younger generations appear less inclined to engage in turtle exploitation, offering hope for the future.

Respondents held mixed perceptions about turtle population trends. Some believed that strict enforcement of laws in protected areas has led to population recovery. Others, however, pointed to habitat degradation, illegal trade, and human-induced pressures as factors driving turtle population declines. The encroachment of forests and wetlands further exacerbates these challenges, reducing suitable habitats for turtles and increasing their vulnerability to exploitation.

Chitwan National Park, established in 1973 as Nepal’s first protected area, introduced a buffer zone system in 1996 to promote community-based conservation efforts. Under this system, local communities receive a share of the park's revenue to support conservation initiatives. However, these funds are often directed towards the protection of larger, charismatic mammals such as tigers and rhinos, with turtles receiving little attention. This disparity highlights a need for more equitable resource allocation to ensure that lesser-known but ecologically important species like turtles are not overlooked.

Of the 17 turtle species found in Nepal, 13 are listed as threatened under the IUCN Red List. Despite this alarming statistic, public awareness of turtle conservation remains minimal. Most respondents in the study were unaware of the conservation status of local turtle species or their ecological significance. Turtles play a crucial role in maintaining aquatic ecosystems by regulating food chains, controlling pest populations, and cleaning up dead organic matter. However, only a few individuals recognized these contributions, underscoring the need for widespread awareness campaigns.

Encouragingly, over three-quarters of respondents expressed a willingness to participate in conservation efforts for turtles. This positive attitude suggests that with proper guidance and resources, communities could play a pivotal role in turtle conservation. The study also revealed that community attitudes significantly influence individual behaviors toward turtles. In communities where turtles are valued and protected, individuals are less likely to exploit them. Conversely, in areas where turtles are viewed primarily as a resource, exploitation rates are higher.

Indigenous communities in Nepal’s lowlands, who rely heavily on wetland resources for their livelihoods, are among the primary contributors to turtle exploitation. Traditional beliefs about the medicinal properties of turtles drive their collection and consumption. However, cultural and religious values could serve as a counterbalance to these practices. Turtles are revered in Hindu mythology, symbolizing the goddess Laxmi and Lord Vishnu’s ‘Kurma’ incarnation. Leveraging these cultural associations could help discourage turtle exploitation and foster a sense of responsibility toward their conservation.

Community involvement is critical for the sustainable conservation of any species. For turtles, this means creating opportunities for local populations to engage in conservation activities while addressing their livelihood needs. Stakeholders must explore innovative approaches to integrate turtle conservation into community development programs. For instance, ecotourism initiatives could be developed around turtle habitats, providing economic benefits to local communities while promoting conservation. Additionally, education campaigns tailored to specific cultural and social contexts could help shift behaviors and attitudes over time.

The path to changing deeply rooted practices is fraught with challenges, but the growing awareness among younger generations offers a glimmer of hope. Educating and empowering young people to become conservation stewards could be a game-changer in reversing the trend of turtle exploitation. By fostering a sense of ownership and responsibility among youth, Nepal can build a foundation for long-term conservation success.

Ultimately, the conservation of turtles in Nepal requires a multifaceted approach that combines scientific research, community engagement, cultural values, and policy advocacy. By prioritizing these efforts and ensuring equitable resource allocation, Nepal can safeguard its turtle populations and preserve their ecological and cultural significance for future generations.