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Tihar, the most awaited festival after Dashain for many, is in the corner. People wait for this festival for many reasons, like lights, colors, and probably money they receive as dakshina. I love them all. But the most important aspect that every Nepali person waits for is the day when we light the house with diyos (traditional oil lamps made with clay). Every year, thousands of diyos are bought by many to light up their house. In the pottery square of Bhaktapur, many potters are seen drying their clay works in the sun. The area is made in such a way where the sun rays don’t fade away till evening. Every shop has divided their area to dry their work in the same ground. Traditionally, people from the Prajapati caste are involved in the work of creating clay and earthenware products. But today, this job is not just limited to the Prajapatis.

Samir Dhonju got into this profession because he was interested in the artistic work that goes into making earthenware goods.  “There was a time when this work was associated with people a certain caste, but things have changed these days. I really enjoy working with clay and making various products,” he says.  Dhonju has been doing this for a year now and he wishes other youths like him to join the profession. “There is certainly a good scope in this line of work, but many young people just don’t want to get their hands dirty,” he adds. Dhonju enjoys the creativity involved in making clay products.  

Shiva Prasad Prajapati, who has continued his family generational profession, says his family shop has existed since the Malla period, making it one of the oldest in his neighborhood. 

“Almost 8 or 9 generations of my family have followed this craft,” he says. For this year’s Tihar festival, he has already made around 200,000 diyos. “I started working before the Dashain festival and I’ve already sent the diyos to the market, which is why there isn’t much rush in my shop,” he says. 
His diyos are delivered to places like Kathmandu, Kavre, and Barhabise.  

Shiva Prasad sells a dozen diyos for Rs 40, while 100 pieces can cost up to Rs 400 depending on demand. He says the clay used in making diyos are not readily available these days. 

“We used to collect the clay from forests around Doleshwor and Suryabinayak, but now it’s illegal. So we have to go through a proper tender process to procure clay these days, which makes it costlier,” he adds. 

Not far away from Shiva Prasad’s shop, Ranjana Prajapati is busy drying freshly made diyos. She started the shop some nine years ago and made a good earning, until people started using electric lights instead of traditional diyos to light up their homes during Tihar. 

“The demands for diyos have definitely gone down, but the demand has not entirely died out,” she says. “Diyo demand shoots up during the time of Tihar, because there are still many people who understand the cultural and traditional values of lighting diyos.”   

In the run-up to the Tihar festival, Ranjana has already made 10,000 diyos, which she says is far fewer than in the previous years. 

Ranjana fears hers will be the last generation to continue her family profession, as her children are not interested in pottery making.  

Budhi Ram Prajapati, who is in his seventies, didn’t make any diyos for this year’s Tihar. “Demands have gone down, and I can’t make diyos with the same speed and precision like in my heydays,” he says. 

There was a time when he could make up to 35,000 diyos all by himself. Today, only Budhi Ram and his wife run their clay workshop. Their children left the generational craft to pursue more lucrative enterprises. 

Budhi Ram notes the contradiction: while the number of households is rising, the demand for diyos is falling.    

For Aakash Karmacharya, however, traditional diyo lamps hold deep cultural significance.“I love the warm glow of diyos. I find them far better than those distracting LED lights,” he says. Karmacharya is one of those people who prefers traditional practice over convenience of modernity when observing a cultural festival like Tihar.  

For generations, potters in Bhaktapur and beyond have shaped these symbols of light with care and devotion, their hands preserving a legacy that goes far beyond decoration. Though challenges like rising costs and fading demand persist, the spirit behind each diyo remains strong.

“While electric lights may be easier and more convenient, the humble diyos hold a deeper meaning of culture, craft, and community, and it is our responsibility to preserve the tradition,” says Karmacharya. 

More than 14,000 inmates escaped from 28 prisons and juvenile detention centers across Nepal during the GenZ–led protests on Sept 8–9. The unprecedented prison break posed a grave security threat and prompted a nationwide manhunt to recapture the fugitives, many of whom were serving sentences for serious crimes such as rape and murder.

According to the Department of Prison Management, 8,851 escapees, including 341 juvenile detainees, have voluntarily surrendered since the incident. However, public concern remains high, as nearly 5,700 individuals are still at large.

On the day of the protests, several inmates were killed during escape attempts. Three prisoners were shot dead while trying to breach security perimeters in Ramechhap and Dhading, while five juvenile detainees died in a clash at the Naubasta Juvenile Correctional Home. Escapes were reported across the country, including Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Sunsari, Saptari, Mahottari, Rautahat, Sindhuli, Makawanpur, Rasuwa, Chitwan, Tanahun, Kaski, Parbat, Myagdi, Kapilvastu, Dang, Banke, Rukum West, Nawalparasi, Jumla, Bajhang, Kailali, Darchula, Baitadi, Dadeldhura, and Kanchanpur. Similarly, 963 juveniles escaped from correctional homes in Morang, Parsa, Bhaktapur, Makawanpur, Kaski, Rupandehi, Jayandu, Banke, and Doti.

The Ministry of Home Affairs has issued an ultimatum requiring all escapees to return by Oct 6. Those who fail to comply face additional legal charges, including escape, public endangerment, and violent conduct. “This mass escape must not be allowed to undermine the rule of law,” the ministry said in a statement.

A nationwide operation, coordinated by a special task force under the Ministry of Home Affairs, is underway to track down the remaining fugitives. The task force includes local authorities, Nepal Police, the Armed Police Force, and other security agencies. Each district has formed a dedicated team led by the Assistant Chief District Officer, with representatives from law enforcement and other relevant agencies, to locate, control, and re-arrest escapees as swiftly as possible.

“There are currently 30,646 prisoners serving sentences for various offenses in 75 prisons across 72 districts,” said Chomendra Neupane, director of the Department of Prison Management. “There are no prisons in Dhanusha, Bara, Bhaktapur, Nawalparasi East, and East Rukum.”

Neupane added that the number of returnees is gradually increasing, particularly after the Dashain festival, and that the department expects more inmates to surrender in the coming days. “If anyone has information about escaped prisoners or juveniles, they can contact the nearest police station or notify the department directly,” he said.

According to the department, some escapees have already reoffended, committing crimes such as theft and even murder. “We have found that many of those who escaped were not rehabilitated despite their time in prison,” Neupane said. “We are taking stricter measures to ensure public safety and are reinforcing law enforcement operations to make the process more effective.”

Regarding how the escapes will affect inmates’ sentences, Neupane said each case will be reviewed individually. “Some may have fled out of fear for their safety amid the chaos, while others deliberately took advantage of the situation,” he said. Prisoners who left due to credible safety concerns may be required to serve only their remaining term, whereas those who escaped without justification face extended prison sentences and new legal charges.

Authorities are currently preparing detailed reports on each case, and district police offices nationwide are conducting investigations to assess the specific circumstances of each escape. Outcomes will depend on several factors, including the severity of the original crime, behavior during incarceration, and conduct following the escape.

“In some cases, escapees may lose eligibility for parole or early release,” Neupane said. “Every situation is different, and we are working to ensure that justice is served fairly within the existing legal framework.”

The mass escape during the GenZ protests has placed significant strain on Nepal’s prison and law enforcement systems. With nearly 5,700 inmates still on the run, authorities are under mounting pressure to restore security and public trust. In the longer term, the crisis may prompt major reforms in Nepal’s prison management and security protocols, particularly concerning the treatment and supervision of juvenile detainees.

We’ve all seen it: people using ChatGPT, Gemini, and other AI tools to enhance their pictures, making them appear more authentic and attractive. But have we really considered the consequences? Most of the time, we don’t. These days, we see AI generated images and videos flooding our social media. Recently, I came across a clip by influencer Bhanu Pathak talking about the risk of uploading images on AI tools. He criticized the practice, calling it unethical, creepy, and unsafe. He warned that AI companies could keep personal data of users.

The situation became even more alarming when one instagram user shared her experience of using AI to enhance her photo. She discovered something disturbing: a photo where she was fully sleeve was transformed by AI into a sleeveless version. Not only that, the AI even replicated a mole on her right hand. Shockingly, she confirmed that she actually does have a mole in the same spot in real life.

Dipayan Ghosh, who writes about cyber security, explains AI can generate images of real people without consent, posing a serious privacy risk. 

“It allows anyone to alter photos and create false scenarios, making it appear as though someone did something they never actually did.”

To detect if an image is AI-generated or not, Ghosh suggests using reverse image search to trace the source of the picture. “Be mindful about what you share online, and avoid believing every photo you come across on social media,” he adds, while urging people to use AI tools responsibly and ethically.

Osmond Chia, a technology reporter at The Straits Times, has written a piece on OpenAI facing several lawsuits, including one from The New York Times, for using the paper’s content without permission to train AI models. In response, OpenAI argued that the data was publicly accessible and therefore permissible for research purposes.

While non-commercial ChatGPT users may not face direct copyright issues, Chia also noted that “freely uploading personal photos onto the platform still carries significant risks, particularly concerning privacy and misuse of data.”

The advent of AI has also impacted the creative world. Legendary Japanese animator Hayao Miyazaki has called the technology “an insult to life itself.” He argued that though faster, AI cannot come close to the artistry and soul found in the works of creative minds.

Shristi Prajapati, a tattoo and visual artist, understands where Miyazaki is coming from. She says AI art has taken over so much of the space that once belonged to human hands and hearts. 

“While artists like us spend hours mixing colors, shaping ideas, and pouring emotion into every detail, AI can replicate something similar in mere seconds. It’s painful to watch years of practice, love, and identity getting pushed aside.” 

For centuries, art has been a sacred expression—not just a product for sale. Even when artists didn’t make money, they created to preserve beauty, truth, culture, and emotion. Now, they are up against machines that don’t feel, don’t struggle, don’t dream. 

Still, despite the pressure and the heartbreak, artists like Prajapati continue. “I believe there are still people who recognize the difference, who still value the human touch,” she says.

Visual artist Rudrakshya Man Pradhan expresses similar sentiment. He says that AI should remain as a tool for inspiration, not a replacement for genuine expression. “It is essential to teach people the true value of art, so that society learns to see beyond surface-level images and appreciate the stories, emotions, and individuality only human hands can create,” he adds. 

But not everyone sees AI art as a threat. Sajira Shrestha, 26, says as long as you know what you are doing, AI can be a fun experimenting platform. “I don’t think it will hurt anyone as long as you are using AI for fun stuff. But at the same time, I don’t discount the harm it can do in the wrong hands.”

Pradhan says despite concerns surrounding AI technology, it is impossible to escape its presence and we must learn to live with it. 

“We know that AI always depends on prompts and borrowed data, while human art emerges from individuality and authenticity. So, I see that the future lies in balancing tradition with technology, and fostering awareness of art’s true value..”

The craze over AI images reflects both the excitement and the dangers of new technology. While AI can produce quick, attractive, and trendy results, it also raises serious questions about privacy, ethics, and the future of human creativity. For artists, it poses the painful risk of being overshadowed, yet it also offers opportunities if used wisely as a tool for inspiration. 

To safeguard creativity, society needs to value authentic art, educate younger generations about its deeper meaning, and use AI responsibly. In the end, the true challenge lies in striking a balance—embracing technology without losing sight of the human touch that makes art sacred. Prajapati aptly says: “Handmade art holds imperfections, emotions, and stories that no AI can ever truly replicate.” 

President Ramchandra Paudel has issued an ordinance amending the Voter Registration Act 2016, creating the way for the resumption of voter list compilation ahead of the elections for the House of Representatives.

The law removes legal obstacles that previously barred eligible but unregistered citizens from enrolling to vote. Following the amendment, the Election Commission (EC) is expected to announce a new timeline for voter registration. “After the issuance of the ordinance, the way has been opened for the compilation of the list of those who are eligible to vote according to the law. The Election Commission will take the necessary decision for that,” said Suman Ghimire, information officer at the Election Commission.

The amendment specifically targets Section 4, Subsection 2(2) of the Voter Registration Act, which had prevented new voter registrations during the pre-election period. “Without this change, many would have been unable to vote for the leader of their choice, which could have serious consequences on election day,” said Pradip Kumar Koirala, spokesperson for the Office of the President.

The decision is followed by  high-level discussions between President Paudel and Interim Prime Minister Sushila Karki at Sheetal Niwas on Wednesday, where they reviewed the political situation, election security, and logistical preparations.

The urgency behind the ordinance appears to be influenced by the dramatic turn of events during the GenZ-led anti-corruption protests on Sept 8 and 9. What began as a peaceful youth movement against systemic corruption, prolonged political stagnation and restrictions on free speech escalated sharply—especially after the resignation of former Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli amid mounting pressure. 

The protests, initially peaceful, spiraled into violence, leaving over 70 people dead and amplifying public calls for electoral reforms and broader democratic participation. Against this backdrop, the swift reactivation of voter registration is being seen as a critical step toward addressing public demands for political accountability and change.

Soon after, on Sept 12, the interim government was formed with Sushila Karki as an interim prime minister and the election was set to happen on 5 March 2026 handing her all the work to the new elected leader. As the election was already set to happen, many young people were not aware. The change was from the young people and for them, however, a major issue surfaced: many young people—especially first-time voters—were unaware that once an election date is officially announced, voter registration is no longer permitted.  The problem arose here. Section 4, subsection 2 (2) of the Voter Registration Act, 2016, stipulates, “No person shall be registered in the voters’ list for the purpose of an election after the date of that election has been declared.”

On Sept 15, newly-appointed Home Minister Om Prakash Aryal announced that the government would offer a final opportunity for eligible citizens—including those previously left out—to register to vote. He also stated that the government plans to initiate the process for granting voting rights to Nepalis living abroad.

This legal barrier meant that only those who were already registered—mostly older generations—would be eligible to vote. According to the Election Commission’s provided report, 18,148,654 voters are listed for voting as of mid April–2024. In this, 8,410,896 were women, 9,267,572 were men and 186 denoted others.

Aayush Shakya, 30, who has been voting for years said that GenZ is doing a great job, but it’s important to be genuine about the intentions behind the movement. This shouldn’t be about supporting political parties or pushing certain names forward—it should simply be about being Nepali and working for the betterment of Nepal. Only when the country progresses will everything else—like opportunities, governance, and daily life—get better.

He explained, “That’s the mindset we all need to adopt. Even those who already have voter cards must understand this: it’s not about parties, money or short-term benefits like food or alcohol. If people truly thought about the long-term future of the country instead of personal gain, we would already be seeing real change. Now is the time to focus on the nation itself, not on who leads it. Because in the end, it doesn’t matter who’s in power if we the people don’t think and act for Nepal first.”

Bikram Shah, (name changed) 28, from Pokhara said, I had heard that once the election date was announced, voter registration wasn’t allowed—but now the government has made the bold decision by giving the opportunity to register our name and I fully support the current decision to reopen registration. This protest was led by GenZ, the younger generation, and many of them may not have registered to vote yet.”

He said that this is their chance to get their voter IDs and the voting can be the way to make that change real. Shah said, “All the sacrifices and bloodshed must lead the country toward something better and more hopeful. Honestly, I don’t believe that older voters—who have consistently voted for their so-called favorite leaders—will easily change their minds,” he added, “many older voters remain loyal to certain parties or leaders because of habit, community ties, pressure, small bribes or the belief that these leaders will be useful to them in the future. However, if the younger generation keeps pushing for accountability and continues to raise real, meaningful issues, it might eventually make them rethink their choices.” 

Shah said, “Change always takes time, but the momentum created by youth activism can slowly influence even the most stubborn voting patterns. The movement will bring change—just not overnight. It’s a process, but we’re on the right path.”

Swikriti K.C, 19, is excited to make a voter ID and vote for her leader by herself for the first time. She shared, “Looking at the current situation, I honestly think that if things go fairly, the results will be in favor of the youth. But at the same time, we all know how easily people in Nepal can be influenced—which makes us worried that some might fall for the same old tricks and end up making the wrong decision again.”

K.C added: If most GenZ citizens had their voter cards and made decisions based on proper information, I’m confident the results would lean toward real change. But sadly, many of us still don’t have our voter cards. That’s why it’s so important to spread awareness and make sure this information actually reaches those who need it. Because if we don’t, the same old “jhole gang” (party loyalists) will do what they always do—manipulate the system for their benefit.”

Alish Gurung, 24 said, “I am feeling amazing with the news that I will be making a voter card and now I realized the importance of the card too. In the past, many people—especially from the middle class—would vote for whichever party or leader offered them the most benefit, whether that was money, power or mere promises. Even those who already had voter cards would often vote based on who gave them something, not necessarily who was best for the country” he added,  “but now, seeing the recent GenZ protests, it feels like that mindset might finally be starting to change. People are beginning to realize how important it is to choose a strong and capable Prime Minister—because if the government isn’t stable, the country will always lag behind.”

Gurung highlighted: After witnessing all of this, I feel that the prevailing mindset may change. At the same time, it’s also true that GenZ never really had a chance to vote for the old leaders—we didn’t help elect them, but we’re still facing the consequences of their leadership. The hard part now is figuring out which leader is actually good for us and who isn’t. With so much news floating around online—and no way to verify what’s true and what’s fake—it’s hard to make a confident decision.

Talking about Dashain in 1969, a woman from Bhaktapur recalls her childhood experience. She remembers her local Guthi (community-based trust) sacrificing buffaloes for the festival, families wearing new clothes—mostly stitched at home and sent to Chipa (cloth dyer)—and receiving 25 paisa from her parents as Dashain dakshina (offering). Her parents saved money for the festival by selling chilies and potatoes.

She also remembers children flying handmade kites and buying colorful ribbons for herself. To earn a little extra, she and her friends would work at night under the light of a tuki (oil lamp) to design Dhaka topi (traditional Nepali hat).

By 1991, when she was 30 and living in Satdobato, Lalitpur, with her husband and three children, Dashain celebrations had begun to change. Meat cost around Rs 80 per kilogram, and although kite flying remained a part of the festival, kites were now bought from shops, and the family’s excitement revolved around new clothes and festivities.

Now at 63, she feels the meaning of Dashain has evolved into something else. In the past, people eagerly waited for the festival just for the chance to eat meat and wear new clothes. These days, children are absorbed in their mobile phones, and the spirit of festivity and family gatherings have been lost in time.

“I have celebrated Dashain throughout my life, and it is still my favorite festival. But now, things have changed. Back then, even though we had vacation homework, I used to feel completely free during Dashain. Those nine days of festival holidays carried excitement and joy. I especially loved putting on tika and jamara, and the blessings offered by our elders felt pure and heartfelt,” she says. 

Today, Dashain has become a perfunctory affair. Rather than enjoying the company of their loved ones, most people are busy posting their festival photos and videos on their social media.

Kristina Shrestha, a college student, agrees that the Dashain celebrations have changed over time, especially after the rise of social media.

“Dashain once felt like a festival of peace and unity. Now the atmosphere has shifted. The recent Gen Z protests showed that most of the youths are deeply involved in activism and social media, and for them, scrolling through their phones for news updates and putting up social media posts are more important.”

Shrestha’s friend Nanzana Sunuwar says busy schedules have reduced the time for rituals and family gatherings. “People often prioritize convenience over tradition. Social media glamorizes Dashain, often turning it into a show of appearances. Digital validation has become more important than real-life experiences.”

Sunuwar believes social media platforms should be used to preserve tradition through education, storytelling, and organizing celebratory events. 

Sayan Shakya, 20, maintains a positive view on Dashain celebrations. “I enjoy the overall vibe of Dashain and I haven’t noticed much difference in how the festival is celebrated,” he says. “Although I’m not fond of posting on social media platforms, I still think social media has allowed us to connect with others and to see how the people from different communities celebrate Dashain.”

Shakya’s sister, Sanjita, 22, offers a different view. “While a barrage of social media posts may not directly harm our traditions, I do believe that the essence of enjoying the moment and having genuine fun with your loved ones is gradually getting lost.”

Rachana Magar, a student, says as many people today are busy with jobs and studies, they can’t travel back to their villages or spend much time with their families even during the festival season. 

“Dashain feels shorter and less traditional these days. Photos and outfits often take center stage, making Dashain more like a fashion show than a family tradition,” she adds.

She suggests balance as a way forward. “Families can organize fun activities and games together, teach younger members the meaning behind rituals, and blend tradition with modern fun through cooking, decorating, or storytelling. At the same time, limiting screen time during gatherings can help everyone focus on real interactions and create more meaningful memories.”

Dashain, once a festival defined by simple joys and family gatherings, is undergoing a profound transformation. From handmade kites and tika worn with pride to the modern preoccupation with social media, urbanization, and consumerism, the ways people celebrate have shifted across generations. While some find that technology can broaden understanding of traditions, others worry that the essence of fun, connection, and cultural ritual is gradually being lost.

Yet, amid these changes, the memories and stories of past Dashains remind us of the festival’s enduring spirit, a spirit that can survive when we consciously balance modern life with the heartfelt celebration of tradition. 

In May 2024, Kathmandu was declared as the world’s most polluted city, according to real-time data from the Air Quality Index (AQI). Ranking 162 on the index, Kathmandu surpassed Chiang Mai in Thailand and Medan in Indonesia, raising alarms about the growing air quality crisis in South Asia.

Similarly, the World Bank released a report in June 2025 stating that air pollution is a major factor for death and disability in Nepal. “Single-sector solutions are not sufficient to meet any clean air target. Public policy and investment need to optimize air quality actions across sectors, prioritizing those with the most cost-effective solutions,” the report states.

Air pollution reduces life expectancy by 3.4 years for the average Nepali and causes approximately 26,000 premature deaths annually. In addition to health, air pollution impacts labor productivity, tourism, and the aviation sector. The economic cost of poor air quality is equivalent to more than 6 percent of Nepal’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) each year.

Experts attribute the surge in pollution levels to a combination of increasing temperatures and widespread forest fires that have led the Kathmandu Valley to the state. This alarming spike underscores a broader regional crisis: air pollution in South Asia is cutting lives short at an unprecedented rate.

The data from the Air Quality Life Index (AQLI), developed by the University of Chicago’s Energy Policy Institute reveals that air pollution remains the single greatest external threat to life expectancy in South Asia. The report shows that the average life expectancy in the region is reduced by three years due to air pollution. In the most polluted areas, that figure exceeds eight years. Across India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan, the health burden from particulate pollution is nearly twice that of childhood and maternal malnutrition, and more than five times greater than that of unsafe water and sanitation.

This data makes clear that particulate pollution is the world’s greatest external risk to human health. Its impact on life expectancy is comparable to that of smoking, more than four times that of high alcohol use, five times that of transport injuries like car crashes, and more than six times that of HIV/AIDS.

Nearly 2bn people in South Asia are breathing air that far exceeds the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline for PM₂.₅—fine particulate matter known to damage lungs and the cardiovascular system. Most countries in the region are also failing to meet their own, far more lenient, national air quality standards.

In Nepal, PM₂.₅ concentrations reached 38.3 µg/m³ in 2023—a 10 percent increase over the previous year. According to the AQLI report, “The average Nepali could gain three and half years of life if the country met WHO air quality standards. In heavily polluted districts such as Mahottari and Rautahat, residents could gain more than five and half years of life expectancy,” the report states.

In response, the government has implemented an Air Quality Management Action Plan 2020 for the Kathmandu Valley. The strategy focuses on strengthening emissions monitoring and data collection, regulating polluting sectors like transport, brick kilns, and construction and promoting sustainable urban planning and eco-friendly infrastructure. Experts warn that without aggressive action, the health crisis will worsen.

Globally, pollution increased slightly in 2023, with wildfire-driven particulate matter emerging as a new challenge, even in developed countries. In Canada, PM₂.₅ levels doubled, marking the highest pollution in 26 years. Wildfire smoke affected vast swaths of the US, pushing several Midwest and Southern counties into the ranks of the nation’s most polluted—surpassing California for the first time in five years.

“We are now stuck living with air pollution concentrations that are the dangerous ghost of the fossil fuels burned since the Industrial Revolution,” says Michael Greenstone, AQLI co-creator and Milton Friedman Distinguished Service Professor at the University of Chicago. “Even countries that have earnestly spent decades cleaning up their air can’t escape these ghosts and the shorter and sicker lives they deliver.”

A significant barrier to tackling pollution is the lack of real-time air quality data. According to AQLI again, nearly 70 percent of the world’s population lives in countries with fewer than three air quality monitors per million people and that leaves 5bn people—many in the most polluted regions without access to basic information about the air they breathe

“Access to information is critical,” says Christa Hasenkopf, director of the Clean Air Program at EPIC. “While data can catalyze action, it must be backed by political will, ambitious policy, and consistent enforcement.”

If global air quality were brought in line with WHO guidelines, the average person could gain 1.9 additional years of life, saving a combined 15.1bn life-years worldwide. Yet, for South Asia, the need is especially urgent. Pollution in the region rose 2.8 percent from 2022 to 2023, following a brief dip the year prior. Despite temporary improvements, the trend remains dire—reinforcing that particulate pollution is not just a public health concern, but a full-blown humanitarian crisis.

Each year, the AQLI takes on a different topic related to air pollution. This year, the report focused on access to air quality information—a topic EPIC has been deeply involved with over the last decade, including through the AQLI. When people understand that the air they breathe is harmful to their health, they can take steps to reduce the hazard by purchasing air purifiers, wearing masks, limiting time outdoors, and using the data to inform policy actions.

“The analysis shows that improving life expectancy in South Asia will require policies that bring air quality in line with current standards and, over time, move toward stricter limits. Evidence from other regions demonstrates that targeted, sustained action can rapidly reduce PM₂.₅ and deliver measurable gains in longevity”, says AQLI Director Tanushree Ganguly. “Throughout history, countries have grown and developed while improving air quality. Targeting fossil fuels at their source will help clean local air and combat climate change. But countries need better data and stronger policies to make that happen.”

Embossed number plates will be mandatory for all vehicles starting Sept 17, the Department of Transport Management (DoTM) announced on Aug 19. The department said that services such as vehicle registration, ownership transfer, and renewal will only be provided after the installation of embossed number plates. It also stated that technical and regulatory preparations are being carried out in coordination with the Ministry of Home Affairs and the Traffic Police.

However, the Central Federation of Public Transport Nepal has issued a public statement urging citizens not to install embossed number plates. In a statement released on Monday, the federation called on all stakeholders to refrain from installing the plates until the existing practical issues are properly addressed.

“We sincerely request everyone—from the general public, tourism and transport sectors, to private vehicle owners—not to install embossed number plates without revising and resolving the practical problems raised during discussions and dialogues with the government,” the statement read. The federation mentioned that if attempts are made to forcibly implement the installation, the agencies under the Ministry of Transport will be held accountable for any resulting protests and resistance activities.

The federation criticized the government’s decision, arguing that it could lead to the disappearance of the Devanagari script used in Nepali license plates, place an economic burden on citizens and the transport industry, and allow foreign entities to control sensitive data of Nepali citizens. They believe this would ultimately weaken national sovereignty.

An embossed number plate features camera-readable digits and is embedded with an RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) microchip. In Nepal, vehicle license plates follow a color-coded system to distinguish between different types of ownership. Public and tourist vehicles use yellow plates with black lettering, while private vehicles have white plates with black letters. Government-owned vehicles are marked with white plates and red letters, and foreign or diplomatic vehicles display white plates with blue letters. These plates are made with reflective materials to enhance visibility at night and are integrated into a digital database, streamlining processes such as ownership transfers and registration renewals. Although the plan was originally included in the Three-Year Interim Plan (2007–2010), it was only introduced in the fiscal year 2015-16. In May 2016, the contract for the project was awarded to Decatur-Tiger IT, a Bangladesh–US joint venture, with the goal of installing plates on 2.5m vehicles by 2021.

However, the project faced controversy. In 2019, the World Bank blacklisted Tiger IT Bangladesh and its CEO, Ziaur Rahman, for a period of 10 years, citing “collusive, corrupt, and disruptive” practices during a bidding process for one of its projects in Bangladesh. Despite the blacklisting, the Nepali government proceeded to renew its contract with Tiger Decatur.

The project later faced multiple setbacks due to legal disputes, administrative delays, and allegations of irregularities. One of the most contentious issues was the use of English text instead of Nepali on the number plates, which drew significant public criticism. Concerns over inflated pricing, substandard quality, fueled opposition and controversy surrounding the initiative.

Petitions were filed with both the Supreme Court and the Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority (CIAA). After nearly two and a half years of hearings, the Supreme Court ruled that the use of English text—similar to that used in passports and driving licenses—did not violate the Constitution. Following this judicial clearance and no objection from the anti-graft body, the government moved forward with resuming the project’s implementation.

The issue was also raised in Parliament, where Gagan Thapa, General Secretary of the Nepali Congress, criticized the government’s directive, stating that it had caused unnecessary inconvenience to citizens.

On 3 June 2022, the Department of Transport Management, under the Ministry of Physical Infrastructure and Transport, issued a notice mandating the installation of embossed number plates for all vehicles operating in Bagmati and Gandaki provinces by 17 July 2022. The notice warned that vehicles failing to comply would be penalized under the Motor Vehicles and Transport Management Act, 1993. While embossed number plates are mandated across all provinces, Province 1 was initially excluded due to delays in finalizing its official name.

Under the contract, the cost of embossed number plates is set at Rs 2,500 for motorcycles, Rs 2,900 for three-wheelers, Rs 3,200 for four-wheelers, and Rs 3,600 for larger vehicles—a lot more expensive than conventional plates. This steep pricing has drawn strong criticism from lawmakers, consumer rights groups, and transport entrepreneurs. However, government officials have defended the rates, citing the inclusion of advanced security features such as RFID chips and camera-readable text. They also argue that the cost is significantly lower than in many other countries, where similar plates can cost up to Rs 10,000. The fee is split evenly between the contractor and the government. In comparison to India’s High Security Registration Plate (HSRP) system, which costs between Rs 400 and Rs 1,100, Nepal’s pricing is considerably more expensive.

Ganeshman Singh Rai, the Information Officer at the DoTM, said that the urgency to complete the project stems from the impending expiration of the agreement with the contractor. “The vendor’s term for the long-running program is nearing its end,” he explained. Rai explained, from a security standpoint, several investigation and thematic committees have highlighted the importance of implementing embossed number plates. In response, the department has initiated preparations in line with a ministerial decision.

He added that multiple discussions and agreements have taken place between the ministry, the department, and the provinces to move the project forward. “The vendor is ready, and we are all on board,” he said, emphasizing that the department is providing the necessary budget and human resources for implementation.

According to the department, the introduction of the new embossed number plate system brings several key benefits, particularly in terms of security and efficiency. Unlike the old hand-painted plates, which were easy to tamper with and contributed to vehicle theft, the new plates are embedded with a microchip and GPS, making them difficult to replace or misuse. The system also addresses the long-standing issue of duplicate number plates by ensuring each vehicle has a unique identity.

Additionally, the reflective design enhances visibility at night, aiding both drivers and law enforcement in identifying vehicles, especially in cases of accidents or illegal activity. Uniform fonts and sizes make the plates easier to read, promoting better recognition and reducing confusion. All vehicle and ownership information is stored in a central digital database, providing a reliable source for tracking, verification, and analysis, which could prove valuable in preventing fraud and theft.

DoTM has also unveiled plans to enhance vehicle monitoring by installing RFID gates at 10 strategic locations across the country. Currently, two gates are already operational—one in Nagdhunga and another at the Nagarjun (Bhimdhunga and Dhading border point). Construction is underway at additional sites, including Pharping near Danshinkali and Pathlaiya. As part of the broader initiative, the contractor has pledged to install a total of 100 RFID gates, provide handheld tracking devices, and produce 2.5m embossed number plates to support the implementation of this system.

Recently, it is estimated that 6m vehicles registered the embossed number plate. At present, around 800,000 embossed plates have been produced, but approximately 450,000 of them remain unused in storage. Meanwhile, offices such as the one in Ekantakuna openly acknowledge that they can only process about 100 plates per day. Given this pace, it’s clear that reaching the target of outfitting millions of vehicles before the date given is virtually impossible.

In the first phase of the embossed number plate rollout, DoTM held consultations with four provinces: Gandaki, Bagmati, Madhes, and Koshi. One notable improvement under the new system is that if either the front or rear plate is damaged, only the affected plate needs to be replaced. Under the previous system, both plates had to be replaced even if only one was damaged. The DoTM introduced this change to minimize unnecessary costs and reduce the burden on vehicle owners.

A significant number of young Nepalis live and work abroad, making it challenging for them to be physically present for the installation of embossed number plates. Under the previous system, vehicle owners were required to be present during registration and ownership transfer. However, the current directive addresses this issue. According to the new guideline, Nepali citizens living overseas can authorize close family members—such as parents or siblings—to complete the installation process on their behalf.

A few months ago, a shocking incident unfolded in Balkot. A seemingly ordinary family was devastated when Milan Acharya murdered his father and brother in their sleep. He later admitted to the killings, attributing his action to stress and depression. Acharya claimed he did it to “free them,” revealing a deeply troubled state of mind.

Some months later, Lila Raj Giri murdered his seven-year-old daughter and five-year-old nephew in Bharatpur. He attacked the two children with a sickle before turning the weapon on himself. Giri was found in a critical condition and rushed to the hospital. A former soldier, authorities suspect Giri committed the murder due to a mental health crisis.

Similar tragedies continue to emerge across the country. In one recent case, a woman named Durbi from Morang district died after her husband, Babudhan Satar, attacked her in a domestic dispute. A neighbor who tried to intervene was also injured.
Not long after, Rajendra Rai murdered his wife Manisha and her four family members at Dhodlekhani village of Bhojpur. The incident followed months of conflict between Rai and his in-laws, who didn’t approve of marriage between him and their daughter. 

The above- mentioned cases are not random or isolated. In recent months, Nepal has witnessed a disturbing rise in violent crimes committed within families. These chilling cases reveal more than just crime; they point toward a larger, more complex social and psychological crisis.

As Lawrence R Samuel notes in The Psychology of Murder: “The taking of another person’s life was often the outcome of a strong emotion linked to a particular event and a close relationship.” Mental health struggles, unresolved conflicts, societal pressure, caste discrimination, and a lack of support systems may all be contributing factors. Yet the big question remains: Why are people committing these acts—and why do they seem unafraid of the legal consequences?

Is it a failure of the legal system? Or are we neglecting the mental health crisis quietly growing inside homes? The normalization—or even the increasing frequency—of such domestic tragedies demands more than just punishment.

Looking in the traditional Nepali society, it places a strong emphasis on family honor, obedience to elders, rigid gender roles, and social hierarchy. While these norms have historically maintained social cohesion, they often suppress individual emotions and discourage open conversations about mental health. The stigma around seeking help—especially for men or those facing emotional distress—can lead to bottled-up anger, isolation, and unresolved conflict within families. In cases where individuals challenge these norms (such as through love marriages or defying parental authority), tensions can escalate, sometimes with tragic consequences.

Psychiatrist Dr Rika Rijal explains, “In psychiatry, extreme domestic violence within families often emerges from severe depression with psychotic features, psychotic illnesses, unresolved trauma, or overwhelming stress. Individuals in such states may not perceive reality accurately. They might experience overwhelming guilt, or distorted beliefs that drive them toward harming loved ones.” Emotional isolation, personality issues, or long-standing family tensions can further compound the risk.

According to Dr Rijal, depression is not always quiet sadness— it can appear as anger, agitation, and irritability. “In some cases, unresolved trauma or feelings of helplessness may become so unbearable that the person externalizes their inner turmoil in destructive ways.” 

Within homes, this can tragically manifest as violence against family members—those closest and most vulnerable.

In the case of Acharya, the statement to “free” his family reflects a possible altruistic delusion, says Dr Rijal. “In such a state, the person falsely believes they are protecting loved ones. Sometimes, individuals extend their suicidal ideation outward, thinking that death is a form of relief not just for themselves but also for their family.” 

Such a thought process does not arise from cruelty but from a profoundly disordered perception of reality. Psychiatrists suggest that families and communities may also help and examine them carefully. There are different warning signs that includes withdrawal and social isolation, expressions of hopelessness or being a burden, sudden aggression, irritability, or erratic behaviour, talking about “ending suffering” or showing preoccupation with death, noticeable decline in daily functioning, such as neglecting hygiene, school, or work, use of substance etc. Recognizing these signs early can provide families and communities with a chance to intervene before crises escalate.

Nepal does have mental health resources, though they remain limited and underutilized. While psychiatric services at any hospital and NGOs like Transcultural Psychosocial Organization (TPO), KOSHISH, and CMC Nepal offer community-based psychosocial support, they are not widely accessible to those in need.

Dr Rijal says, stigma around mental illness, lack of mental health literacy, and geographical barriers prevent many at-risk individuals from accessing these services. She stresses strengthening community awareness and creating accessible mental health support could prevent such tragedies in the future.

According to Nepal Police, property and financial disputes, such as the division of family property or disagreements over land ownership, often spark deep-rooted tensions within households. These conflicts can escalate into family feuds, leading to strained relationships between spouses and even incidents of domestic violence. Officials say that in many cases, individuals involved may suffer from mental health issues like depression or more severe conditions such as psychosis, which further complicate the situation. 

Additionally, societal pressures—especially the emphasis on family honor—can intensify these challenges, with love affairs or inter-caste marriages often viewed as a threat to social respect. The situation is frequently worsened by the use of drugs and alcohol, which can fuel aggressive behavior and impair judgment, making peaceful resolution even more difficult. Lack of education and awareness also lead to these incidents and violence against women and dowry are some of the reasons behind these.