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On Sept 20, 2023, Nepal launched its first Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) lane, connecting Bhaktapur’s Suryabinayak to Kathmandu’s Ratna Park. This initiative was introduced with the aim of improving public transportation efficiency, particularly during peak hours (9–11 am and 4–6 pm), by reducing traffic congestion and ensuring faster travel times for commuters. While the BRT lane represents a significant step toward addressing Kathmandu’s chronic traffic problems, it has also sparked a debate about its necessity and effectiveness. Could the resources allocated to this project have been better utilized to address more pressing urban challenges, such as the delays faced by emergency medical services? This question is particularly relevant in a city where traffic congestion often prevents ambulances from reaching hospitals in time, putting lives at risk.

The BRT lane was conceived as a solution to Kathmandu’s worsening traffic congestion, which has long been a source of frustration for residents and a barrier to economic productivity. According to experts from the transport ministry, the dedicated bus lane was designed to streamline public transportation, reduce delays, and provide a more reliable alternative to private vehicles. By separating buses from general traffic, the BRT lane aimed to ensure faster and more predictable travel times, especially during rush hours when the city’s roads are most congested.

However, the success of the BRT lane depends heavily on effective management and enforcement. While the initiative has shown some promise, its impact has been limited by underutilization outside peak hours and the persistent challenges of traffic management in Kathmandu. Buses often remain stuck in traffic, disrupting schedules and frustrating both passengers and drivers. This raises questions about whether the BRT lane could have been designed to serve a dual purpose, such as accommodating emergency vehicles during non-peak hours.

While the BRT lane addresses the issue of public transportation efficiency, it does little to alleviate the challenges faced by emergency medical services. In Kathmandu, ambulances often struggle to navigate through gridlocked streets, leading to delayed response times that can have life-threatening consequences. The sound of ambulance sirens is a common yet distressing feature of the city’s soundscape, serving as a constant reminder of the urgent need for better infrastructure to support emergency services.

Jamali Tamang, a regular bus commuter, shared her observations: “I’ve seen ambulances stuck in traffic during peak hours. It’s frustrating and heartbreaking. Dedicated lanes for emergency vehicles could save lives.” Tamang also emphasized the importance of public awareness campaigns to educate citizens about the importance of keeping such lanes clear. She suggested that the BRT lane could be repurposed for ambulance use during non-peak hours, allowing both buses and emergency vehicles to coexist without compromising efficiency.

Ambulance drivers, who are on the front lines of this crisis, echo these concerns. Nim Bahadur Oli Chettri, four years experienced ambulance driver, recounted his struggles: “It’s incredibly challenging to navigate crowded roads. While some drivers make their way, others ignore us, wasting precious minutes.” Chettri, who previously worked as a bus and truck driver in Saudi Arabia, highlighted the stark contrast in infrastructure and policies between the two countries. “In Saudi Arabia, emergency services are systematic and efficient. Here, the lack of clear policies and infrastructure makes it much harder.”

Several cities around the world have successfully implemented measures to prioritize emergency vehicles, offering valuable lessons for Kathmandu. In Japan, for instance, there are no dedicated ambulance lanes, but strict road rules require drivers to yield to emergency vehicles. This culture of discipline and respect for emergency services ensures that ambulances can navigate through traffic with minimal delays. Similarly, Singapore has experimented with converting certain lanes for emergency use during peak hours, while the UK allows ambulances to use shoulders or middle lanes when necessary. In South Korea, designated lanes in some areas ensure faster emergency responses, particularly in major cities like Seoul.

These examples demonstrate that with proper planning and enforcement, emergency lanes can significantly improve response times. However, implementing such measures in Kathmandu presents unique challenges due to the city’s inadequate road infrastructure and lack of clear policies.

Kathmandu’s road infrastructure remains ill-equipped to handle the growing number of vehicles on its streets. Narrow roads, haphazard parking, and poor traffic management exacerbate congestion, leaving ambulances stranded in traffic. Ganesh Man Singh Rai, an Information Officer at the Department of Transport Ministry, acknowledged these challenges: “Our limited resources and road capacity make dedicated emergency lanes seem almost impossible. However, traffic officers do their best to prioritize ambulances.” Rai emphasized the need for improved road infrastructure and stakeholder collaboration to make such initiatives feasible.

“Designating a dedicated lane for emergency vehicles is undoubtedly a good idea, but the challenge lies in ensuring its effective implementation across the numerous roads we have. The real solution, however, also depends on the honesty and discipline of drivers and riders. When they responsibly move aside to allow emergency vehicles to pass, significant improvements become visible, enabling ambulances to navigate more efficiently”, he added.

SP Sanjay Bahadur Raut, Spokesperson of the Kathmandu Valley Traffic Police Office, echoed these sentiments. “While dedicated emergency lanes are a good idea, their implementation is challenging due to narrow roads and increasing vehicle numbers. A balanced approach is essential to accommodate all road users.” Raut highlighted the efforts of traffic officers to clear paths for ambulances, even creating space from opposite lanes in urgent situations. “Every second counts in emergencies, and we prioritize getting ambulances through as quickly as possible.”

He shared, “In urgent situations, when there is high traffic, some of us may even go as far as creating space from the opposite side of the road. This is a rare and considerate act as we prioritize the safety and speed of emergency responders.”

The consequences of delayed emergency responses are dire. Dr. Manoj Yadav, an emergency medical officer at Everest Hospital, shared alarming insights: “We’ve seen patients’ conditions worsen due to traffic delays. Dedicated ambulance lanes could save lives.” He explained that ambulances in Nepal vary in functionality, from basic models to advanced units equipped like mini ICUs. However, even the best-equipped ambulances are rendered ineffective if they cannot reach patients in time. “Many patients die en route to hospitals, especially when traveling from distant locations,” Yadav added.

Yadav also highlighted the disparities in ambulance services across the country. “The hospital provides ambulances with some facilities, but many vehicles from other hospitals only offer oxygen, and some don’t even provide that. There are three types of designated ambulances: the general ambulance, which has no special facilities and is used only for non-emergency cases; the semi-ambulance, which includes basic support for minor injuries and accidents; and the advanced ambulance, which is equipped with ECG, ventilation, and designed like a mini ICU for more critical patients.”

The growing urban challenges in Kathmandu demand innovative solutions. Repurposing underutilized transit lanes for emergency vehicles could address critical gaps in the city’s emergency response system. Strict enforcement mechanisms would be necessary to prevent misuse, ensuring these lanes remain clear for life-saving purposes. Public awareness campaigns could also play a vital role in fostering a culture of responsibility among drivers.

Ultimately, the BRT lane represents progress, but its limitations highlight the need for a more holistic approach to urban planning. By prioritizing emergency services and improving road infrastructure, Kathmandu can transform its transportation system into one that not only moves people efficiently but also saves lives. The time has come to rethink idle transit lanes and turn them into pathways that serve the greater good.

The introduction of the BRT lane in Kathmandu is a commendable effort to address the city’s traffic congestion. However, its underutilization outside peak hours and the pressing need for better emergency response infrastructure suggest that a more balanced approach is needed. Dedicated ambulance lanes, combined with improved road infrastructure and public awareness campaigns, could save countless lives and ensure that emergency services are not hindered by traffic. As Kathmandu continues to grow, it is imperative that urban planning prioritizes not only efficiency but also the well-being and safety of its residents. By learning from global examples and fostering collaboration among stakeholders, the city can create a transportation system that truly serves the needs of all its citizens.

It’s a familiar tale. As the dry season arrives, fires dominate the headlines—whether they are forest fires consuming acres of greenery or house fires wreaking destruction in urban areas. Though seasonal, these incidents leave lasting impacts on ecosystems, livelihoods, and resources. They serve as sobering reminders of nature’s power and our vulnerabilities. In Nepal, as in regions like California, forest fires are an annual occurrence, forcing us to confront not only the immediate aftermath but also broader implications for climate, biodiversity, and public safety.

Nepal’s diverse landscape, ranging from the low-lying Tarai plains to the rugged Himalayan hills, makes it particularly prone to forest fires during the dry season. Regions most at risk include the Terai belt, Siwalik hills, and mid-hill areas, where dense vegetation, prolonged dry spells, and windy conditions create ideal conditions for fire outbreaks. These vulnerabilities are exacerbated by the combination of flammable vegetation and human negligence.

Topography, climate, and vegetation significantly influence the frequency and intensity of forest fires. The dry season, stretching from January to April, brings low humidity and rising temperatures, which dry out undergrowth and make forests highly susceptible to ignition. Human activities such as slash-and-burn agriculture, careless disposal of cigarettes, and unregulated land clearing often act as triggers, further escalating the problem.

The consequences of forest fires in Nepal are wide-reaching, affecting both the environment and society. Environmentally, they lead to significant biodiversity loss as countless plant and animal species perish or lose their habitats. Soil degradation hampers forest regeneration, while the release of carbon emissions contributes to climate change. On the social front, fires exacerbate health issues, with air pollution increasing respiratory illnesses. Communities may face displacement as fires destroy homes and disrupt livelihoods, underscoring the urgent need for effective prevention and response measures.

Parashuram Poudel, Under-Secretary at the Ministry of Forests, stated, “In Nepal, forest fires are an annual menace, exacerbated by human negligence and traditional practices. We’ve been organizing campaigns like ‘Ban Dadhelo Niyantran Saptaha’ to educate communities about fire prevention. Careless behaviors, such as discarding cigarettes along roadsides, often ignite dry vegetation. Poachers also play a role, deliberately setting fires to trap and kill wildlife.”

“In hilly regions, people burn dry grass and leaves, believing it fosters new growth. While this tradition is deeply rooted, it poses significant risks,” Poudel added. “We’ve been working to raise awareness about climate change in villages, but people’s livelihoods are intertwined with nature. Animals depend on these forests, and the lack of rainfall this season has worsened the situation.”

Mahabharat in Kavre is one of the hardest-hit areas, where containing fires at early stages remains a challenge. “Despite deploying firefighters and equipment, limited manpower is a critical issue,” Poudel said.

Meteorologist Ujjwal Upadhyay noted that there is no indication of rainfall in the coming week. “Compared to the last two years, the pattern hasn’t changed significantly. However, over the past 4–5 years, we’ve observed notable shifts, such as consecutive winters without rainfall during this period. Previously, occasional rainfall was more common.”

Upadhyay explained that the absence of rainfall has led to rising temperatures and increasingly dry conditions. “In Gandaki Province, the risk of forest fires is heightened by factors like extensive forested areas and less frequent human activity, which allows dry leaves to accumulate. In contrast, in Madhes, frequent forest visits for leaf collection and grazing prevent such buildup, reducing fire risks,” he said. He cautioned that from late February onwards, fire incidents are likely to increase due to the combination of prolonged dryness, rising temperatures, and accumulated dry leaves.

Addressing the growing threat of forest fires in Nepal requires urgent and coordinated efforts. The devastating environmental and social impacts underscore the need for proactive measures. Solutions include awareness campaigns, sustainable forest management, and enhanced firefighting resources. Effective action demands collaboration among the government, local communities, and international organizations. By adopting sustainable strategies, Nepal can protect its biodiversity, safeguard livelihoods, and mitigate the destructive impact of forest fires.

The International Day of Education, celebrated on January 24, is a day dedicated to recognizing the fundamental role education plays in empowering individuals, transforming societies, and driving sustainable change across the globe. As we mark this important occasion, it’s essential to reflect on the challenges and opportunities that exist within education systems worldwide. ApEx spoke to three educators to explore the multifaceted role education plays in shaping our future and to discuss how we can collectively work towards a more inclusive and accessible education system.

Asif Maharjan, 18

Grade six tutor

The internet and AI have made research and access to information far easier than ever before. Despite the advancements, the education sector faces numerous challenges. Children are heavily dependent on the internet, mobile devices, and AI which have noticeably impacted their creativity. I’ve observed that students often depend on teachers even for simple solutions. To change that, I think it’s a good idea to introduce enjoyable activities alongside academics so that students can develop a love for learning while also acquiring new skills. To enhance critical thinking, students must participate in creative and problem-solving activities that stimulate both their curiosity and their ability to think independently. This approach will help students develop a well-rounded perspective on the world.

Anuska Lama, 23

Primary school teacher

Education today transcends mere knowledge acquisition, focusing on critical thinking, creativity, and holistic development. Many institutions embrace the 4H approach: Head (knowledge), Heart (behavior), Hand (skills), and Health (physical and mental well-being). This approach fosters inclusivity, digital proficiency, and adaptability in diverse environments. In Nepal, limited resources, undertrained teachers, language barriers, and political interference hinder progress, especially in rural areas. To address these, I think we must focus on creating safe and inclusive learning spaces. Diverse teaching materials, group activities, and tailored feedback help students thrive academically and socially. Promoting grit involves setting achievable goals, fostering a growth mindset, and celebrating progress. 

Rajan Phelu, 37

College teacher

Knowledge is no longer restricted to traditional classrooms with the growth of the internet and digital platforms. People are using virtual classrooms, online learning platforms, and educational apps particularly since the COVID-19 pandemic. Access to high-quality education is still unequal worldwide, despite the fact that digital platforms are making education more widely available. There are significant obstacles for many marginalized groups, low-income families, people living in rural areas, and children with disabilities. Inclusive education is key to addressing diverse learning needs. Varied instructional methods, such as project-based assessments, group discussions, and practical exercises, ensure meaningful participation for all students. Teachers can foster engagement by integrating real-world problem-solving, design thinking, and student-led learning.

Ram Kishan has been the Country Director of Plan International Nepal since May 2022. With over 26 years of experience in humanitarian and development programming, he has worked in various countries, including India, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, Indonesia, Nepal, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Sierra Leone, Malawi, and Nigeria. Shreya Shrestha from ApEx talks to Kishan regarding Plan’s initiatives in Nepal. Excerpts from the interview:

How does Plan International Nepal’s vision for all girls and women standing strong to create global change translate into actionable strategies?

At Plan International Nepal, we are committed to supporting girls, and the focus of all our programs is to ensure they are gender-transformative, especially focusing on young girls and young women. We achieve this by implementing inclusive, transformative, and empowering processes within a lifecycle approach. We work across the lifecycle of a child, starting from conception to birth, addressing early childhood development and cognitive development, and providing education. Our programs aim to create a better space in society for their empowerment. As they transition from childhood to adulthood, we focus on skill-building to ensure they can secure meaningful employment and delay the age of marriage. At Plan International, we believe that addressing Child, Early, and Forced Marriage requires collective action from all stakeholders. We strongly urge everyone to work together to ensure that the legal marriage age in Nepal is not reduced.

One of our fundamental beliefs is that preventing early and forced marriages leads to transformative change for girls and women. While we aim to make Nepal free of child, early, and forced marriages, the issue encompasses various social, economic, and gender-related aspects that must be addressed. Often, girls marry early due to economic pressures and entrenched social norms. To tackle these challenges, we adopt a comprehensive, transformative approach embedded within the lifecycle framework.

Can you share a success story to demonstrate  how your program has fostered leadership among girls and young women in Nepal?

We have a program called ‘Champion of Change (CoC),’ which is an 18-month module that we normally run with children aged 10-24. There are two different cohorts: one for ages 10-15 and another for ages 16-24. This program creates a space where young girls, boys, and women come together to discuss their issues. They undergo lifecycle training, which is part of their education and also supports their empowerment. This program has brought transformative change in the lives of girls. They have come together to prevent abuse, work with authorities to report cases of abuse, bullying, or family issues, and, in many cases, fight against child marriage. When they find themselves being forced into marriage by their families, they feel empowered to report it to the authorities.

For example, in Bardiya, within a minority Muslim community, I met a girl who was actively campaigning to prevent child marriage in her community. She herself successfully convinced her parents not to marry her off early. As part of the CoC campaign, she is now an ambassador in her community, engaging with religious leaders, municipalities, and others to ensure that child marriage does not occur. From what we have observed, the CoC program is empowering young people to stand up for their rights and fight for them. It is one of our initiatives that I believe is bringing very visible changes.

What are the biggest challenges faced by the young women in Nepal when it comes to becoming leaders, and how does the plan address these obstacles?

As we know, gender norms are an issue we need to address. In a patriarchal society, it is primarily male-dominated, where girls and women often do not have an equal voice. While we aim to bring about changes for girls and women in society, we must work with men, boys, girls, and women together to tackle these issues collectively. There are many ways to do this. For instance, Nepal has laws that treat everyone equally, with no discrimination. The constitution guarantees equal rights. However, social norms often hinder equal opportunities for girls and women, requiring transformative change at the community, family, and societal levels. Religious and community leaders play a crucial role in creating space for such changes. Nepal’s local government act reserves seats for women in local government. However, we often see that women holding these positions, such as deputy mayors, are not directly elected as mayors. This is partly due to a lack of support from families and communities. While this representation is a good start, achieving true transformative change will take time. Historically, even in Europe and America, women were denied the right to vote for many years, whereas Nepal granted this right from the beginning.

Nepal has the right policies and laws in place, but the challenge lies in addressing social norms and creating a more positive environment for everyone to thrive. Promoting women’s leadership must begin early; we cannot wait until they are 18 or 20 to encourage them to become leaders. Efforts should start at the school and family levels, ensuring boys and girls are given the same opportunities. For example, when girls speak in public forums, they should not be silenced simply because they are girls. Both boys and girls have equal capabilities, but the difference lies in the opportunities provided to them. We need to create an environment where girls and women can advocate for their rights, address their issues, and gain leadership and representation in local, provincial, and federal governments.

As I mentioned, we follow a lifecycle approach. From the beginning, we work at the school level, engaging with child clubs to include girls in leadership roles. Many child clubs now have girls as presidents, and we have seen girls taking on mentorship roles. These mentors address larger operational issues and engage with authorities to bring about change. For economic empowerment, we focus on livelihood opportunities, skill-building, and entrepreneurship for women aged 18 and above. One of our theories of change is that an economically empowered girl has a stronger voice. In families where women work, they often have greater influence in decision-making, particularly regarding their children. 

How do you engage male allies and the broader community in promoting girls leadership?

While we work with girls and women, we cannot ignore the importance of boys and men in their lives. Our approach includes working with fathers and brothers. In the ‘Champion of Change’ program, we involve both boys and girls. This ensures we are not working in isolation with only girls but fostering mutual understanding of each other's rights and the challenges they face. In the Early Childhood Development (ECD) program, we have a fathers’ group because early childhood development involves aspects like nurturing children, nutrition, and managing family resources—responsibilities that cannot fall solely on mothers. Fathers must also be involved.

We also work on sexual and reproductive health and rights, ensuring fathers are aware of the menstruation cycle and the needs of girls, as there is significant discrimination during menstruation. We involve fathers and educate them on how to support the women and girls in their families. The fathers’ group we work with has become sensitive and empowered, actively supporting their children during menstruation and throughout their lives. Everyone’s role is essential, but at the family level, fathers hold a particularly important place. 

How does the plan ensure gender responsive humanitarian programming during a crisis?

We understand that humanitarian crises affect everyone, but they disproportionately impact those who are more vulnerable and have less voice. For example, during the 2015 earthquake, the number of women and children who died was significantly higher than that of men. This disparity can be attributed to various factors, such as a lack of preparedness and the fact that many women, as homemakers, were inside their homes when the disaster struck. To address this, we must ensure that community-level disaster preparedness plans include everyone. These plans should not only focus on men and boys but also actively involve women and girls including children with disabilities, enabling them to contribute effectively when a response is needed.

Here’s a simple example: more men know how to swim compared to women and girls. In the event of a flood, this increases the likelihood of women drowning. By including swimming lessons for women as part of disaster preparedness, a small intervention can have a long-term impact. Similarly, when considering what to pack in a grab bag during a flood evacuation, it’s crucial to account for women’s needs, such as sanitary pads, to ensure their safety and comfort in crisis situations. In relief camps, if shelters are designed without privacy considerations—for instance, providing community shelters that lack private spaces for breastfeeding mothers or those who need personal areas—we fail to address gender-specific needs.

At Plan International Nepal, we believe it is essential to consider the needs of everyone in our planning. Disaster response must be gender-sensitive, ensuring that relief materials, program approaches, and community engagement are inclusive. By involving everyone in the process, we can create transformative, inclusive responses that address the needs of all individuals.

Can you share examples of recent humanitarian  efforts where the Plan International has scaled up effectively in Nepal?

Firstly, let me give you an example of the Jajarkot earthquake that occurred last year. We responded by providing support to over 4,000 households with relief kits. There could have been a standard approach of distributing hygiene kits to everyone, which typically include hygiene materials for a family. However, we conducted a more detailed analysis at the micro level to identify the specific needs of mothers who were breastfeeding and required specialized relief items. As a result, we developed a separate kit called the ‘dignity kit’, which included sanitary pads and specially designed gowns for women to make breastfeeding easier. These kits also contained materials tailored to their unique needs, which were not necessary for everyone. These thoughtfully designed kits were targeted and distributed to the households that needed them most.

Another example is from when we were designing buckets for water collection. Typically, women are the ones who fetch water, and in the market, buckets are often larger, designed to carry more water at once. However, we decided to reduce the size of the buckets from 20 liters to 14 liters, considering the physical burden on women.

How does the plan collaborate with local NGOs, community based organizations and the government to achieve its goal?

It’s not easy to address humanitarian and development needs without the support of organizations and the government because the scale of the requirements is so vast. That’s why we collaborate with other international and national NGOs in Nepal to ensure coordinated efforts. When we work together, we avoid duplicating efforts; for example, if someone is already working in the education sector, we don’t replicate their work. This is the essence of coordination. We also engage with the local government before starting our work. We ensure that we have a clear understanding with them, explaining why we are coming, what resources we are bringing, and the issues we aim to address. This level of coordination with local governments and partners is critical.

Our organization follows a localization approach, recognizing that local actors and NGOs understand their context better than international organizations. We leverage their knowledge and focus on building transformative partnerships rather than transactional ones. We don’t believe in simply transferring resources and moving on. Instead, we aim for partnerships that lead to long-term impact. In these partnerships, we provide support to local NGOs that may lack certain capacities. This includes assistance with strategy development, government engagement, and program delivery. While we step in when necessary, we allow our partners to take the lead because they have the legitimacy to address issues of local importance, including advocacy and policy work.

What is your vision for Nepal in the next decade in terms of gender equality, girls leadership and ending child marriage?

The vision is to create a more inclusive, equal, and safe society for girls and women, where everyone can thrive and reach their full potential. This vision is strongly reflected in Nepal’s constitution and is embedded in all relevant laws. We aim to align our work with the Government of Nepal’s commitment to its citizens, not to create something parallel but to build upon this commitment.

The government has developed the 16th Plan and committed to the Sustainable Development Goals. We aspire to be a partner in helping the government achieve these goals, particularly the 16th Plan. At the same time, we want to ensure that gender-inclusive and gender-transformative work becomes an integral part of the broader global agenda. Ultimately, we envision a society that is inclusive, safe, and equal for all.

How can the global community contribute to and support those efforts?

Plan International is a global organization working in 85 countries around the world. We raise resources to support our work in Nepal through the contributions of individual supporters, corporations, philanthropists, and international governments. These resources allow us to continue our efforts. Although Nepal is set to graduate from the Least Developed Countries (LDC) category in 2026, the realities on the ground will not change overnight. Of the three indicators for LDC graduation, Nepal has met two, but the most important economic and social aspects have not been significantly impacted. This highlights the continued need for resources.

The international community must remain aware that poverty persists in Nepal. While hunger may not be as widespread as in other countries, it remains a concern, particularly in a remittance-based economy like Nepal’s. 

What message would you like to share with stakeholders, partners and communities to support Plan International’s mission?

One of the key messages is that we have been working in Nepal for forty-five years, and we are committed to continuing our work here. However, this would not be possible without the support we receive from our stakeholders. These stakeholders include our partners, the government at all levels—federal, provincial, and local—the communities we work with, and, importantly, our supporters in national organizations across Europe, America, and Asia. Their support is crucial to ensuring that we meet our commitments and achieve the strategic goals we have set for ourselves. The next five years will continue the strategy that has already completed its first year. We are committed to ensuring that the changes we are working toward are achieved in the remaining four years.

The National Earthquake Safety Day on Jan 15 serves as a critical reminder of the importance of preparedness and collective efforts to mitigate the risks posed by future earthquakes. Natural disasters not only test people’s resilience but also highlight the preparedness and response mechanisms of communities. ApEx spoke to three people to learn about their experiences with disaster and its immediate and long-term impacts. 

Prem Bahadur Thapa, 25

Every earthquake, big or small, brings fear and anxiety into our lives. It also causes much damage, with houses developing cracks or collapsing, which in turn significantly affects the community. An earthquake is a natural disaster that can cause unexpected events when it occurs. To ensure safety during such times, it’s essential for everyone to be prepared with an emergency bag in advance. Additionally, during an earthquake, it’s important to stay calm, seek shelter near the main door of the house, and move to an open area if possible. Adopting these measures can help ensure safety during an earthquake. To prepare for earthquakes and minimize damage, constructing and promoting earthquake-resistant houses in the future is essential.

Agya Shrestha, 28

Every time there is a tremor, I become very anxious and search for my family members. My immediate reaction is to go to a safer space with everyone. Back in 2015, life came to a standstill and we had to leave our homes. We couldn’t return for a month. News of people looting houses during such times made things worse. We spent our nights at Ratnapark or Tudikhel and people brought cylinders from their homes and started cooking there as well. I don’t think anyone is prepared for an earthquake. Even though you know what to do, you forget all of it during the calamity. The government and emergency response could have been better. They could have worked proactively rather than adopting a reactive approach. We need to have regular earthquake drills and everyone should prepare an emergency bag with essentials to take with them.

Gita Shakya, 47

I was at home, in the kitchen, preparing tea for my family when an earthquake struck. At first, I thought it was a truck passing by, but when the shaking intensified, I realized it was an earthquake. My family and I rushed out of the house as fast as we could, holding onto one another. The earthquake made the community come together to help one another, but the fear and uncertainty lingered. Honestly, we were not prepared at all. During the event, the only safety measure I could think of was to get out of the house as quickly as possible. The initial response felt slow. We needed more immediate help and better coordination. There needs to be more education and awareness about earthquakes. People should know what to do during and after one. Regular drills and training, especially in schools and communities, would help us feel more prepared.

“I’m in love with Kathak,” said dancer Subima Shrestha, who began teaching the dance form at Nritya Aangan in 2009. Kathak, rooted in Sanskrit, is derived from the phrase, ‘Katha Kahe so Kathak Kehelawe’ in Hindi, which translates to ‘the one who tells a story is a Kathak.’ It’s one of the simplest forms of storytelling, historically performed by communities like the Banjara in Northern India, who were believed to belong to a caste of storytellers. These performers narrated tales across different regions, embedding cultural and spiritual narratives in their art.

Shrestha explains that Kathak evolved as a medium of devotion, recounting mythological tales of deities like Ram and Sita. Over time, during the Mughal era, it became an expression of aestheticism, with its graceful movements transitioning into a form of courtly entertainment. However, under British rule, Kathak was suppressed and nearly vanished from practice.

After independence, Kathak had a resurgence. Shrestha recalls learning about Kathak’s rich history which, she says, deepened her respect and love for the dance form. “Kathak isn’t just a dance form for me. There’s a love there I can’t describe,” she says.

She was a teenager when she joined a Kathak class at Padma Kanya Campus in Kathmandu, Nepal. Though her memories of her initial experiences are hazy, she vividly remembers meeting her teacher, Guru Honey Shrestha, who became a significant influence. He not only nurtured her talent but also encouraged her to pursue professional dance education in India, which was a turning point in her Kathak journey.

During her early years as a student in India, she also taught Kathak as a private tutor to support herself. Reflecting on her time there, Subima observes a stark difference in the foundational understanding of Kathak between India and Nepal. “The basic level we learn here in Nepal is already inherent knowledge for most students in India,” she says. To illustrate, she offers a culinary analogy: “Just as Nepalis are experts in making diverse varieties of momo, Indians have a deeper understanding of Kathak.”

She also admires the discipline and ideology that she found more prevalent in India, essential traits for mastering Kathak. “The most important aspect is to feel and give your best through your heart and body and to live with it,” she says. This philosophy, she adds, is the cornerstone of not just learning Kathak but embodying it as a way of life.

Recalling her first performance before formally joining a Kathak class, Shrestha shares a cherished memory of dancing on the show ‘Pratibha Ko Dabali’. The program, which aired on Nepal Television in 1989 showcasing a variety of talents, had been a dream platform for her.

She recollects how her parents had signed her up for the performance, celebrating her passion for dance. “They even had my costume ready,” she says, still amazed at how everything fell into place, though she had no idea where the outfit came from. That moment—her debut performance—remains one of her happiest memories. It’s a vivid reminder of the joy and encouragement she received from her family.

Traditionally, Kathak is a storytelling dance form centered on divine tales, but Shrestha had difficulties envisioning the gods while following the steps her guru taught her. Initially, this made it difficult for her to connect deeply with Kathak. But soon she began to reinterpret Kathak in her own unique way, focusing on human stories and real-life issues. “I still find it hard to imagine gods while dancing. I have to force myself to do it where necessary,” she admits.

But Kathak is a competitive space. Your biggest competition is you, says Shrestha. The dance form demands a lot of physical, mental, and emotional involvement. “One thing you should never do, as a dancer and otherwise, is compare yourself and your progress with others.”

Kathak, she says, has reshaped how she thinks of herself and views the world around her. “Engaging in any form of art—whether drawing, singing, or any other creative expression—is essential because art has always been an integral part of our lives. It’s not just a choice but a fundamental right, enriching our existence and fostering self-expression. Everyone should embrace some form of art for a meaningful and fulfilling life,” she says. 

Reflecting on her past, she admits that she feels a sense of sadness and guilt. “If I could go back, I would have practiced more,” she says. She recognizes there is still a lot of room for growth and improvement. Looking ahead, she has a clear vision of where she wants to be and is actively working towards it, though there is a fair bit of worry and doubt of whether she is approaching things the right way. 

Despite having regrets of missed opportunities in the past, she embraces her journey with hope and resolve. With a clear vision for the future, she remains committed to her growth, navigating challenges with determination and an unwavering belief in her potential.

Family has long been regarded as the cornerstone of society, shaping people’s values, aspirations, and resilience. Today, single-parent households and nuclear families represent two prominent structures, each with its unique challenges, dynamics, and strengths. Here, ApEx spoke to three parents about the challenges of raising children, whether alone or together. 

Suraj Lama, 34

I believe when two people are raising a child it fosters emotional development and resilience through balanced responsibilities. In my case, I provide security and guidance to my child and my wife cares and nurtures. We work as a team and raising our child is a collaborative effort. When both parents are present, the child doesn’t have to deal with unnecessary social biases as this structure is accepted as ‘normal’. I think the impact is gentler on children. With single parents, it might also sometimes be difficult to give the same level of attention because of time and financial constraints. I’m not saying single parents can’t raise children. Of course, they can and they might even do a better job than a couple but it can definitely be taxing. There can be unnecessary stress for both parent and child. 

Ambika Bhandari Subedi, 36

I think raising a child in a two-parent household is generally easier and more effective than in a single-parent setup. A two-parent family provides emotional balance, with both parents contributing to the child’s development. In single-parent families, the absence of one parent can lead to feelings of loneliness, anger, or depression, as the child may lack exposure to a cooperative family dynamic. Social biases can further complicate matters, with children from single-parent families often facing stigma or judgment. Financial and caregiving challenges are also more significant for single parents as they must manage everything alone. In contrast, shared responsibilities in two-parent households create stability, offering better opportunities for the child’s education and future.

Sita Laxmi Twayana, 46

I have lived in Bhaktapur all my life and I have been raising my child alone. It’s an incredibly challenging journey. Managing everything—financially and socially—on my own has been tough, especially during times of scarcity. It was difficult for my child too, but I prioritized their education, ensuring they received the best I could provide, even in unfavorable circumstances. Today, they are excelling academically and pursuing dreams that align with my aspirations for them. I have instilled strong norms and values, and I believe they will achieve great things in life. However, the scorn and criticism I faced as a single parent were hurtful and it still pains me when I think of it. I hope my child and others in similar situations never have to endure such prejudice.

Susan Sapkota, an 18-year-old environmentalist and social advocate, has already made a significant impact through his work in environmental sustainability, sexual and reproductive health, menstrual hygiene, and mental health. Shaped by his formative experiences, Sapkota attributes his current identity to the values and lessons instilled in him during his upbringing.

Sapkota grew up in Surkhet, Birendranagar, in mid-west Nepal. He recalls a childhood marked by significant transitions, such as moving to a new place where he found himself surrounded by adults. This early isolation from people his age led him to develop close bonds with the elders. Solitude also allowed him to mature quickly and become a leader at a young age.

From his early days in school, Sapkota exhibited natural leadership qualities. He was often appointed as a monitor or class captain by his teachers. Teachers joked about his potential political future. They said that he would one day be the prime minister of Nepal but politics never intrigued him. Instead, Sapkota’s interests gravitated toward social causes and making a difference in the world.

Sapkota comes from a modest yet supportive family. His mother, a teacher, and father, a former professional driver turned firefighter, instilled in him values of hard work, empathy, and social responsibility. While they were initially concerned about his education and the unconventional nature of his pursuits, they soon recognized his deep passion for the causes he was championing.

Currently, Sapkota is pursuing bachelors in economics and law at Kathmandu University. He says he wants to be self-sufficient and knowledgeable about legal matters, ensuring that as a campaigner, he won’t have to rely on others for legal advice. He has always been inspired by figures like Barack Obama and Nelson Mandela, whose backgrounds in economics and law aligned with his own academic and career goals.

Sapkota’s journey as a campaigner began during school, when he transitioned from a community school to Usha Bal Batika School, where his mother taught. Here, he was influenced by many visiting lecturers, including Dr Nawaraj KC, a pediatrician who introduced him to the concept of climate change and environmental responsibility. It was during this period that Sapkota began to truly internalize the importance of protecting the environment for future generations.

One of his earliest and most impactful campaigns, ‘Go Green Go Clean,’ was initiated with the guidance of Dr KC. The campaign aimed to raise awareness among students about environmental issues, focusing on waste management and the importance of preserving nature. Sapkota led the student club at school, handling the administrative and funding aspects of the campaign. In six months, they successfully reached all the schools in the area, setting the foundation for his future work in social activism.

Waste management remains one of Sapkota’s proudest accomplishments. He recalls how the campaign transformed the waste management practices in Birendranagar, with communities becoming more conscious about cleanliness and proper disposal. “It was a long journey,” he says, “but we made significant progress.”

Beyond environmental activism, Sapkota expanded his efforts to address sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR). Visiting rural areas like Mugu, Kalikot, and Jajarkot, he educated young people, especially women, about menstrual hygiene and sexual health. These campaigns were driven by his observation of gender disparities, with girls facing cultural restrictions that limited their opportunities.

However, Sapkota faced numerous cultural and societal barriers, particularly related to practices like chaupadi pratha (a tradition of keeping menstruating women in isolation, often in huts). One of the key challenges he encountered was the mindset of the communities he worked with. Despite the educational efforts, convincing people to put an end to long-standing practices proved difficult. However, Sapkota and his team used strategic approaches, including speaking to elderly people and engaging with local leaders, to bring about change. 

A particularly memorable achievement from the SRHR campaign was the workshop Sapkota and his friend conducted in Kalikot, where they taught women how to make their own sanitary pads. “It’s a skill they continue to use, and many women are now making a living through it,” he says. 

The work, he says, doesn’t come without challenges including resistance from conservative communities, misunderstandings about the campaigns, and the difficulties of managing multiple roles in his personal life. Despite these setbacks, he remains steadfast, viewing each challenge as a learning opportunity rather than a roadblock. “The challenges have been learning opportunities,” he says.

He acknowledges that much of his personal growth has come from the support and mentorship of key individuals in his life. He credits his parents, mentors like Dr KC, and his supportive friends for shaping his leadership journey.

Sapkota’s vision extends beyond Nepal. Looking ahead, he envisions himself continuing to lead campaigns and initiatives that make a positive impact on society. “I want people to recognize me as a good leader or a campaigner,” he says reflecting on his deep commitment to creating lasting social change.

Sapkota’s recent trip to South Africa, where he worked with The Green Connection to protect marine life, further expanded his understanding of global environmental issues. “It was a huge learning experience,” he says, “and it reinforced my belief in the power of collective action.”

His efforts to promote a ‘green university’ initiative in Nepal is aimed at reducing waste and promoting sustainability in schools and colleges. Having visited over 50 districts for his campaigns, Sapkota remains driven by the belief that passion and teamwork can overcome any obstacle.

Sapkota firmly believes if you do something with passion and determination, then nothing can stop you from reaching your goal. His message to aspiring campaigners is this: “It’s all about teamwork and setting a clear goal.”