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Every year, we celebrate women’s day on March 8 and take a moment to reflect on the meaningful changes in favor of women. In Nepal, women have made remarkable strides in education, employment, and leadership, yet challenges like gender inequality, societal expectations, and work-life balance persist. As we mark this day, ApEx spoke to three people regarding the role of society, families, and future generations in shaping a more inclusive and equitable world for women. 

Lasata Shakya, 17

For generations, deep-rooted psychological and cultural beliefs have contributed to the discrimination of women in our society. Many still think that women are incapable of performing tasks traditionally assigned to men, unfit for leadership, or lack the ability to provide guidance in professional settings. The key to breaking these barriers lies in support, encouragement, and education. 

Family members play a crucial role in shaping a woman’s confidence, both at home and in her professional life. Instead of criticism, they should offer guidance and opportunities to learn from mistakes. Education, above all, is the most powerful tool for transforming societal mindsets. When families understand that education is not just a necessity for men but equally important for women, they pave the way for a more balanced and progressive future. Psychological and social awareness initiatives can help dismantle gender biases. Creating platforms that encourage equal participation across all fields, along with maintaining a safe and inclusive environment for women, is essential for true empowerment. 

Sagar Mainali, 29

Women continue to face many problems related to equality, some of which are deeply rooted in societal norms. For instance, the demand for separate seats in public transport may unintentionally reinforce the idea that women are weak and need special provisions. While safety is a concern, true equality comes from creating an environment where women feel secure everywhere, not just in designated spaces.

In our conservative society, daughters are often seen as temporary members of their birth families because they are expected to move to their husband’s home after marriage. As a result, many parents hesitate to invest in their daughters’ education, believing that only sons can provide financial returns. However, we must shift this mindset. Education should not be seen as an investment with expected returns but as a fundamental right and a tool for personal growth. Rather than expecting financial benefits from children, parents should focus on equipping them—both sons and daughters—with the knowledge and skills to shape their own futures. Women, in particular, play a crucial role in national development, and empowering them through education will bring significant positive change.

Jamuna Shakya, 64

I don’t have any idea on women’s day as we have never celebrated the day and never heard of it too. There was a time when women weren’t allowed to work and they had no career aspirations but things have changed today. Women go out to work and have flourishing careers. That makes me happy. I think there is nothing women can’t do if they are given the right opportunities. I hope no girl is denied education and that it becomes compulsory to send girls to school. Our society treats men and women differently and that will only change when both of them are equally educated and aware and I hope I live to see that day. 

Public spaces should be safe for everyone, yet countless women continue to face daily threats to their safety and dignity. As we celebrate Women’s Day, it is imperative to shine a light on the persistent challenges women encounter in the real world. From public harassment and workplace discrimination to online abuse, these issues are not only widespread but often deeply embedded in societal structures, making the fight for safety and equality an ongoing struggle. The reality is that women’s safety is not just a women’s issue—it is a societal issue that requires collective action, systemic change, and a commitment to dismantling the structures that perpetuate inequality and violence.

For many women, leaving their homes is an act of courage. Street harassment, ranging from catcalling to physical intimidation, remains one of the most common forms of gender-based violence. A staggering majority of women worldwide report experiencing some form of harassment in public spaces. Whether it’s on public transportation, in parks, or simply walking down the street, women are often subjected to unwanted attention, comments, or even physical contact. Despite its prevalence, legal frameworks to address these issues remain inadequate, leaving many women to navigate these threats alone.

Prerna Shakya, a 22-year-old professional, shared a harrowing experience: “Once, while on a bus, an elderly man tried to inappropriately touch me. I froze, unsure how to react, but a brave woman intervened. She pushed him away and stayed with me until I felt safe.” Shakya expressed her initial helplessness, adding, “It felt like some elderly people, lacking awareness, tried to exploit you. I realized that women need to take action in such situations—something I couldn’t do then but am prepared to do now.”

This incident highlights the importance of bystander intervention and community support. However, it also underscores the need for systemic change, including better enforcement of laws and public awareness campaigns to educate people about the impact of harassment. Women should not have to rely on the bravery of strangers to feel safe in public spaces.

While progress has been made in promoting gender inclusivity, the workplace remains a battleground for many women. Pay inequities, the glass ceiling, and rampant sexual harassment continue to hinder women’s career advancement. Fear of retaliation often silences those who wish to report misconduct, perpetuating a culture of impunity. Many women are forced to endure hostile work environments because they cannot afford to lose their jobs or fear the social stigma associated with speaking out.

Natasha Shrestha (a pseudonym), a student working at a small tile shop, recounted her ordeal: “When I started working here three months ago, the shop owner asked me out for coffee. When I declined, his behavior turned hostile.” She added, “I can’t afford to leave this job due to financial instability, and I fear that complaining would cost me my job. That’s why I don’t want to reveal my name.” Her story is a stark reminder of the countless untold experiences of workplace harassment faced by women.

To address these issues, companies must adopt stricter anti-harassment policies, provide safe channels for reporting misconduct, and foster a culture of accountability. Leadership opportunities for women should be prioritized, and pay equity must be enforced to ensure that women are not disadvantaged in their careers. Legal frameworks that hold companies accountable for gender discrimination and harassment are critical to creating a more inclusive and equitable workplace.

Even in the digital age, the internet, while a platform for empowerment, has become a breeding ground for online harassment. Cyberstalking, non-consensual image sharing, and explicit messages disproportionately target women, undermining their sense of security in virtual spaces. An undergraduate student shared her experience: “I once received explicit images and inappropriate messages from a stranger using a celebrity’s profile picture. It was deeply disturbing and made me realize how vulnerable we are online. I now advise others to be cautious—avoid sharing personal information and be wary of adding strangers on social media.”

Her experience is echoed by countless women who face similar threats in digital spaces. Online harassment not only affects women’s mental health but also restricts their freedom to express themselves and participate fully in the digital world. Experts emphasize the need for stronger penalties for digital harassment and better enforcement of existing laws to protect women’s rights online. Social media platforms must also take responsibility by implementing stricter policies and tools to combat abuse.

Countries around the world have taken steps to address these issues, offering models for reform. In Japan, women-only train cars during peak hours have been introduced to protect women from harassment in crowded trains. Similarly, South Korea has implemented women-only taxis and designated floors in public places like parks to ensure women’s safety. Mexico and India have also introduced women-only transportation options and emergency helplines to provide immediate assistance to those in need.

Technological innovations are also playing a crucial role in enhancing women’s safety. Panic buttons, GPS-tracking safety apps, and AI-driven threat detection systems are empowering women to navigate public spaces with greater confidence. These tools, combined with educational initiatives aimed at shifting societal perceptions of gender equality, are essential in the fight to ensure women’s safety in both physical and digital spaces.

Education is a powerful tool in the fight for gender equality and women’s safety. Laxmi Sharma, Under-secretary of the Law Section at the National Women’s Commission, emphasized the importance of education and community involvement. “Women often hesitate to report harassment, which is why reported cases appear low. Educating parents and communities is essential to raising awareness and fostering a supportive environment for women.”

In rural areas, where girls are often denied access to education, the lack of awareness about women’s rights and safety is particularly concerning. By ensuring that girls receive an education and are informed about their rights, we can empower them to stand up against harassment and discrimination. Parents and community leaders also play a crucial role in challenging harmful stereotypes and promoting gender equality from an early age.

Dinesh Kumar Acharya, Deputy Inspector General of Nepal Police (DIG), noted a decline in reported cases of public harassment, attributing it to the efforts of NGOs and awareness campaigns. “We are working with organizations to raise awareness, including teaching students about ‘good touch’ and ‘bad touch.’ In the 2023/2024 fiscal year, only two cases were reported, which is a positive sign,” he said. However, experts stress the need for stronger penalties for digital harassment and more robust corporate policies to combat workplace discrimination and harassment.

Gita Neupane, a counselor at The Women’s Foundation Nepal, emphasized the importance of legal support. “Many girls experience harassment but are too scared to speak up, which only perpetuates the problem. While we don’t directly handle such cases, we provide legal support to those who seek our help. Every woman has the right to feel safe in public spaces, and authorities must take stricter actions to address this issue.”

Rabindra Dhant was born and raised in Bajhang, a remote place in Sudurpaschim. From a young age, he wanted to be recognized and was driven by a strong desire to make a name for himself. Although his formal education ended after 10th grade, Dhant’s aspirations reached far beyond the classroom. He eventually made a pivotal decision to move to India in search of job opportunities, hoping to create a better life for himself.

While working in India, he noticed a Martial Arts (MA) gym on his daily commute. He was immediately drawn to it, and the idea of pursuing martial arts struck him deeply.  “ I was self-conscious about my height but I was determined,” he says. Dhant began learning more about martial arts and its various benefits, gradually realizing that it was not just about being physically strong but also about being mentally disciplined.

Soon, he decided to take part in a competition. In 2019, at just 18 years old, he competed and won in the MMA amateur National Championship in India. However, his opportunity to represent Nepal internationally was limited due to restrictions around his Nepali passport in India.

But he remained committed to his passion. He made the bold decision to pursue professional MMA, but found that opportunities were limited in India. After participating in three professional fights, he began to face pressure from his family who were unsure about his future in the sport. Despite their concerns, he chose to follow his dream.

He returned to Kathmandu and tried various avenues, including consulting for a visa, but found no clear path. Struggling financially and lacking economic support, Dhant felt torn between continuing his fighting career and securing a steady job. Nevertheless, he remained determined to keep pursuing his passion for MMA.

Upon his return to Kathmandu, he continued his search for a suitable gym for regular training and practice. He used to practise boxing in Satdobato, Latitpur. He connected with friends who practiced karate and was introduced to Pump Gym in Jhamsikhel, Lalitpur. Eventually, he met Diwiz Piya, a seasoned Muay Thai and Jiu Jitsu practitioner, who allowed Dhant to join the training sessions and participate in ground game competitions at Lock and Roll, a boxing gym in Patan, Lalitpur.

Dhant’s persistence paid off when he received an offer to fight in India once again, which he accepted. At this point, the MMA scene in Nepal began to gain momentum, with both striking and ground games becoming more popular. He continued his MMA training, now focused on both the striking and ground game aspects, dedicating himself to improving his skills.

After two years of intense training and competitive fights, Dhant’s story caught Sisan Baniya’s attention, who proposed making a documentary about his journey. The duo traveled to his village and shot footage for the project, but they decided to pause it as they felt the narrative needed to conclude with an international fight. Dhant’s dreams were closer to coming true.

In an unexpected twist of fate, Dhant found himself in Thailand, where he trained for a month. Thanks to his coach, Piya’s connections, he got a chance to fight in the One Championship League. He won the match. He then returned to Nepal but lost his next fight. He has also fought a Russian fighter in his first fight in One Championship with a technical knockout, marking the first time ever a Nepali has fought and won at that level.

Recalling his first experience, he shares that he initially competed in jiu-jitsu, where his nerves got the best of him. “I was so nervous that my legs felt heavy. As I climbed the stairs, the sound of my steps echoed loudly,” he says. “I didn’t even realize when I entered the cage.” However, in his first MMA fight, he learned to control his emotions. “I figured it out and managed to walk confidently onto the cage. I did my best in my MMA fight later,” he adds.

Dhant remained focused and trained rigorously, organizing the Nepal Warriors Championship (NWC) in Nepal with an Australian opponent, which he won. Now, with a strong team in Bali at the Soma Fight Club, Dhant is prepared for the next chapter in his MMA career. He credits the Nepali fighter Yuki Angdembe for his support and sponsorship along the way.

Over time, his family also came to accept and support his passion. Although they initially encouraged him to quit, they eventually saw the value in his dedication after his national victory. Today, his family is proud of his accomplishments and the path he has chosen.

MMA has become more than just a sport for Dhant; it is a passion that fuels him every day. “I used to be so tired after work but it never bothered me when I entered the gym. I was in love with MMA, and it gave me energy,” he says. The financial challenges were daunting, but his love for the sport pushed him. 

“At the beginning of my training, everything felt easy as I was highly motivated and eager to push myself. But, as I progressed, the intensity increased, making it much more challenging. Now, I have to train two to three times a day at a high level, constantly analyzing my opponents, keeping up with trends, and preparing for fights,” he says.He adds that at times, it’s tough to push himself, but he has learned to accept the pain as part of the process. Body aches have become normal, he says. 

MMA in Nepal is still in its early stages, but it has grown significantly in just two years. Previously, two organizations used to host amateur fights, but they shut down due to a lack of awareness. Back then, no one even knew about NWC, but today, we see more fighters rising and following their passion. NWC is continuously improving, offering players better opportunities, sponsorships, and support, despite some financial challenges. 

“Many people are surprised when they learn about the resources and facilities available at NWC. While sports like football and cricket dominate in terms of popularity, MMA is rapidly gaining recognition, and the crowd has developed a strong love for the sport,” says Dhant. 

Injuries are inevitable in sport but whether a fight continues after an injury depends on both the player and the doctor. “In small leagues, we have to bear the medical expenses ourselves, but in grand leagues, the company and sponsors take care of it,” he says. However, he emphasized that fighters are more likely to get injured during training than in actual fights. 

Having competed in both national and international fights, Dhant notes how the atmosphere changes with the venue. “Here, we fight in a small cage, which is enough for us, but when fighting abroad, it feels different—the bright lights and the huge cage make a big impact.”  However, he points out a stark difference in India. “The cages there don’t function properly, and for medical emergencies, they only provide ice cubes and Vaseline. We even have to find a doctor ourselves.”

For those aspiring to follow this path, Dhant emphasizes the importance of patience, hard work, and discipline. “MMA is an expensive sport to pursue,” he admits.

Reflecting on his journey, he shares, “I have learned to speak in front of people and cameras. I have gained discipline and a strong work ethic. Since I always wanted to be recognized from a young age, I’m grateful to have reached a point where people know me and want to learn about me.”

The growing reports of conductors overcharging passengers or deliberately disabling the use of student cards after a certain hour in the evening highlight a pressing concern—why hasn’t the digitization of bus fares been fully embraced? The initiative was first introduced on 14 March 2017, by Sajha Yatayat in Kathmandu, initially implemented on 10 buses along the Lagankhel-New Buspark route. The system aimed to bring efficiency to fare collection and put an end to unfair pricing practices. However, despite its potential to streamline public transportation and ensure transparency, the adoption of smart travel cards remains sluggish.

Sajha Yatayat installed smart travel card readers on both doors of the buses, enabling passengers to pay fares by swiping their cards upon entry and exit. The system deducts fare amounts based on the traveled distance. Sajha planned to expand this system across all routes within the Valley. Smart cards were made available for purchase at the Pulchowk office and Lagankhel bus stop, with recharges facilitated through bus conductors or Sajha offices. Despite these efforts, the adoption of smart cards remains minimal after a year of operation.

Before Sajha Yatayat, city buses operated by Global Metro City Bus Company in Bharatpur and 800 buses in Pokhara adopted smart card technology; these systems failed due to issues such as recharging difficulties, technical malfunctions, and lack of government mandates.

Janak Risal, Assistant manager of Sajha Yatayat office said, “We introduced the bus card digital payment system to better understand the flow of passengers and to know how many passengers were using the bus in which routes. The goal behind this initiative was to keep accurate records of commuters and improve our understanding of bus usage patterns.”

He mentioned that there are fewer regular passengers who consistently use the bus on the same route, and many don’t prioritize getting a monthly bus card subscription. “We’re currently working on improving this, and to raise awareness, we’re displaying the importance of digitization at the front of the bus.”

“We’re also hopeful that other bus services will start coordinating with us, as in the past, private buses haven’t been as involved. Another challenge we face is the lack of WiFi availability on all buses, and we’ve noticed that some elderly passengers struggle to navigate the system. We’re working on addressing these issues to ensure the transition is smooth for everyone,” he added.

Risal explained that many people are unaware of the system, and during a survey, they didn’t see much interest from passengers either. To help raise awareness, they’ve equipped each bus with WiFi, hoping this will encourage people to get familiar with the system over time. “Our plan is to gradually normalize online payments among passengers and, eventually, transition to a completely cashless system on the buses.”

While the idea of a smart card fare system sounds like the perfect solution to Nepal’s long-standing issues with fare collection, its implementation has been anything but smooth. Several challenges continue to hinder the widespread adoption of this digital payment method, keeping Kathmandu’s public transport stuck in its traditional cash-based system. We can know normally that for years, bus conductors and drivers have pocketed a portion of daily fare collections, often reporting only half of their actual earnings to vehicle owners. A fully digital system would track every transaction, cutting off this extra income source.

One regular passenger from Bhaktapur shared, “This is a great initiative for our country. I’ve often seen conductors being rude, and sometimes, when we’re in a hurry, it’s frustrating not having the exact change. With this system, there will be no need to worry about that anymore.”

He said that the government should implement digital payments to reduce travel time, and eliminate the need for exact change. It would simplify drivers’ jobs, provide transparency, and help track payments. “However, challenges such as network issues, resistance to change, and potential technical problems like poor connectivity or low battery for passengers may arise.”

Many countries around the world have successfully embraced innovative changes in infrastructure, technology, and policy, why does Nepal seem hesitant to follow suit? Countries like South Korea, Denmark, and Singapore have adapted to new technologies, improved transportation systems, and embraced environmental reforms with ease. So, why is it that when it comes to implementing similar changes in Nepal, there seems to be a lingering sense of fear or hesitation?

The smart card systems offer seamless and cashless travel, reducing the hassle of carrying change and speeding up the boarding process. They have not only improved the efficiency of public transport but also increased the convenience for citizens. In contrast, Nepal’s public transport system still relies heavily on cash transactions, creating bottlenecks and inefficiencies that could be easily resolved by introducing a similar card-based payment system.

For example, Singapore, where the adoption of a contactless card system revolutionized the city’s transportation network. People embraced the convenience, and within years, it became the norm. Similarly, in South Korea, the T-money card has been integral to a sophisticated, efficient public transport system. 

Yet, in Nepal, the discussion about introducing a bus card system has been slow to gain momentum. The fear of a large upfront investment or the complexity of implementing such a system has kept it on the back burner for years. But what if Nepal’s hesitation isn’t just about cost, but about a deeper reluctance to embrace change? 

Countries that have adopted these smart systems have shown that education and public awareness are key. A bus card system isn’t just a new way to pay for a ride—it’s a cultural shift. If Nepal’s government, bus operators, and the public can come together to educate and raise awareness about the ease and advantages of such a system, the transition could be much smoother than anticipated.

The introduction of a digital fare system raises concerns about job security among conductors. If passengers can simply tap their smart cards and board the bus, the role of a conductor traditionally responsible for fare collection could be diminished, leaving many workers uncertain about their future in public transport. A large portion of Nepal’s transport workforce has limited experience with digital tools, making it difficult for them to transition to a tech-driven system. 

Overcoming these barriers will require more than just technology—it demands a coordinated effort between transport operators, government bodies, and financial institutions to create an integrated, user-friendly, and widely accepted digital fare system.

To ensure fairness and efficiency in the implementation of bus fare systems, the role of technology experts becomes increasingly crucial. With their expertise, we can build robust systems that not only streamline the process but also ensure transparency and fairness for all users. This technological intervention will be essential in creating solutions that prevent fraud, simplify payment methods, and make the entire fare collection system more user-friendly, thereby fostering trust and accessibility for everyone. 

For Nepal’s public transport sector to successfully transition to a digital fare system, government intervention is crucial. One effective approach could be introducing tax incentives for digital payments, encouraging both passengers and transport operators to embrace the change. Valuable lessons can also be drawn from the success of ride-sharing services like Pathao and inDrive, which overcame similar resistance by implementing smart strategies. These included extensive education campaigns for both passengers and drivers, attractive incentives and discounts for digital transactions, simplified and user-friendly technology, strong customer support systems, and close collaboration with regulatory bodies to ensure smooth operations.

According to Madhav Raj Pandey, Section Officer at the Transport Management, The policy to implement an online payment system along with a GPS feature and WiFi in 100 buses is underway. While the integration of these technologies will enhance the efficiency and convenience of the service, it will take time to develop and implement a robust system to ensure seamless functionality.

“The new system will keep a detailed record of all transactions, helping to reduce incidents of conductors overcharging passengers. By securely storing this information, the system will ensure greater transparency and accountability.”

Pandey added, “We’ve been raising awareness about it through Radio FM broadcasts from traffic FM and sharing informative videos on our Facebook page, Newspapers highlighting the importance of these initiatives.”

As Nepal looks towards the future of public transportation, the introduction of a bus card system is just the beginning. The real potential lies in scaling this system to encompass all forms of transport, from taxis to microbuses. Imagine a seamless travel experience where a single card allows access to buses, taxis, and even tempos, making the city’s transport system more connected, efficient, and user-friendly. 

The economic implications of such a digitized transportation system are far-reaching. By moving away from cash-based transactions, Nepal can foster a more transparent and efficient economy. Digitization reduces the cost and risks associated with handling cash, prevents revenue leakage, and increases efficiency for both passengers and operators. With easier tracking of fares, the government can implement better pricing models and even offer incentives or discounts for sustainable transport choices. 

By investing in this digital infrastructure, Nepal can not only modernize its transportation sector but also pave the way for a smarter, more sustainable future. As we look ahead, it’s clear that the future of transport in Nepal is one of innovation, inclusivity, and sustainability. The question is no longer ‘Why?’ but ‘When?’

A well-implemented system benefits everyone, vehicle owners get transparency, drivers and conductors secure earnings, and passengers enjoy fair, hassle-free travel. With the right strategies, Nepal can finally move towards a seamless, digital public transport system.

Have you ever heard of parasocial relationships? Imagine feeling an intense emotional connection to someone who doesn’t even know you exist. It could be an actor whose movies you never miss, a fictional character you adore, an influencer whose posts feel relatable, or a YouTuber you feel deeply connected to. This one-sided attachment, though imaginary, can feel incredibly real. In today’s digital age, where screens bring personalities closer than ever, parasocial relationships—those deep yet one-way emotional bonds—are becoming increasingly common. These relationships involve feelings of attachment, admiration, or affection toward someone who doesn’t reciprocate or even acknowledge your existence.

The term “parasocial interaction” was first introduced in 1956 by sociologists Donald Horton and R. Richard Wohl. They observed that television viewers often formed strong emotional bonds with on-screen personalities, such as talk show hosts and news anchors. These figures appeared approachable and intimate, creating an illusion of friendship despite the one-sided nature of the interaction. Over time, this concept has evolved, especially with the rise of digital media, where parasocial relationships have become more nuanced and widespread.

Parasocial relationships typically progress through three stages. The first stage involves interaction, where a fan begins following or engaging with a celebrity, influencer, or public figure. This could include watching their content, attending events, or interacting on social media. At this point, the connection is primarily one-sided, with the fan being the active participant. In the second stage, the fan starts to feel a deeper sense of connection, often viewing the figure as a “friend” or someone they personally know. They may spend more time consuming the figure’s content and believe in a mutual bond, despite the absence of real interaction. The third stage is marked by intense emotional investment. The fan may feel loyalty, support, and attachment to the figure, possibly leading to over-identification. They might celebrate the figure’s successes as their own and feel personally affected by their actions or life events.

With the evolution of technology, parasocial relationships have adapted to changing media landscapes. While people once felt connected to traditional celebrities like movie stars or TV anchors, they now form bonds with online influencers and even virtual avatars. Platforms like YouTube, TikTok, Instagram, and Facebook have created dynamic spaces for these relationships to flourish. Modern interactive features, such as live streams and comment sections, allow users to engage directly with their favorite personalities, fostering a sense of closeness. Additionally, people continue to form deep attachments to fictional characters from TV shows, movies, and books, experiencing emotions that mirror the characters’ journeys.

One of the key appeals of parasocial relationships is their emotional safety. Since the connection is one-sided, there are no interpersonal conflicts or disagreements. The media personality can be seen as an idealized figure, offering inspiration or aspiration. They provide a sense of connection or belonging to a community, even without direct interaction. Moreover, these relationships are easily accessible, as media personalities are often available through various platforms.

However, there are downsides to these one-sided bonds. Individuals may reduce real-life social engagement, focusing more on their parasocial connections. Media personalities can exploit these emotional bonds for financial gain or personal agendas. The lack of mutual interaction can lead to blurred boundaries, where fans may feel entitled to the attention of their favorite celebrities, resulting in unhealthy expectations and behaviors. In some cases, this can escalate into serious psychological issues, such as loneliness, unrealistic expectations, and emotional distress.

According to Kapil Sharma, a counseling psychologist,  there is also a high chance of a ‘breakup’ in parasocial relationships, where the fan’s connection is disrupted. “This could happen if the public figure becomes less accessible, faces scandals, or stops engaging with their audience.” Sharma explains that such disruptions can leave individuals feeling hurt, confused, or abandoned, leading to emotional withdrawal. “The breakup stage can disrupt sleep and eating habits, as individuals may become overly consumed with the relationship. The lack of reciprocity can lead to emotional dissatisfaction or loneliness. Focusing on parasocial relationships may also negatively impact professional and educational performance, as individuals prioritize media consumption over responsibilities.”

Algorithms play a significant role in reinforcing these relationships. For instance, watching videos of the same person on YouTube can lead to more recommendations, deepening the attachment. Samira Kiju, an 18-year-old fan of the South Korean pop group, BTS, says watching the shows and listening to the music of  his favorite group excites him. “Following BTS for six years has made me feel like I’m growing with them. Even though I’ve never met them, they feel like a part of my life. They motivate me to be confident and love myself. Their live streams feel like phone calls with a long-distance friend, helping me relax after an exhausting day.”

Rabindra Dhant, an MMA fighter in the Asia Pacific region, shares his perspective as a public figure. “I feel happy and motivated by people who form parasocial relationships with me. Sometimes I feel pressure, but I enjoy it because it makes this journey worth it.” He mostly interacts with his fans through Instagram and YouTube. “We motivate each other to be better than we were yesterday.”

Parasocial relationships also extend to fictional characters, who often feel as real as any person in our lives. We laugh, cry, and dream with these characters, forming bonds that blur the line between reality and fiction. They may be products of storytelling, but the emotional attachment they inspire is undeniably powerful.

Parasocial relationships highlight the intricate balance between human emotional connection and modern technology. While they offer comfort, a sense of belonging, and even motivation, they also present challenges that require introspection. As technology continues to reshape how we form connections, it’s worth asking: How deep are our bonds with media figures, and what does this mean for our real-world relationships? Are we truly engaging with each other, or are we becoming more isolated, seeking fulfillment from one-sided bonds? These questions challenge us to reflect on the evolving nature of human interaction in the age of screens and algorithms.

Every day, we witness vehicles speeding recklessly on highways and even narrow roads. The roar of engines revving isn’t just noise; it’s a reminder of the ever-present danger. Overspeeding disrupts traffic, creates fear, and heightens the risk of road accidents that impact everyone—pedestrians, cyclists, and drivers alike.

The number of road accidents caused by overspeeding in Nepal is alarming. Reckless driving puts countless lives at risk daily, with many paying the ultimate price. Overspeeding is not just a traffic violation—it’s a grave threat. Without serious action, Nepal’s roads will continue to be a battlefield where speed takes precedence over safety.

Inspector Jitesh Dahal notes: “Many drivers claim ignorance of speed limits, while others justify it by saying they were in a hurry or made a mistake. Some, particularly younger individuals, speed for the thrill, even engaging in dangerous stunts they consider ‘cool.’”

Overspeeding is most common during off-hours when roads are clear. Two-wheelers are more prone to speeding than four-wheelers, as they can maneuver through narrow spaces with ease. Dahal observes that while official records don’t categorize by age, individuals aged 20-25 tend to speed more, whereas older drivers are generally more disciplined.

Certain areas are hotspots for overspeeding, posing increased risks. Highways, with long stretches and limited monitoring, tempt drivers to ignore speed limits. Residential neighborhoods and school zones, where safety should be paramount, also see reckless speeding, endangering children and pedestrians. These hotspots highlight the urgency for stricter enforcement and awareness campaigns.

Ram Laxmi Shrestha, a roadside resident, says: “I’ve seen many bikes and buses speeding dangerously, leading to potential accidents. Buses from Panauti and Dhulikhel seem to compete with each other. Some motorbikes, especially loud ones like ‘Crossfire,’ appear designed for high speeds. Authorities need to impose strict penalties.”

The reasons for overspeeding vary. For some, it’s the thrill of speed; for others, it’s the pressure of time constraints. When speed limits are loosely monitored and penalties are minimal, drivers feel emboldened to break the rules.

Psychologically, overspeeding is influenced by cognitive biases and emotional states. Optimism bias makes people believe they are less likely to be in an accident. Thrill-seeking behavior and peer pressure also play significant roles, particularly among younger drivers. Social influences encourage reckless driving, as individuals try to impress friends or prove themselves.

Multi-tasking while driving also increases the risk of unintentional speeding. In such situations, drivers lose focus on their surroundings. Counseling psychologist Kapil Sharma says: “Emotions like anger, depression, and anxiety can turn drivers into aggressive riders, leading to impulsive behavior on the road.”

Sharma suggests that visual techniques—such as impactful photos, videos, and slogans—can be highly effective in raising awareness. Placing such messages in prominent locations can serve as constant reminders to drive safely.

Efforts to curb overspeeding include speed cameras, fines, and awareness campaigns. However, gaps in implementation reduce their effectiveness. Speed cameras are often limited to specific areas, leaving many roads unmonitored. Fines may not deter habitual offenders, especially with inconsistent enforcement. Awareness campaigns, though impactful, often fail to reach at-risk groups like young or overconfident drivers.

With technological advancements, solutions like smart speed limiters, AI-powered cameras, and speed-sensing roads could help. However, implementing these measures requires significant investment and public cooperation, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive approach.

Young drivers are more likely to overspeed due to inexperience, peer pressure, and a sense of invincibility. Many take unnecessary risks, speeding through city streets and highways without considering the consequences. Peer pressure plays a key role—many young drivers push their limits to gain social approval. The thrill of speed can be intoxicating, but this reckless attitude often leads to accidents, putting not only themselves but also pedestrians and other road users in danger.

Stricter penalties and enhanced driver education programs are essential to reducing overspeeding, especially among young drivers. However, penalties alone are insufficient. Driver education programs must emphasize the dangers of overspeeding, incorporating real-world scenarios, defensive driving techniques, and the emotional and physical consequences of reckless driving.

As you navigate your daily commute, ask yourself: Is the time saved by speeding worth the potential cost—your life or someone else’s? Every time you press the accelerator, you make a choice. It’s not just about reaching your destination faster; it’s about responsibility. The question is, what kind of driver do you want to be? One who risks lives for speed, or one who values safety? The roads are in our hands—let’s choose to drive responsibly.

Born in the Syangja district in 1977, Dipak Thapa belonged to a modest household. As the youngest of 13 siblings, Thapa wore oversized clothes, embraced the outdoors, and spent hours playing marbles and other imaginative games with his friends.

Thapa wasn’t particularly academically inclined. He got enrolled in the SOS Children’s Village, an institution designed for orphan children but also open to those from families with stable incomes. In grade seven, a question paper leak led him and his friends to tear up their certificates and leave the school in defiance. He was forbidden from coming back.

Thapa found himself drawn to dance. His elder sister and sister-in-law performed cultural dances at Lakeside, Pokhara, and they often took him along. By grade seven, he was dancing at two local hotels, earning a modest salary of Rs 700. Over time, he blended dance with comedy, creating a fusion of entertainment that made him stand out.

Comedy became his second language. He connected with various individuals in the entertainment world, and he was particularly influenced by Sandeep Chhetri. He began to craft his own unique blend of comedy, mixing it with cultural dance in a way that resonated with the audience. His performances brought a fresh, engaging twist to traditional humor.

However, Thapa’s journey was not without its dark moments. For 15 years, he struggled with addiction. His descent into substance abuse began with a friendship that introduced him to brown sugar, a drug he knew was dangerous but failed to resist. He remembers hiding his addiction from his family and friends, sneaking away to friends’ houses or hotel rooms to feed his habit. 

Thapa traveled to Hong Kong for six months, where his addiction continued to weigh on him. His battle with addiction lasted 15 years before he finally broke free. He went to a hotel and requested the staff to lock him in his room for four days.

In a bold move of self-expression, Thapa recently went on the popular show Roadies to publicly share his story of addiction. By doing so, he not only broke the silence around his personal struggles but also marked a significant turning point in his life. 

Thapa’s journey took an unexpected turn when he filled out an audition form for Roadies. “I learned that confidence is the key to achieving anything,” he says. “It doesn’t matter how strong or intelligent you are — without confidence, success will always be out of reach.” This realization, he says, came during his time on Roadies, a platform that tested not only his physical strength but also his belief in himself. 

Thapa has strong views on the evolution of comedy dance in the country. He feels that today’s performances often focus too heavily on the comedy aspect, at the expense of the dance itself. “In today’s comedy dance, I don’t really see much dance,” he says. “They tend to focus more on comedy. But what’s needed is both — comedy and dance. It’s only when the two come together seamlessly that you truly have a comedy dance.” 

His breakthrough moment came with the popular song ‘Ye Baa Kinideu Na Bhatbhate’. Fans would often say his dance had a magical quality that made everyone laugh, and indeed, magic had always fascinated him.

His love for magic was born in his childhood, but it wasn’t until he began to feel that his dancing days might be numbered as he grew older that he decided to explore it more seriously. He reached out to one of the well-known magicians of the time, Balram Sarkar, asking him to teach him the craft. To his surprise, Sarkar agreed and invited him to his home to learn. 

The first lesson, Thapa recalls, took place while they were sharing a meal of meat and rice. “Magic is all about hiding things. The more you master the art of misdirection, the better magician you become,” he says. 

In Nepal, magic is often dismissed as ‘fake,’ a misconception that Thapa works hard to correct. Thapa also highlights a troubling trend in the digital age: “YouTube channels are constantly leaking magic tricks, exposing how they’re done, which undermines the true artistry of magic.” He believes this not only disrespects magicians but also diminishes the craft on a global scale.

He also shares the challenges magicians face in Nepal. “The audience here drives us crazy,” says Thapa. “When performing a trick, people often try to figure out the formula behind it, claiming we’re just hiding things here and there. Every magician does this, but if the same happens with foreign magicians, no one dares to question them.” He says that, in many ways, magicians in Nepal are often underestimated.

Thapa urges the Nepali audience to view magic as an art form and respect its integrity. “If you ever learn the tricks, keep them to yourself,” he says. “Don’t spoil the magic for others. The art deserves to be preserved, not exposed.” His call is simple yet profound: To appreciate magic for what it truly is—a performance that takes skill, creativity, and years of practice.

Thapa often reflects on the limitations faced by Nepali magicians when it comes to the resources required for high-level magic. He cites the example of international magician Dynamo, who is known for walking on water — a stunning feat that requires expensive equipment. “To pull off such tricks, you need significant investment,” he says. “The equipment is costly, and as Nepali magicians, we simply don’t have the means to invest in such high-tech setups.” He humorously adds, “I could make the Dharahara disappear, but the investment it would need is just not within our reach.”

As an artist, Thapa wasn’t limited to just mastering dance or magic. He had a teacher who greatly influenced his approach to expression. When learning dance, he often watched his teacher’s performances closely, particularly the facial expressions that brought the dance to life. This influence led him to incorporate exaggerated facial expressions into his own comedy dance routines. “I used to copy the expressions of my guru,” Thapa recalls. “At one point, my parents thought I had gone crazy because I’d spend hours in front of the mirror practicing them.”

Thapa’s journey has been marked by his encounters with some of the biggest names in the Nepali entertainment industry. When he was just beginning to make a name for himself, he crossed paths with the rising stars of the time, including Dhurmus Suntali. Despite this early connection, he never made it to Kathmandu when the opportunity arose. Santosh Panta had asked him to come to Kathmandu to shoot a music video, but circumstances led to the song being released without him, a decision that Thapa doesn’t regret.

One of the most significant moments in Thapa’s career came when he spent five years performing alongside two of the most respected figures in Nepali comedy, Hari Bansha Acharya and Madan Krishna Shrestha. “We shared the stage for five years, and they said  something that really stuck with me,” he says. “They said they couldn’t copy what I did, but I could copy everything they did.” That compliment, coming from such legendary figures, was deeply inspiring.

“Many people told me that if I wanted to do something big, I had to come to Kathmandu,” says Thapa. “But I’ve always believed that success isn’t tied to a specific place. If you have the right mindset and determination, you can achieve your goals no matter where you are.” This philosophy has guided him throughout his career, proving that talent, hard work, and confidence can create boundless opportunities.

Thapa has a bold vision for the future of magic in Nepal. He dreams of a Magic Association House being established in the country. It would be a place where magicians can come together to create shows, hold competitions, and advance the craft. “I believe Nepal needs a dedicated space for magicians to grow, collaborate, and inspire one another,” he says. If no one else takes the initiative, he’s determined to make it happen. “I will take a loan if I have to, but I will surely do it,” he says, adding that his goal is to continue performing magic shows and exploring new tricks, ensuring that the art form flourishes in Nepal.

On Sept 20, 2023, Nepal launched its first Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) lane, connecting Bhaktapur’s Suryabinayak to Kathmandu’s Ratna Park. This initiative was introduced with the aim of improving public transportation efficiency, particularly during peak hours (9–11 am and 4–6 pm), by reducing traffic congestion and ensuring faster travel times for commuters. While the BRT lane represents a significant step toward addressing Kathmandu’s chronic traffic problems, it has also sparked a debate about its necessity and effectiveness. Could the resources allocated to this project have been better utilized to address more pressing urban challenges, such as the delays faced by emergency medical services? This question is particularly relevant in a city where traffic congestion often prevents ambulances from reaching hospitals in time, putting lives at risk.

The BRT lane was conceived as a solution to Kathmandu’s worsening traffic congestion, which has long been a source of frustration for residents and a barrier to economic productivity. According to experts from the transport ministry, the dedicated bus lane was designed to streamline public transportation, reduce delays, and provide a more reliable alternative to private vehicles. By separating buses from general traffic, the BRT lane aimed to ensure faster and more predictable travel times, especially during rush hours when the city’s roads are most congested.

However, the success of the BRT lane depends heavily on effective management and enforcement. While the initiative has shown some promise, its impact has been limited by underutilization outside peak hours and the persistent challenges of traffic management in Kathmandu. Buses often remain stuck in traffic, disrupting schedules and frustrating both passengers and drivers. This raises questions about whether the BRT lane could have been designed to serve a dual purpose, such as accommodating emergency vehicles during non-peak hours.

While the BRT lane addresses the issue of public transportation efficiency, it does little to alleviate the challenges faced by emergency medical services. In Kathmandu, ambulances often struggle to navigate through gridlocked streets, leading to delayed response times that can have life-threatening consequences. The sound of ambulance sirens is a common yet distressing feature of the city’s soundscape, serving as a constant reminder of the urgent need for better infrastructure to support emergency services.

Jamali Tamang, a regular bus commuter, shared her observations: “I’ve seen ambulances stuck in traffic during peak hours. It’s frustrating and heartbreaking. Dedicated lanes for emergency vehicles could save lives.” Tamang also emphasized the importance of public awareness campaigns to educate citizens about the importance of keeping such lanes clear. She suggested that the BRT lane could be repurposed for ambulance use during non-peak hours, allowing both buses and emergency vehicles to coexist without compromising efficiency.

Ambulance drivers, who are on the front lines of this crisis, echo these concerns. Nim Bahadur Oli Chettri, four years experienced ambulance driver, recounted his struggles: “It’s incredibly challenging to navigate crowded roads. While some drivers make their way, others ignore us, wasting precious minutes.” Chettri, who previously worked as a bus and truck driver in Saudi Arabia, highlighted the stark contrast in infrastructure and policies between the two countries. “In Saudi Arabia, emergency services are systematic and efficient. Here, the lack of clear policies and infrastructure makes it much harder.”

Several cities around the world have successfully implemented measures to prioritize emergency vehicles, offering valuable lessons for Kathmandu. In Japan, for instance, there are no dedicated ambulance lanes, but strict road rules require drivers to yield to emergency vehicles. This culture of discipline and respect for emergency services ensures that ambulances can navigate through traffic with minimal delays. Similarly, Singapore has experimented with converting certain lanes for emergency use during peak hours, while the UK allows ambulances to use shoulders or middle lanes when necessary. In South Korea, designated lanes in some areas ensure faster emergency responses, particularly in major cities like Seoul.

These examples demonstrate that with proper planning and enforcement, emergency lanes can significantly improve response times. However, implementing such measures in Kathmandu presents unique challenges due to the city’s inadequate road infrastructure and lack of clear policies.

Kathmandu’s road infrastructure remains ill-equipped to handle the growing number of vehicles on its streets. Narrow roads, haphazard parking, and poor traffic management exacerbate congestion, leaving ambulances stranded in traffic. Ganesh Man Singh Rai, an Information Officer at the Department of Transport Ministry, acknowledged these challenges: “Our limited resources and road capacity make dedicated emergency lanes seem almost impossible. However, traffic officers do their best to prioritize ambulances.” Rai emphasized the need for improved road infrastructure and stakeholder collaboration to make such initiatives feasible.

“Designating a dedicated lane for emergency vehicles is undoubtedly a good idea, but the challenge lies in ensuring its effective implementation across the numerous roads we have. The real solution, however, also depends on the honesty and discipline of drivers and riders. When they responsibly move aside to allow emergency vehicles to pass, significant improvements become visible, enabling ambulances to navigate more efficiently”, he added.

SP Sanjay Bahadur Raut, Spokesperson of the Kathmandu Valley Traffic Police Office, echoed these sentiments. “While dedicated emergency lanes are a good idea, their implementation is challenging due to narrow roads and increasing vehicle numbers. A balanced approach is essential to accommodate all road users.” Raut highlighted the efforts of traffic officers to clear paths for ambulances, even creating space from opposite lanes in urgent situations. “Every second counts in emergencies, and we prioritize getting ambulances through as quickly as possible.”

He shared, “In urgent situations, when there is high traffic, some of us may even go as far as creating space from the opposite side of the road. This is a rare and considerate act as we prioritize the safety and speed of emergency responders.”

The consequences of delayed emergency responses are dire. Dr. Manoj Yadav, an emergency medical officer at Everest Hospital, shared alarming insights: “We’ve seen patients’ conditions worsen due to traffic delays. Dedicated ambulance lanes could save lives.” He explained that ambulances in Nepal vary in functionality, from basic models to advanced units equipped like mini ICUs. However, even the best-equipped ambulances are rendered ineffective if they cannot reach patients in time. “Many patients die en route to hospitals, especially when traveling from distant locations,” Yadav added.

Yadav also highlighted the disparities in ambulance services across the country. “The hospital provides ambulances with some facilities, but many vehicles from other hospitals only offer oxygen, and some don’t even provide that. There are three types of designated ambulances: the general ambulance, which has no special facilities and is used only for non-emergency cases; the semi-ambulance, which includes basic support for minor injuries and accidents; and the advanced ambulance, which is equipped with ECG, ventilation, and designed like a mini ICU for more critical patients.”

The growing urban challenges in Kathmandu demand innovative solutions. Repurposing underutilized transit lanes for emergency vehicles could address critical gaps in the city’s emergency response system. Strict enforcement mechanisms would be necessary to prevent misuse, ensuring these lanes remain clear for life-saving purposes. Public awareness campaigns could also play a vital role in fostering a culture of responsibility among drivers.

Ultimately, the BRT lane represents progress, but its limitations highlight the need for a more holistic approach to urban planning. By prioritizing emergency services and improving road infrastructure, Kathmandu can transform its transportation system into one that not only moves people efficiently but also saves lives. The time has come to rethink idle transit lanes and turn them into pathways that serve the greater good.

The introduction of the BRT lane in Kathmandu is a commendable effort to address the city’s traffic congestion. However, its underutilization outside peak hours and the pressing need for better emergency response infrastructure suggest that a more balanced approach is needed. Dedicated ambulance lanes, combined with improved road infrastructure and public awareness campaigns, could save countless lives and ensure that emergency services are not hindered by traffic. As Kathmandu continues to grow, it is imperative that urban planning prioritizes not only efficiency but also the well-being and safety of its residents. By learning from global examples and fostering collaboration among stakeholders, the city can create a transportation system that truly serves the needs of all its citizens.