Submit your Article

As air pollution continues to choke the Kathmandu Valley, concerns over another major environmental crisis—plastic waste are mounting. Despite a series of ambitious government pledges to eliminate single-use plastics, implementation remains ineffective, and the problem is only getting worse.

Nepal first announced a ban on plastic bags in 2015, aiming to reduce non-biodegradable waste and protect major rivers. According to the government’s official gazette published on 1 April 2015, the production, import, sale, and use of plastic bags smaller than 20 inches wide, 35 inches long, and thinner than 40 microns were prohibited within the valley. The decision came into force on 14 April 2015, with plans to extend it nationwide. For a brief moment, the effort seemed successful—many citizens began carrying reusable bags, and plastic use in city markets visibly declined.

However, the devastating earthquake in 2015 and the subsequent Indian blockade derailed the momentum. The government’s focus shifted toward disaster relief and survival logistics, and plastic bags once again flooded the market. Relief efforts relied heavily on plastic packaging, further entrenching its use. In the years that followed, plastic bags made a full comeback, undermining years of environmental advocacy.

Since then, the government has made the same promise multiple times. In its annual budget speech for the fiscal year 2021/22, then Finance Minister Bishnu Paudel declared a complete ban on plastic bags thinner than 40 microns. This was the third such announcement by the federal government. “I have made arrangements to use cotton, jute or paper bags instead of plastic bags in all business houses including shopping malls and department stores,” Paudel stated, adding that companies replacing old plastic manufacturing machines would receive grants.

Yet, like previous declarations, the enforcement never materialized. Industrialists remained largely silent, with some expressing doubts about the feasibility of such a ban. Even the Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC) had pledged to make the city plastic-free within a year in its 2019/20 policy plan. That commitment, too, was abandoned without a single round of market monitoring.

Implementation efforts have been repeatedly hindered by external and internal factors. Apart from the 2015 disasters, protests by plastic industrialists and legal challenges have struck enforcement. In 2018, a writ petition filed at the Supreme Court by Explore Nepal Pvt. Ltd. temporarily halted the new ban. The court issued an interim order preventing the government from implementing its decision, leaving plastic production and use unchecked once again.

The Department of Environment’s monitoring drives have also been inconsistent. Local governments and district offices have often turned a blind eye to ongoing violations, making the ban little more than a paper directive. In 2023, the Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration once again announced a ban on plastic bags below 40 microns. The ministry’s secretary, Krishna Hari Pushkar, urged citizens to stop using thin plastic bags and called on all levels of government to enforce the rule.

According to a 2020 World Bank report, Nepal generates an estimated 4,900 tons of solid waste each day, with plastic waste accounting for about 13 percent of the total. According to the Waste Management Baseline Survey 2022, plastic accounted for 12 percent of household waste, 21 percent of institutional waste, and 22 percent of waste generated by commercial establishments. Yet, no tangible progress followed the 2023 announcement either. 

According to a 2024 World Bank report, Nepal generates around 60,000 tons of plastic waste annually, with a significant portion—nearly one-third—ending up in rivers that eventually flow into India and Ocean. Globally, about 8bn tons of plastic have accumulated in oceans, making the water increasingly acidic and threatening aquatic life. This pollution also affects the planet’s oxygen cycle, as oceans produce nearly 50 percent of the Earth’s oxygen, which is now under threat.

Environmental expert Ujjwal Upadhaya explains that globally, around 360m tons of plastic are produced each year, of which about 1m metric tons end up producing daily. When a plastic is formed, 6.1kg carbon emission is produced. 

Upadhaya further noted that studies in Brazil found microplastic particles in the brains of 33 deceased individuals, highlighting serious global health concerns. Similar research has yet to be conducted in Nepal. He added that the average person in Nepal carries an estimated 15 grams of microplastics in their body.

Moreover, the open burning of plastics releases dioxin gas, one of the most toxic pollutants, which remains concentrated at low altitudes, directly harming both humans and animals.

The Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC) also announced a ban on the open burning of waste and plastic materials to curb worsening air pollution during the winter months. According to the KMC Environment Department, the decision aims to reduce environmental and health risks linked to smoke and toxic emissions from burning plastics. Department Chief Sarita Rai emphasized that offenders will face a fine of Rs 10,000 per violation, noting that air pollution in the Valley spikes each winter due to widespread open burning. The ban prioritizes protecting vulnerable populations—especially children, the elderly, and people with respiratory or heart conditions. To ensure effective enforcement, KMC has launched awareness and monitoring campaigns under the Kathmandu Metropolitan City Environment and Natural Resources Conservation Act, 2020, and the Fiscal Act, 2025.

Plastics pose significant threats not only to the environment but also to public health. There are seven main types of plastic, each with distinct uses, recyclability, and health impacts. PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) is commonly used in water and mineral bottles and can be recycled; however, once recycled, it should not be reused for drinking purposes as it may release harmful chemicals. Recent tests even found 75–85 units of microplastic particles in some water jars, raising serious health concerns. 

HDPE (High-Density Polyethylene), found in shampoo and detergent bottles, is recyclable and safer for reuse in non-food products. LDPE (Low-Density Polyethylene), used in plastic wraps and carry bags, is also recyclable but often poorly managed in Nepal. PP (Polypropylene), used for grain sacks (bora), bottle caps, and food containers, can be recycled if proper facilities are available. 

However, MLP (Multi-Layered Plastic)—commonly seen in chips and instant noodle packets—is known as “ugly plastic” because it is non-recyclable and harmful to both human health and the environment. Chemicals from such packaging can leach into food, posing risks especially to children, and Nepal currently lacks a system to monitor food packaging quality. PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride), used in pipes and wires, is difficult to recycle and releases toxic gases when burned. Finally, ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene), found in toys and electronic products, is one of the most hazardous plastics, as it is non-biodegradable and can release toxic substances that endanger both humans and animals.

Upadhaya said, “Burning of these plastics releases microplastics into the air, which we inhale. Some particles can enter the olfactory bulb—the part of the brain responsible for smell—potentially increasing the risk of brain strokes. Microplastics also travel down to the lungs, affecting vital organs such as the kidneys, liver, lungs, and heart.” He also said that when the body tries to cope with such damage, it can trigger the development of cancer, which ultimately harms our health.

According to a report by the Monterey Bay Aquarium, plastic does not biodegrade but breaks down into microplastics—particles less than 5 millimeters in size. These have been found everywhere, from the depths of the oceans to Antarctic snow, and even inside human lungs and bloodstreams.

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has confirmed microplastic traces in human organs such as the liver, kidneys, and placenta, raising alarm over potential health consequences. Similarly, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) reports that carcinogenic chemicals from plastics can leach into tap water, posing severe risks to human and ecological health.

Upadhaya said, “At present, Nepal mainly consumes salt imported from the ocean, which contains around five grams of microplastics per kilogram. People who regularly eat seafood tend to have even higher amounts of microplastics in their bodies.” He also noted that plastic pollution contributes to urban flooding by blocking drainage systems. According to him, “We cannot live without plastic, as it has become part of every aspect of our lives. However, the key is to reduce the use of the most harmful types, such as ABS plastic, and ensure that any plastic produced is properly recycled and responsibly disposed of.”

Recycling has often been promoted as a solution, but the challenges are alarming. Contamination from food residue, high processing costs, and limited infrastructure make large-scale recycling inefficient in Nepal. It reduces landfill waste, conserves natural resources like petroleum, prevents environmental contamination, and decreases marine pollution. Recycling also mitigates microplastic formation and promotes public health by reducing exposure to toxic substances.

Experts argue that government policy alone cannot solve the plastic crisis. Consumers must adopt more sustainable habits—using reusable shopping bags, avoiding over-packaged goods, and participating in recycling programs. Supporting eco-friendly businesses and community-led recycling initiatives can also foster long-term change. Sangita Tamang, a grocery shopkeeper said she is compelled to use plastic bags despite knowing their environmental impact. “Clothes bags are expensive, and customers don’t want to pay extra for them,” she explained. “People are willing to pay for reusable bags in big malls, but when small shopkeepers like us charge for them, they accuse us of trying to make more money. So, we are forced to keep using plastic bags,” she added with a note of frustration.

The number of animals consuming plastic waste is also on the rise, as many ingest it unknowingly and die as a result. Upadhaya cited an example from the National park, where wild animals died after choking on plastic. He explained that plastic pollution not only harms land animals but also affects aquatic life, leading to a decline in fish populations. This, in turn, impacts the livelihoods of people who depend on fishing. Species such as the gharial and dolphin are also declining as their food sources diminish due to increasing plastic contamination in rivers and water bodies.

Globally, plastic production has skyrocketed—from 1.5m metric tons in 1950 to 359m metric tons in 2018—with between 4.8 and 12.7m tons ending up in oceans annually, according to PlasticsEurope.

Several organizations in Nepal including Doko Recyclers, Khalisisi, Upcycle Nepal, and Eco Sathi Nepal are actively promoting recycling and sustainability. Through their initiatives, they aim to reduce waste and encourage environmentally responsible habits. However, their efforts alone are not enough. True change requires collective action—every citizen must understand the importance of sustainability, adopt eco-friendly practices, and help raise awareness to protect the environment for future generations.

By minimizing plastic use and promoting recycling, communities can move toward a cleaner and healthier environment. Moreover, a cleaner environment free from plastic waste greatly enhances overall quality of life. Upadhaya said that by minimizing the production of toxic plastics, we can slowly reduce the risk of the plastic. Recycling also plays a vital role in reducing environmental contaminants and fostering sustainable, healthy communities where people can live and thrive in harmony with nature. Nepal’s repeated failures to enforce its plastic bans reveal deep systemic weaknesses—from political will and industrial pressure to inadequate alternatives and public awareness. Strict enforcement, providing viable alternatives, and mobilizing citizens toward behavioral change. Without such collective effort, Kathmandu’s rivers, air, and soil may continue to bear the brunt of plastic pollution for generations to come.

As the cold winds of winter sweep across Nepal, a familiar haze begins to settle over the cities. The dry air of winter traps dust and smoke close to the ground, turning the sky gray and the air heavy. With ongoing construction and unfinished roads scattered across the country, the dust rises and lingers, worsening the situation. Winter, which should be a season of calm, becomes a season of smog and sickness. The situation is more intensified now as the rain stopped and the roads’ dust started to rise more.

According to the State of Global Air (SoGA) 2025 report, air pollution caused 41,300 deaths in Nepal in 2023. Even more alarming, 85 percent of these deaths were linked to noncommunicable diseases such as heart and lung disease, lung cancer, diabetes, and dementia. The report also revealed that air pollution has now become the leading risk factor for deaths in Nepal, surpassing tobacco and high blood pressure. Around the world, 7.9m deaths were attributed to air pollution in 2023, showing just how serious this issue has become.

In Nepal, pollution levels are closely tied to changes in weather. The colder and drier months always see the worst air quality across major cities. According to the Air Quality Index (AQI), Kathmandu now ranks 46th among the world’s most polluted cities, with a moderate rating, while Delhi, India, continues to top the list. This shows how winter brings not only cold winds but also a blanket of harmful air that affects everyone, especially children and the elderly.

The World Economic Forum’s Global Risks Report 2025 ranks pollution as the sixth and tenth most pressing global risk in the short term (two years) and long term (10 years).

To address this growing problem, the government has started to implement plans to reduce air pollution during the winter months. Efforts include stricter monitoring of construction sites to control dust, encouraging the use of electric vehicles, and testing emissions from older vehicles. Authorities have also banned the open burning of waste and are promoting tree plantation campaigns to help absorb pollutants. Public awareness programs are being run to educate people about the dangers of air pollution and the need to reduce activities that contribute to it, such as burning firecrackers and waste.

Prakash Lama, program coordinator at Clean Air Network Nepal (CANN), explained that the organization has been actively working to mitigate air pollution through various programs, campaigns, and awareness initiatives. He emphasized that air pollution poses a serious threat to human health and requires collective effort to address.

CANN has been conducting awareness programs in schools and at the community level to educate people about the dangers of air pollution and to encourage individuals to take responsibility in reducing it. The organization also spreads awareness through radio programs and by mobilizing mass movements to engage the public more effectively.

CANN also organizes health campaigns where the lungs of children and elderly people are checked to assess the impact of air pollution on vulnerable groups. In addition, the organization has been monitoring air quality in various locations across the country by installing air quality monitoring devices, with support from the government, in most of the provinces, residential areas, and industrial zones.

According to Lama, one of the main reasons for high air pollution in the Kathmandu Valley is its geographic structure. Because the valley is surrounded by hills, air circulation is restricted, trapping pollutants within the area. During winter, the air becomes dry and rainfall decreases, worsening the pollution levels. Lama added that forest fires, vehicular emissions, and industrial dust also significantly contribute to the problem.

He noted that around 35–40 percent of air pollution in the valley is caused by transboundary pollution (pollutants that come from outside the region). In the Tarai region, this figure rises to nearly 70 percent, showing that cross-border pollution plays a major role in deteriorating air quality.

Dan Bahadur Waiba, an inDrive rider, shared that riding becomes extremely difficult on dusty days, and the situation worsens during winter. At times, he said, it even becomes difficult to keep his eyes open while riding. During winter, Waiba added, it’s often challenging to tell the difference between fog and dust, as the air turns thick and visibility drops significantly.

At the policy level, Lama pointed out that although the government has introduced regulations setting timelines for vehicle use and prohibiting older vehicles, these rules are not being properly enforced. 

Lama emphasized the need for the government to prioritize the promotion of electric vehicles (EVs) and make their adoption a major national agenda. Reflecting on the past, he recalled the use of trolley buses in Kathmandu, which were environmentally friendly, and expressed concern that Nepal seems to have moved away from such sustainable solutions in favor of market competition in the automobile sector.

Meanwhile, Waiba is planning to switch to an electric scooter after learning more about air pollution and vehicle emissions at an event he attended. He shared that the experience made him realize the importance of individual action in addressing environmental issues. Waiba expressed his belief that real change is possible when people become aware, learn, and choose to act responsibly.

Locals in Bhaktapur expressed frustration over the ongoing and incomplete road construction in several areas, including Suryabinayak Road, Sanga Road, and parts of Kavre. Residents living along these roads said that the constant dust has made daily life extremely difficult. Many shared that it has become hard to even stay inside their homes, as they need to clean their rooms every single day to keep the dust away.

They added that the situation is likely to worsen during winter, when there is little rainfall and dust levels are expected to rise further. The locals have urged the concerned authorities to speed up the construction work and take necessary measures to control dust and pollution in the area.

It doesn’t only hamper the residents but also human health which can cause many diseases. Research finds that air pollution reduces life expectancy by 3.4 years for the average Nepali and causes approximately 26,000 premature deaths annually. In addition to health, air pollution impacts labor productivity, tourism, and the aviation sector. The economic cost of poor air quality is equivalent to more than 6 percent of Nepal’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) each year, according to the Air Quality Life Index (AQLI).

Recently, the Department of Environment collaborated with the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) and launched the country’s first National Air Quality Management Action Plan (NAQMAP).  It marked a major step in Nepal’s broader effort to reduce air pollution nationwide and to establish a comprehensive framework for managing and improving air quality.

However, experts say that much more needs to be done. Clean fuels, reliable public transport, and strict enforcement of environmental laws are essential to bring lasting change. Reducing air pollution is not only the government’s responsibility but also a duty shared by every citizen.

Tihar, the most awaited festival after Dashain for many, is in the corner. People wait for this festival for many reasons, like lights, colors, and probably money they receive as dakshina. I love them all. But the most important aspect that every Nepali person waits for is the day when we light the house with diyos (traditional oil lamps made with clay). Every year, thousands of diyos are bought by many to light up their house. In the pottery square of Bhaktapur, many potters are seen drying their clay works in the sun. The area is made in such a way where the sun rays don’t fade away till evening. Every shop has divided their area to dry their work in the same ground. Traditionally, people from the Prajapati caste are involved in the work of creating clay and earthenware products. But today, this job is not just limited to the Prajapatis.

Samir Dhonju got into this profession because he was interested in the artistic work that goes into making earthenware goods.  “There was a time when this work was associated with people a certain caste, but things have changed these days. I really enjoy working with clay and making various products,” he says.  Dhonju has been doing this for a year now and he wishes other youths like him to join the profession. “There is certainly a good scope in this line of work, but many young people just don’t want to get their hands dirty,” he adds. Dhonju enjoys the creativity involved in making clay products.  

Shiva Prasad Prajapati, who has continued his family generational profession, says his family shop has existed since the Malla period, making it one of the oldest in his neighborhood. 

“Almost 8 or 9 generations of my family have followed this craft,” he says. For this year’s Tihar festival, he has already made around 200,000 diyos. “I started working before the Dashain festival and I’ve already sent the diyos to the market, which is why there isn’t much rush in my shop,” he says. 
His diyos are delivered to places like Kathmandu, Kavre, and Barhabise.  

Shiva Prasad sells a dozen diyos for Rs 40, while 100 pieces can cost up to Rs 400 depending on demand. He says the clay used in making diyos are not readily available these days. 

“We used to collect the clay from forests around Doleshwor and Suryabinayak, but now it’s illegal. So we have to go through a proper tender process to procure clay these days, which makes it costlier,” he adds. 

Not far away from Shiva Prasad’s shop, Ranjana Prajapati is busy drying freshly made diyos. She started the shop some nine years ago and made a good earning, until people started using electric lights instead of traditional diyos to light up their homes during Tihar. 

“The demands for diyos have definitely gone down, but the demand has not entirely died out,” she says. “Diyo demand shoots up during the time of Tihar, because there are still many people who understand the cultural and traditional values of lighting diyos.”   

In the run-up to the Tihar festival, Ranjana has already made 10,000 diyos, which she says is far fewer than in the previous years. 

Ranjana fears hers will be the last generation to continue her family profession, as her children are not interested in pottery making.  

Budhi Ram Prajapati, who is in his seventies, didn’t make any diyos for this year’s Tihar. “Demands have gone down, and I can’t make diyos with the same speed and precision like in my heydays,” he says. 

There was a time when he could make up to 35,000 diyos all by himself. Today, only Budhi Ram and his wife run their clay workshop. Their children left the generational craft to pursue more lucrative enterprises. 

Budhi Ram notes the contradiction: while the number of households is rising, the demand for diyos is falling.    

For Aakash Karmacharya, however, traditional diyo lamps hold deep cultural significance.“I love the warm glow of diyos. I find them far better than those distracting LED lights,” he says. Karmacharya is one of those people who prefers traditional practice over convenience of modernity when observing a cultural festival like Tihar.  

For generations, potters in Bhaktapur and beyond have shaped these symbols of light with care and devotion, their hands preserving a legacy that goes far beyond decoration. Though challenges like rising costs and fading demand persist, the spirit behind each diyo remains strong.

“While electric lights may be easier and more convenient, the humble diyos hold a deeper meaning of culture, craft, and community, and it is our responsibility to preserve the tradition,” says Karmacharya. 

More than 14,000 inmates escaped from 28 prisons and juvenile detention centers across Nepal during the GenZ–led protests on Sept 8–9. The unprecedented prison break posed a grave security threat and prompted a nationwide manhunt to recapture the fugitives, many of whom were serving sentences for serious crimes such as rape and murder.

According to the Department of Prison Management, 8,851 escapees, including 341 juvenile detainees, have voluntarily surrendered since the incident. However, public concern remains high, as nearly 5,700 individuals are still at large.

On the day of the protests, several inmates were killed during escape attempts. Three prisoners were shot dead while trying to breach security perimeters in Ramechhap and Dhading, while five juvenile detainees died in a clash at the Naubasta Juvenile Correctional Home. Escapes were reported across the country, including Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Sunsari, Saptari, Mahottari, Rautahat, Sindhuli, Makawanpur, Rasuwa, Chitwan, Tanahun, Kaski, Parbat, Myagdi, Kapilvastu, Dang, Banke, Rukum West, Nawalparasi, Jumla, Bajhang, Kailali, Darchula, Baitadi, Dadeldhura, and Kanchanpur. Similarly, 963 juveniles escaped from correctional homes in Morang, Parsa, Bhaktapur, Makawanpur, Kaski, Rupandehi, Jayandu, Banke, and Doti.

The Ministry of Home Affairs has issued an ultimatum requiring all escapees to return by Oct 6. Those who fail to comply face additional legal charges, including escape, public endangerment, and violent conduct. “This mass escape must not be allowed to undermine the rule of law,” the ministry said in a statement.

A nationwide operation, coordinated by a special task force under the Ministry of Home Affairs, is underway to track down the remaining fugitives. The task force includes local authorities, Nepal Police, the Armed Police Force, and other security agencies. Each district has formed a dedicated team led by the Assistant Chief District Officer, with representatives from law enforcement and other relevant agencies, to locate, control, and re-arrest escapees as swiftly as possible.

“There are currently 30,646 prisoners serving sentences for various offenses in 75 prisons across 72 districts,” said Chomendra Neupane, director of the Department of Prison Management. “There are no prisons in Dhanusha, Bara, Bhaktapur, Nawalparasi East, and East Rukum.”

Neupane added that the number of returnees is gradually increasing, particularly after the Dashain festival, and that the department expects more inmates to surrender in the coming days. “If anyone has information about escaped prisoners or juveniles, they can contact the nearest police station or notify the department directly,” he said.

According to the department, some escapees have already reoffended, committing crimes such as theft and even murder. “We have found that many of those who escaped were not rehabilitated despite their time in prison,” Neupane said. “We are taking stricter measures to ensure public safety and are reinforcing law enforcement operations to make the process more effective.”

Regarding how the escapes will affect inmates’ sentences, Neupane said each case will be reviewed individually. “Some may have fled out of fear for their safety amid the chaos, while others deliberately took advantage of the situation,” he said. Prisoners who left due to credible safety concerns may be required to serve only their remaining term, whereas those who escaped without justification face extended prison sentences and new legal charges.

Authorities are currently preparing detailed reports on each case, and district police offices nationwide are conducting investigations to assess the specific circumstances of each escape. Outcomes will depend on several factors, including the severity of the original crime, behavior during incarceration, and conduct following the escape.

“In some cases, escapees may lose eligibility for parole or early release,” Neupane said. “Every situation is different, and we are working to ensure that justice is served fairly within the existing legal framework.”

The mass escape during the GenZ protests has placed significant strain on Nepal’s prison and law enforcement systems. With nearly 5,700 inmates still on the run, authorities are under mounting pressure to restore security and public trust. In the longer term, the crisis may prompt major reforms in Nepal’s prison management and security protocols, particularly concerning the treatment and supervision of juvenile detainees.

We’ve all seen it: people using ChatGPT, Gemini, and other AI tools to enhance their pictures, making them appear more authentic and attractive. But have we really considered the consequences? Most of the time, we don’t. These days, we see AI generated images and videos flooding our social media. Recently, I came across a clip by influencer Bhanu Pathak talking about the risk of uploading images on AI tools. He criticized the practice, calling it unethical, creepy, and unsafe. He warned that AI companies could keep personal data of users.

The situation became even more alarming when one instagram user shared her experience of using AI to enhance her photo. She discovered something disturbing: a photo where she was fully sleeve was transformed by AI into a sleeveless version. Not only that, the AI even replicated a mole on her right hand. Shockingly, she confirmed that she actually does have a mole in the same spot in real life.

Dipayan Ghosh, who writes about cyber security, explains AI can generate images of real people without consent, posing a serious privacy risk. 

“It allows anyone to alter photos and create false scenarios, making it appear as though someone did something they never actually did.”

To detect if an image is AI-generated or not, Ghosh suggests using reverse image search to trace the source of the picture. “Be mindful about what you share online, and avoid believing every photo you come across on social media,” he adds, while urging people to use AI tools responsibly and ethically.

Osmond Chia, a technology reporter at The Straits Times, has written a piece on OpenAI facing several lawsuits, including one from The New York Times, for using the paper’s content without permission to train AI models. In response, OpenAI argued that the data was publicly accessible and therefore permissible for research purposes.

While non-commercial ChatGPT users may not face direct copyright issues, Chia also noted that “freely uploading personal photos onto the platform still carries significant risks, particularly concerning privacy and misuse of data.”

The advent of AI has also impacted the creative world. Legendary Japanese animator Hayao Miyazaki has called the technology “an insult to life itself.” He argued that though faster, AI cannot come close to the artistry and soul found in the works of creative minds.

Shristi Prajapati, a tattoo and visual artist, understands where Miyazaki is coming from. She says AI art has taken over so much of the space that once belonged to human hands and hearts. 

“While artists like us spend hours mixing colors, shaping ideas, and pouring emotion into every detail, AI can replicate something similar in mere seconds. It’s painful to watch years of practice, love, and identity getting pushed aside.” 

For centuries, art has been a sacred expression—not just a product for sale. Even when artists didn’t make money, they created to preserve beauty, truth, culture, and emotion. Now, they are up against machines that don’t feel, don’t struggle, don’t dream. 

Still, despite the pressure and the heartbreak, artists like Prajapati continue. “I believe there are still people who recognize the difference, who still value the human touch,” she says.

Visual artist Rudrakshya Man Pradhan expresses similar sentiment. He says that AI should remain as a tool for inspiration, not a replacement for genuine expression. “It is essential to teach people the true value of art, so that society learns to see beyond surface-level images and appreciate the stories, emotions, and individuality only human hands can create,” he adds. 

But not everyone sees AI art as a threat. Sajira Shrestha, 26, says as long as you know what you are doing, AI can be a fun experimenting platform. “I don’t think it will hurt anyone as long as you are using AI for fun stuff. But at the same time, I don’t discount the harm it can do in the wrong hands.”

Pradhan says despite concerns surrounding AI technology, it is impossible to escape its presence and we must learn to live with it. 

“We know that AI always depends on prompts and borrowed data, while human art emerges from individuality and authenticity. So, I see that the future lies in balancing tradition with technology, and fostering awareness of art’s true value..”

The craze over AI images reflects both the excitement and the dangers of new technology. While AI can produce quick, attractive, and trendy results, it also raises serious questions about privacy, ethics, and the future of human creativity. For artists, it poses the painful risk of being overshadowed, yet it also offers opportunities if used wisely as a tool for inspiration. 

To safeguard creativity, society needs to value authentic art, educate younger generations about its deeper meaning, and use AI responsibly. In the end, the true challenge lies in striking a balance—embracing technology without losing sight of the human touch that makes art sacred. Prajapati aptly says: “Handmade art holds imperfections, emotions, and stories that no AI can ever truly replicate.” 

President Ramchandra Paudel has issued an ordinance amending the Voter Registration Act 2016, creating the way for the resumption of voter list compilation ahead of the elections for the House of Representatives.

The law removes legal obstacles that previously barred eligible but unregistered citizens from enrolling to vote. Following the amendment, the Election Commission (EC) is expected to announce a new timeline for voter registration. “After the issuance of the ordinance, the way has been opened for the compilation of the list of those who are eligible to vote according to the law. The Election Commission will take the necessary decision for that,” said Suman Ghimire, information officer at the Election Commission.

The amendment specifically targets Section 4, Subsection 2(2) of the Voter Registration Act, which had prevented new voter registrations during the pre-election period. “Without this change, many would have been unable to vote for the leader of their choice, which could have serious consequences on election day,” said Pradip Kumar Koirala, spokesperson for the Office of the President.

The decision is followed by  high-level discussions between President Paudel and Interim Prime Minister Sushila Karki at Sheetal Niwas on Wednesday, where they reviewed the political situation, election security, and logistical preparations.

The urgency behind the ordinance appears to be influenced by the dramatic turn of events during the GenZ-led anti-corruption protests on Sept 8 and 9. What began as a peaceful youth movement against systemic corruption, prolonged political stagnation and restrictions on free speech escalated sharply—especially after the resignation of former Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli amid mounting pressure. 

The protests, initially peaceful, spiraled into violence, leaving over 70 people dead and amplifying public calls for electoral reforms and broader democratic participation. Against this backdrop, the swift reactivation of voter registration is being seen as a critical step toward addressing public demands for political accountability and change.

Soon after, on Sept 12, the interim government was formed with Sushila Karki as an interim prime minister and the election was set to happen on 5 March 2026 handing her all the work to the new elected leader. As the election was already set to happen, many young people were not aware. The change was from the young people and for them, however, a major issue surfaced: many young people—especially first-time voters—were unaware that once an election date is officially announced, voter registration is no longer permitted.  The problem arose here. Section 4, subsection 2 (2) of the Voter Registration Act, 2016, stipulates, “No person shall be registered in the voters’ list for the purpose of an election after the date of that election has been declared.”

On Sept 15, newly-appointed Home Minister Om Prakash Aryal announced that the government would offer a final opportunity for eligible citizens—including those previously left out—to register to vote. He also stated that the government plans to initiate the process for granting voting rights to Nepalis living abroad.

This legal barrier meant that only those who were already registered—mostly older generations—would be eligible to vote. According to the Election Commission’s provided report, 18,148,654 voters are listed for voting as of mid April–2024. In this, 8,410,896 were women, 9,267,572 were men and 186 denoted others.

Aayush Shakya, 30, who has been voting for years said that GenZ is doing a great job, but it’s important to be genuine about the intentions behind the movement. This shouldn’t be about supporting political parties or pushing certain names forward—it should simply be about being Nepali and working for the betterment of Nepal. Only when the country progresses will everything else—like opportunities, governance, and daily life—get better.

He explained, “That’s the mindset we all need to adopt. Even those who already have voter cards must understand this: it’s not about parties, money or short-term benefits like food or alcohol. If people truly thought about the long-term future of the country instead of personal gain, we would already be seeing real change. Now is the time to focus on the nation itself, not on who leads it. Because in the end, it doesn’t matter who’s in power if we the people don’t think and act for Nepal first.”

Bikram Shah, (name changed) 28, from Pokhara said, I had heard that once the election date was announced, voter registration wasn’t allowed—but now the government has made the bold decision by giving the opportunity to register our name and I fully support the current decision to reopen registration. This protest was led by GenZ, the younger generation, and many of them may not have registered to vote yet.”

He said that this is their chance to get their voter IDs and the voting can be the way to make that change real. Shah said, “All the sacrifices and bloodshed must lead the country toward something better and more hopeful. Honestly, I don’t believe that older voters—who have consistently voted for their so-called favorite leaders—will easily change their minds,” he added, “many older voters remain loyal to certain parties or leaders because of habit, community ties, pressure, small bribes or the belief that these leaders will be useful to them in the future. However, if the younger generation keeps pushing for accountability and continues to raise real, meaningful issues, it might eventually make them rethink their choices.” 

Shah said, “Change always takes time, but the momentum created by youth activism can slowly influence even the most stubborn voting patterns. The movement will bring change—just not overnight. It’s a process, but we’re on the right path.”

Swikriti K.C, 19, is excited to make a voter ID and vote for her leader by herself for the first time. She shared, “Looking at the current situation, I honestly think that if things go fairly, the results will be in favor of the youth. But at the same time, we all know how easily people in Nepal can be influenced—which makes us worried that some might fall for the same old tricks and end up making the wrong decision again.”

K.C added: If most GenZ citizens had their voter cards and made decisions based on proper information, I’m confident the results would lean toward real change. But sadly, many of us still don’t have our voter cards. That’s why it’s so important to spread awareness and make sure this information actually reaches those who need it. Because if we don’t, the same old “jhole gang” (party loyalists) will do what they always do—manipulate the system for their benefit.”

Alish Gurung, 24 said, “I am feeling amazing with the news that I will be making a voter card and now I realized the importance of the card too. In the past, many people—especially from the middle class—would vote for whichever party or leader offered them the most benefit, whether that was money, power or mere promises. Even those who already had voter cards would often vote based on who gave them something, not necessarily who was best for the country” he added,  “but now, seeing the recent GenZ protests, it feels like that mindset might finally be starting to change. People are beginning to realize how important it is to choose a strong and capable Prime Minister—because if the government isn’t stable, the country will always lag behind.”

Gurung highlighted: After witnessing all of this, I feel that the prevailing mindset may change. At the same time, it’s also true that GenZ never really had a chance to vote for the old leaders—we didn’t help elect them, but we’re still facing the consequences of their leadership. The hard part now is figuring out which leader is actually good for us and who isn’t. With so much news floating around online—and no way to verify what’s true and what’s fake—it’s hard to make a confident decision.

Talking about Dashain in 1969, a woman from Bhaktapur recalls her childhood experience. She remembers her local Guthi (community-based trust) sacrificing buffaloes for the festival, families wearing new clothes—mostly stitched at home and sent to Chipa (cloth dyer)—and receiving 25 paisa from her parents as Dashain dakshina (offering). Her parents saved money for the festival by selling chilies and potatoes.

She also remembers children flying handmade kites and buying colorful ribbons for herself. To earn a little extra, she and her friends would work at night under the light of a tuki (oil lamp) to design Dhaka topi (traditional Nepali hat).

By 1991, when she was 30 and living in Satdobato, Lalitpur, with her husband and three children, Dashain celebrations had begun to change. Meat cost around Rs 80 per kilogram, and although kite flying remained a part of the festival, kites were now bought from shops, and the family’s excitement revolved around new clothes and festivities.

Now at 63, she feels the meaning of Dashain has evolved into something else. In the past, people eagerly waited for the festival just for the chance to eat meat and wear new clothes. These days, children are absorbed in their mobile phones, and the spirit of festivity and family gatherings have been lost in time.

“I have celebrated Dashain throughout my life, and it is still my favorite festival. But now, things have changed. Back then, even though we had vacation homework, I used to feel completely free during Dashain. Those nine days of festival holidays carried excitement and joy. I especially loved putting on tika and jamara, and the blessings offered by our elders felt pure and heartfelt,” she says. 

Today, Dashain has become a perfunctory affair. Rather than enjoying the company of their loved ones, most people are busy posting their festival photos and videos on their social media.

Kristina Shrestha, a college student, agrees that the Dashain celebrations have changed over time, especially after the rise of social media.

“Dashain once felt like a festival of peace and unity. Now the atmosphere has shifted. The recent Gen Z protests showed that most of the youths are deeply involved in activism and social media, and for them, scrolling through their phones for news updates and putting up social media posts are more important.”

Shrestha’s friend Nanzana Sunuwar says busy schedules have reduced the time for rituals and family gatherings. “People often prioritize convenience over tradition. Social media glamorizes Dashain, often turning it into a show of appearances. Digital validation has become more important than real-life experiences.”

Sunuwar believes social media platforms should be used to preserve tradition through education, storytelling, and organizing celebratory events. 

Sayan Shakya, 20, maintains a positive view on Dashain celebrations. “I enjoy the overall vibe of Dashain and I haven’t noticed much difference in how the festival is celebrated,” he says. “Although I’m not fond of posting on social media platforms, I still think social media has allowed us to connect with others and to see how the people from different communities celebrate Dashain.”

Shakya’s sister, Sanjita, 22, offers a different view. “While a barrage of social media posts may not directly harm our traditions, I do believe that the essence of enjoying the moment and having genuine fun with your loved ones is gradually getting lost.”

Rachana Magar, a student, says as many people today are busy with jobs and studies, they can’t travel back to their villages or spend much time with their families even during the festival season. 

“Dashain feels shorter and less traditional these days. Photos and outfits often take center stage, making Dashain more like a fashion show than a family tradition,” she adds.

She suggests balance as a way forward. “Families can organize fun activities and games together, teach younger members the meaning behind rituals, and blend tradition with modern fun through cooking, decorating, or storytelling. At the same time, limiting screen time during gatherings can help everyone focus on real interactions and create more meaningful memories.”

Dashain, once a festival defined by simple joys and family gatherings, is undergoing a profound transformation. From handmade kites and tika worn with pride to the modern preoccupation with social media, urbanization, and consumerism, the ways people celebrate have shifted across generations. While some find that technology can broaden understanding of traditions, others worry that the essence of fun, connection, and cultural ritual is gradually being lost.

Yet, amid these changes, the memories and stories of past Dashains remind us of the festival’s enduring spirit, a spirit that can survive when we consciously balance modern life with the heartfelt celebration of tradition. 

In May 2024, Kathmandu was declared as the world’s most polluted city, according to real-time data from the Air Quality Index (AQI). Ranking 162 on the index, Kathmandu surpassed Chiang Mai in Thailand and Medan in Indonesia, raising alarms about the growing air quality crisis in South Asia.

Similarly, the World Bank released a report in June 2025 stating that air pollution is a major factor for death and disability in Nepal. “Single-sector solutions are not sufficient to meet any clean air target. Public policy and investment need to optimize air quality actions across sectors, prioritizing those with the most cost-effective solutions,” the report states.

Air pollution reduces life expectancy by 3.4 years for the average Nepali and causes approximately 26,000 premature deaths annually. In addition to health, air pollution impacts labor productivity, tourism, and the aviation sector. The economic cost of poor air quality is equivalent to more than 6 percent of Nepal’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) each year.

Experts attribute the surge in pollution levels to a combination of increasing temperatures and widespread forest fires that have led the Kathmandu Valley to the state. This alarming spike underscores a broader regional crisis: air pollution in South Asia is cutting lives short at an unprecedented rate.

The data from the Air Quality Life Index (AQLI), developed by the University of Chicago’s Energy Policy Institute reveals that air pollution remains the single greatest external threat to life expectancy in South Asia. The report shows that the average life expectancy in the region is reduced by three years due to air pollution. In the most polluted areas, that figure exceeds eight years. Across India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan, the health burden from particulate pollution is nearly twice that of childhood and maternal malnutrition, and more than five times greater than that of unsafe water and sanitation.

This data makes clear that particulate pollution is the world’s greatest external risk to human health. Its impact on life expectancy is comparable to that of smoking, more than four times that of high alcohol use, five times that of transport injuries like car crashes, and more than six times that of HIV/AIDS.

Nearly 2bn people in South Asia are breathing air that far exceeds the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline for PM₂.₅—fine particulate matter known to damage lungs and the cardiovascular system. Most countries in the region are also failing to meet their own, far more lenient, national air quality standards.

In Nepal, PM₂.₅ concentrations reached 38.3 µg/m³ in 2023—a 10 percent increase over the previous year. According to the AQLI report, “The average Nepali could gain three and half years of life if the country met WHO air quality standards. In heavily polluted districts such as Mahottari and Rautahat, residents could gain more than five and half years of life expectancy,” the report states.

In response, the government has implemented an Air Quality Management Action Plan 2020 for the Kathmandu Valley. The strategy focuses on strengthening emissions monitoring and data collection, regulating polluting sectors like transport, brick kilns, and construction and promoting sustainable urban planning and eco-friendly infrastructure. Experts warn that without aggressive action, the health crisis will worsen.

Globally, pollution increased slightly in 2023, with wildfire-driven particulate matter emerging as a new challenge, even in developed countries. In Canada, PM₂.₅ levels doubled, marking the highest pollution in 26 years. Wildfire smoke affected vast swaths of the US, pushing several Midwest and Southern counties into the ranks of the nation’s most polluted—surpassing California for the first time in five years.

“We are now stuck living with air pollution concentrations that are the dangerous ghost of the fossil fuels burned since the Industrial Revolution,” says Michael Greenstone, AQLI co-creator and Milton Friedman Distinguished Service Professor at the University of Chicago. “Even countries that have earnestly spent decades cleaning up their air can’t escape these ghosts and the shorter and sicker lives they deliver.”

A significant barrier to tackling pollution is the lack of real-time air quality data. According to AQLI again, nearly 70 percent of the world’s population lives in countries with fewer than three air quality monitors per million people and that leaves 5bn people—many in the most polluted regions without access to basic information about the air they breathe

“Access to information is critical,” says Christa Hasenkopf, director of the Clean Air Program at EPIC. “While data can catalyze action, it must be backed by political will, ambitious policy, and consistent enforcement.”

If global air quality were brought in line with WHO guidelines, the average person could gain 1.9 additional years of life, saving a combined 15.1bn life-years worldwide. Yet, for South Asia, the need is especially urgent. Pollution in the region rose 2.8 percent from 2022 to 2023, following a brief dip the year prior. Despite temporary improvements, the trend remains dire—reinforcing that particulate pollution is not just a public health concern, but a full-blown humanitarian crisis.

Each year, the AQLI takes on a different topic related to air pollution. This year, the report focused on access to air quality information—a topic EPIC has been deeply involved with over the last decade, including through the AQLI. When people understand that the air they breathe is harmful to their health, they can take steps to reduce the hazard by purchasing air purifiers, wearing masks, limiting time outdoors, and using the data to inform policy actions.

“The analysis shows that improving life expectancy in South Asia will require policies that bring air quality in line with current standards and, over time, move toward stricter limits. Evidence from other regions demonstrates that targeted, sustained action can rapidly reduce PM₂.₅ and deliver measurable gains in longevity”, says AQLI Director Tanushree Ganguly. “Throughout history, countries have grown and developed while improving air quality. Targeting fossil fuels at their source will help clean local air and combat climate change. But countries need better data and stronger policies to make that happen.”