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The prolonged impasse over the election of a new speaker of the federal lower house, and deputy speaker Shiva Maya Tumbahamphe’s refusal to step down, give one overarching message: the ruling Nepal Communist Party (NCP) is still very much a divided house, nearly 20 months after the formal unity of the country’s two largest communist forces. Popular media has backed Tumbahamphe’s resolute stand against the ‘party patriarchy’ that wants her to go. But she might have resigned by now without the covert backing of both President Bidya Bhandari and PM KP Oli.

Party co-chairman Pushpa Kamal Dahal has been vehement about the need to remove Tumbahamphe and start a new process for the election of new speaker and deputy speaker. His co-chair, Oli, wants to ensure the speaker’s post does not go to the former Maoist faction. The expelled ex-speaker Krishna Bahadur Mahara was from the faction, and Dahal insists Agni Sapkota, another old Maoist stalwart, should replace Mahara. As the speaker and deputy speaker cannot come from the same party, by asking Tumbahamphe to hang on, Oli is putting pressure on Dahal and ex-Maoists to give up speakership in favor of Subhas Nembang, Oli’s own pick as the speaker.

There is also a geopolitical twist to the speakership saga. By preventing another Maoist from becoming the speaker, PM Oli wants to guarantee a smooth passage of the American MCC compact in the parliament. Former speaker Mahara had famously declined the tabling and voting on the MCC bill. The ex-Maoists suspect the MCC is a part of the American ‘military’ Indo-Pacific Strategy brought with the sole intent of countering China’s rise in Nepal. But as much as he is beholden to China, PM Oli, as government head, also wants to safeguard old relations with the US.  

This disturbed dynamics of a single party have left Nepal without a speaker for three months. The House has been repeatedly obstructed. In the past 30 years of democratic exercise, the country has had to pay dearly for past feuds among ruling parties, contributing to the collapse of successive governments and creating perpetual instability. The political parties seem to have learnt little. The ruling party should be mindful. The short-sightedness of its leaders could open up new fissures in the NCP and push the country into another vortex of instability and corrosive big-power rivalry.  

Biswas Baral and Kamal Dev Bhattarai speak to Khim Lal Devkota, a veteran analyst of federalism, about the problems in the implementation of federalism in Nepal 

How did you interpret the diktat of Nepal Communist Party secretariat on the naming and capital city-selection of Province 3?

There are two sides to it. You have to understand that this is a complicated issue. The first Constituent Assembly (CA) was dissolved due to differences among parties over names and number of federal provinces. At that time, the issue of provincial capitals was not much discussed. Even the second CA could not resolve this dispute. The new constitution gave provincial assemblies the right to decide names and capital cities of their provinces. But we committed a mistake by not mentioning in the constitution that those issues would be resolved within a year of formation of the provincial governments. There is also a tendency among provincial level leaders to seek the center’s guidance. This is our first experience with federalism. Provincial leaders may be hesitant to take independent decisions for the fear that top leaders may be unhappy.

So you see no problem with the NCP secretariat decision?

As far as the decision of the secretariat is concerned, it should not have been done so publicly. This did not give the right message. The party can instruct its cadres, but the constitution also enables federal, provincial and local governments to make executive, legislative and judiciary decisions. There will be question on the efficacy of federalism if a provincial assembly is unable to exercise its rights.

In the past, there were big protests when the government decided to extend service centers to rural areas, in what was a minor issue. So there is fear among the politicians that protests could erupt over the naming of provincial capitals. They opt for status quo and defer big changes fearing backlash. 

Are you happy with the process of selection of provincial capitals thus far?

Our development efforts till date are urban-centric, still concentrated in pockets like Pokhara, Nepalgunj, Dhangadi, Biratnagar, and Butwal. It would have been better if cities other than these would have been selected provincial capitals. With some established standards, choosing provincial capitals would not be difficult. Yes, it takes time and resources to build new infrastructure for provincial capitals. But choosing new cities as provincial capitals would have boosted decentralization.  

How do you rate the performance of the current federal government in its implementation of federalism?

There are various issues about the implementation of federalism. We have made good progress on fiscal management. The bureaucracy has done well even in the absence of political leadership. We allocated common and separate rights to all three types of governments, but it was the bureaucracy which conducted detailed homework. The issue of fiscal transfers and grants is clearly mentioned in the new constitution, paving the way for their immediate implementation. Some works like the finalization of the number of provincial ministers were completed even before the formation of this government. The government has also done a praiseworthy job on civil servant management and transfers.

There is an inter-province coordination committee led by the prime minister, with chief ministers as its members. In the initial days, the chief ministers panicked. The situation in the provinces was critical due to lack of staff, insufficient laws, and scarce resources. There was confusion about service delivery. The central government was also unable to help. But things have improved.

How do you evaluate the relation between the federal and provincial governments?

I have been evaluating the practices in other countries. In the Indian constitution, there is a provision of inter-state council. The president forms the committee on the recommendation of the central government. But in India the council was formed only in 1990, 40 years after the adoption of the Indian constitution. And even today the body does not meet often.

In our case, a similar body was formulated with the promulgation of the new constitution. It has already met thrice and has prepared a 29-point blueprint for the implementation of federalism. The blueprint has recommended forming a fiscal commission, completing staff adjustment process soon, and making the bureaucracy functional at provincial levels.

Similarly, Australia adopted federal structure in 1901. But a council to look after federalism-related issues was formed only in 1972. Compared to other countries, inter-province coordination and relationship is much better in Nepal. There is another committee in Nepal led by the federal finance minister to look after fiscal issues, which is represented by finance ministers from all seven provinces. It also has representation from local units. Regular meetings of this mechanism has helped avert possible disputes. There used to be heated debate in the initial meetings, but now there are amicable discussions.

Despite your optimism, many reckon the federal experiment in Nepal is failing.

This is baseless. Look at the progress at the local levels. For example, citizens of Karnali Province had to travel to Kathmandu even for minor services. Now, they can get it done through the local units. The number of service seekers is gradually increasing at local levels. We are at an initial stage. It takes time to see more visible results. Still, it is true that our politicians have a centralized mindset and sometimes they are reluctant to delegate rights.

But, then, visit the Ministry of Federal Affairs today, and you will hardly find anyone working there. There aren’t many service seekers as well. This is because its work has been delegated. Resources, manpower, and powers have already reached the local level. This means people now get services in their own villages. But we are yet to communicate this progress effectively.

If so, why are the provincial-level leaders so unhappy with the central-level leaders?

In the initial phase, the provinces were unhappy with the federal government. Now, the situation has changed. But, then, local units are also not happy with the provincial governments. Instead of complaining, each of them has to perform their duties. The provincial government should first exercise the rights granted by the constitution. Now, it’s time for the provincial governments to deliver as they have the manpower, resources, and necessary laws. There is no room for blame-game; you have to show the result. Certainly, there are complaints on formation of police force and laws related to security agencies. For instance, the laws for provincial Public Service Commission have already been passed, but the provinces have not made any progress. And why are the provinces failing to take decisions on their names and capitals?

Nepal’s national economy has seen an uptick of late. Would you attribute this to federalism?

No economy in the world is doing very well right now. But our economy is making process. However, we cannot say this is because of federalism. It could rather be attributed to having a stable government. In the past we suffered from frequent government changes. Foreign investors are also willing to invest because of stability.

How is the relationship among the three tiers of government?

Article 232 of the constitution says that the relationship among the three tiers of government will be based on cooperation, coordination, and co-existence. Each has its own exclusive as well as shared rights. As per the constitution, all three tiers can exercise state power. Relations in Nepal are still hierarchical, especially when it comes to fiscal issues, grants, auditing, and accounting system. The federal government can instruct provincial and local governments on two issues: matters related to inter-province relations, and on national sovereignty and territorial integrity. If they do not abide by these instructions, the federal government can dissolve provincial government and parliament. Similarly, the federal government can instruct local units on any issue.

The relationship among the three tiers is always guided by federal laws. To handle disputes over federalism and constitution, there is a constitutional bench in the Supreme Court. The bench has already taken action on Sagarnath community forests and other issues. We have formed some laws and are in the process of forming others. There are two types of relations: formal and informal. It takes time to build the kind of informal relations that results in widespread cooperation. In our case, I would say that the three-way relations are on the right trajectory.

What could be the major challenges for the implementation of federalism in the next five years?

We have given many functions and responsibilities to local governments, and they don’t have much experience. More than that, disputes could arise between provinces. There could also be disputes between provinces and local governments or between local governments. Vertical disputes, that is, between the federal and provincial governments, could be less common. So I recommend increased engagement among provinces and local units.

There are regional council structures in India where states settle inter-state issues. We can do something similar in Nepal. For example, we can form a council for Karnali and Sudur Paschim provinces. In the council, they can share best practices. In the next five years, we will face many regional issues, and so we have to form regional level councils. They will handle disputes like the ones over utilization and allocation of natural resources.

Some foresee the disputes between the three tiers of government increasing, imperiling the whole federal project.

The conflict will not reach that level. But for that the institutional mechanisms mandated to maintain inter-state relations should be enhanced; they should meet and interact regularly. Now we have started linking even minor disputes between two or more villages, which have always been seen in Nepal, with federalism. Likewise, a minor tax dispute or the behavior of an individual local representative is seen as an example of federalism’s failure. There are certainly some anti-federal elements around. In this condition, it is vital that we also talk up the many achievements of federalism.

A. Professional football player.

Q. One dead musician you’d like to bring back if you had the power?

A. Jimi Hendrix.

Q. Something people misjudge you about?

A. Playing the bad guy in the movies

Q. If you were stranded on an island with only one record to take with you, which one would that be?

A. “Tea for the Tillerman” by Cat Stevens

Q. Favorite Nepali artist?

A. My friend, Mukti (Shakya) dai

Q. Dal Bhat or Continental?

A. Dal Bhat

Q. What sport/s do you follow the most?

A. Football, of course

Q. A female singer you’d love to sing a duet with?

A. Janis Joplin

Q. What would youdance to? EDM or hip-hop?

A. Hip-hop

Q. Favorite guitar brand? You can’t say Fender!

A. Godin

Q. Something that's been in your wish-list for long?

A. Film School

There is continuation on some issues, while we have made adjust­ments on some other issues. Some fundamentals of foreign policy remain unchanged. For example, given our geopolitical situation, we have to maintain strict neutrality, as advised by our founding father. Non-alignment, UN charter and Panchsheel are issues on which there is continuation. Another important continuation is in not allowing our soil to be used against any country.

But foreign policy priorities also keep changing as per our domes­tic needs. In the past, there was political conflict, so achieving peace and making it sustainable was our priority. We told the international community that our key priority was achieving peace and so they should support us.

After the completion of the major parts of the peace process, consti­tution drafting was our priority. After the promulgation of the new constitution, we formed a strong and stable government. Now, after having institutionalized and con­solidated political gains, we are on the path of economic prosperity. Prosperity is a key government as well as foreign policy agenda. The changes in domestic policy should be clearly reflected in the country’s foreign policy. In this context, we have to know what is happening at the regional and global levels. We have to catch up with the changes in our immediate neighborhood too. Foreign policy is a dynamic field and we have to continuously make adjustments. But at the heart of it, foreign policy is always an extended form of domestic policy.

Diversification seems to be the central theme of the government foreign policy. What does this entail? For one, closer ties with China appear to be the priority.

We are always guided by our national requirements and needs. In this period, two issues drove us towards diversification. First, we were too dependent on outside power, and suffered for it. So we sought to diversify our options. We signed the Transit and Transport Agreement with China in 2016. It was a major breakthrough because before that, third-country trade was possible only via India. But only policy-level decision was not suffi­cient; there was a need to make it workable. We signed subsequent agreements, including protocol, to make the agreements feasible.

Another important aspect is building necessary infrastructure to ensure our access to transit facilities. This could have been difficult 50 years ago but today’s Tibet is largely developed and much changed. Now, there are better road, rail and other infrastructures in Tibet and if we can benefit from them, why not? Inter-independency is a reality in today’s globalizing world. We have to look through the lens of compar­ative advantages. But first you have to be better connected.

What kind of connectivity are you talking about?

We want to be connected through railways, waterways, roads, and other means. In the past, due to the strict electricity guidelines imposed by India, there was confu­sion about our possible electricity markets. We successfully eased the restrictions and now there is a favor­able environment for electricity trading. When it comes to energy cooperation, we have made good progress with Bangladesh. Nepal, Bangladesh and India are close to trilateral electricity coopera­tion. We should always look at the broader context. If there are more options, we can bring more investment and be in a better place in marketing our products.

Nepal government seems intent on building the inter-country railway while China seems to be emphasiz­ing the roads. Is this the right reading?

I humbly request you to follow the official documents. When it comes to railway, the agreement we forged stands. Now we are in the phase of preparing the Detailed Project Report (DPR) for the railway. Apparently China was not too keen on it but then during Chinese President Xi Jin­ping’s Nepal visit, the two coun­tries actually signed an agree­ment on the DPR, and the two sides are now working on pre­paring the DPR. The proposed Raxaul-Kathmandu railway line has also gotten momentum. We need both roads and railway. It is not a question of choosing one over the other. We all know that it takes comparatively less time to build roads than to build railway. We also know that bringing a railway is a difficult task given our difficult geographical terrains. The roads will be completed soon but it does not mean that the railway will not progress for the same reason. Both the projects will move ahead simultaneously.

Another burning issue right now is the Millennium Chal­lenge Corporation (MCC) Nepal compact. Why so much confusion over it?

The process of MCC began in 2011 and we signed it in 2017 September. The incumbent gov­ernment is fully committed to all points of the MCC agreement. This is about continuity of the agreement signed with a coun­try. One month ago, I was in Washington DC and conversed with high-level government offi­cials there, including President Trump’s advisor who follows this region. They categorically told me that Indo-Pacific is not a formal organization. According to them, the basic concept is to name this region Indo-Pacific, and all the activities they carry out in this region fall under this broader concept. But it does not mean that the MCC is under Indo-Pa­cific because there are MCC projects beyond the Indo-Pacific region as well, including in Africa.

We have to be accountable to the document we have signed. We are not responsible for anything beyond that. The US has not come up with any proposal to change the agree­ment we signed in 2017. In a dem­ocratic and open society like ours, issues are raised from different per­spectives and we have to take that in a normal way. Some issues are raised with little knowledge, some with an intent of knowing more, and some on the basis of curiosity. The Nepal Communist Party is a respon­sible party running the government, and Prime Minister Oli has time and again said that whatever agreement we have signed will be honored.

Are you suggesting that it really does not matter if the MCC falls under the Indo-Pacific Strategy?

There is no clarity on the meaning of the Indo-Pacific Strategy. What is Indo-Pacific? What do they want from it? They tell us it is a concept according to which the Indo-Pacific region should be open, free, and where democracies are promoted. It has not taken any organization­al shape. If they broadly explain that whatever they do in this region bilaterally is under Indo-Pacific, what can we do until and unless they come up with an organizational shape? Again, we are responsible for the agreement and nothing else. When we signed the MCC compact in 2017, there was no mention of Indo-Pacific. It is a five-year project and Nepal chose construction of transmission lines and upgrade of roads under the MCC grants.

Lastly, you were a member of Nepali half of the Eminent Per­sons’ Group (EPG). What do you make of India’s delay in receiving the report?

I do not want to comment much on it because right now I am not in the EPG. What I will say is that the EPG process was initiated at the highest political level. A consensual report has been prepared covering all areas of bilateral relations. We agreed to submit the final report to Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi first. What we didn’t expect was the kind of indifference we now see from India. Still, I am hopeful that the EPG report will be received as soon as possible.

 How would you respond to the criticism that President Bhandari often oversteps her constitution­al limits?

It is the president’s duty to abide by and protect the constitution and to promote national unity. As far as the issue of the president meeting ministers or leaders is concerned, they take place at the request of these ministers and leaders. If an individual or group seeks an appointment, the president has to give them time and listen to them. If the president cannot even meet political leaders and people from various walks to discuss contempo­rary national issues, why do we need the president’s office at all? What she is doing is entirely constitution­al. You cannot give a single example of President Bhandari acting like an executive president, as she has been criticized in some quarters of doing. In the past, too, President Ram Baran Yadav used to meet polit­ical leaders, also on constitutional matters. Such meetings and consul­tations come under normal practice. So let us not protest for the heck of it and drag this hallowed institution into controversy.

What about the allegation that she has tried to influence the functioning of the ruling Nepal Communist Party, for instance by inviting its top leaders for a meeting when a separate NCP standing committee meeting was going on?

We have to be clear on these issues. First, the NCP standing committee meeting got extended beyond the scheduled time. Some of the com­mittee leaders had already sought an appointment with the president and they kept their appointment. Other government officials were also pres­ent at the meeting and they together discussed issues of national interest.

Did the president call the meet­ing or did the leaders seek it themselves?

The leaders sought an appoint­ment with the president, and not the other way round. Those leaders who met the president had also informed the party’s standing committee that they would do so.

The president has also been accused of trying to run the gov­ernment by proxy, for instance by picking her own favorite as the next House speaker.

The president has no such right. It is the responsibility of the parlia­ment and political parties to elect the new speaker. In democratic countries, political parties drive the parliamentary process. The presi­dent has no role in this whatsoever.

Did President Bhandari act as a guarantor of honest implemen­tation of the gentleman’s agree­ment between PM KP Oli and Pushpa Kamal Dahal?

No, the president played no such role. PM Oli and party Chair Dahal frequently go to meet the president. In fact, Nepali Congress President Sher Bahadur Deuba and senior leader Ram Chandra Poudel can also meet the president. I don’t think either PM Oli or party Chairman Dahal consider themselves so polit­ically weak that they have to seek the president’s mediation. They are capable of settling these issues on their own.

You deny every allegation lev­eled against the president. If she is blameless, why the constant barrage of criticism against her?

See, Nepali Congress has not spoken about it. Even other fringe opposition parties including Mad­hes-based parties have not said any­thing about the president. Most of the criticism against her comes from within the ruling Nepal Communist Party. Some leaders who are not sat­isfied with PM Oli are venting their ire on the president. They forget that the president is an institution, the protector of the constitution. It is not about a particular individual.

What about one after another media report about the presi­dent’s alleged extra-constitution­al steps?

The media should play the role of watchdog. They should not indulge in yellow journalism. If there are bad things happening, they can write about them, but only on an objec­tive basis. Journalism is a sensitive area and even a small mistake can create huge problems. Look at what happened with the Hrithik Roshan incident. All reporting should be fact-based. Without fact-based jour­nalism, the society will face many troubles. The problem right now is that negative mindset prevails everywhere.

We also get to hear rumors about the ailing PM Oli handing over executive powers to President Bhandari.

How can the president exer­cise executive rights? Is there any constitutional provision to do so? Absolutely not. It is possible only if you destroy the current consti­tution. The constitution provides all executive rights to the prime minister. To be prime minister, first you have to be a member of par­liament, and the president is not. Without becoming an MP, how can she become an executive? Until and unless this constitution is function­al, the president cannot take up executive rights.

But can’t the constitution be amended?

Is it possible to amend the consti­tution for the same? Will all parties agree to it? I do not see any such pos­sibility. Even if the parliament does so, the people and the society won’t accept it. Our president has not even thought about this issue. It is a ploy to defame the prime minister as well as the president’s office. The prime minister is somewhat sick but he is still very capable of steering the country in the right direction.

Who then is benefiting by drag­ging the president into contro­versy?

There are many people and con­servative forces that are displeased with the current political dispen­sation and the constitution. Some external forces too are against this constitution. Soon after the consti­tution was promulgated, there was a blockade. People who opposed the constitution in 2015 now accept it. In history, there have been several instances where internal and exter­nal forces worked to sabotage the constitution and democracy. There is another factor as well. In the histo­ry of Nepal, almost all governments that were toppled were brought down not due to opposition parties but due to intra-party rifts. Now, KP Oli is facing difficulties from his own party leaders.

So the ruling party leaders are themselves trying to drag the president into controversy?

Yes, there have been such attempts. As I said, opposition par­ties have no problem with the func­tioning of the president.

One common criticism of the president is that her caval­cade often obstructs traffic and makes people’s life difficult. Why doesn’t the president’s office lis­ten to public criticism?

Nepal Army has taken the full responsibility for the president’s security as she is their ceremonial chief. We even consulted the army chief about the traffic issue. “If there is a security lapse tomorrow, who will take responsibility?” the army chief asked us in return. He added that the army will have to give full-fledged security to the president. We proposed some concessions to provide relief to the people but the army was adamant. This is not only the case of Nepal, it happens in oth­er countries as well. It is the security bodies that assess security risks, and it is not for the president to say what level of security they need. Even in normal times, people face traffic jams. But if there is 10-20 minute delay during the president’s visit, we get agitated. We have to respect the organization. Again, this is not about an individual.

Does the president heed the sug­gestions of advisors like you?

The president spends hours seek­ing advice from us on respective areas. She is very receptive to our ideas.

There are also complaints about the president’s opulent lifestyle, for instance about her penchant for new vehicles, her helicopter travels, and her office seeking greater space.

The only vehicle added in the president’s office in the past two years is one electric car, which costs no more than 5-6 million rupees. All other vehicles are old. There are talks of the president getting a new helicopter. But the office has not bought any. She uses the army’s heli­copter, which is old and without any air-conditioning. So far as the issue of land for Sheetal Niwas expansion is concerned, the process was ini­tiated during Ram Baran Yadav’s tenure when there was a Nepali Congress-led government. Now, if the president stops this process, people will say the president has become active.

How difficult is it for the presi­dent to stay completely neutral in a thoroughly politicized soci­ety like Nepal?

There is saying that democracy is one of the worst systems but there is also no better system. The political system remains within the demo­cratic framework. It is also true that a president cannot be elected with­out the support of political parties. As the president comes from a par­ticular party, the party always seeks some benefit from the office. This is so everywhere. There is always party pressure.

Why have the president’s advi­sors like you been largely silent when she is being so widely crit­icized?

If we speak, people say that the president is becoming active. They say that the advisors are supposed to give suggestions to the presi­dent, not defend her. Yet, they crit­icize us when we speak. It is not easy for us

Q. Your personality in three words.

A. Calm, introvert, happy

Q. A common misconception about you.

A. I studied filmmaking in Australia (false). I studied filmmaking in Nepal.

Q. What would you have chosen as your profession if you were not a filmmaker?

A. I don’t know. I landed in this profession after trying out many other things. I really don’t know what else I would choose.

Q. A message to your younger self?

A. You dealt well with your failures and always found something new to do. That was great.

Q. Who are your favorite actors in the Nepali film industry?

A. Saugat Malla, Dayahang Rai, Bipin Karki

Q. Favorite Nepali movie so far?

A. Seto Surya, Kalo Pothi

Q. If you could change something in the world, what would you change?

A. I would start by changing myself to be better. The world would change if everyone did so.

Q. What is the most precious thing that you own?

A. My imagination is very precious to me.

Q. Can we expect “Loot 3” in near future?

     A. Yes, there will be “Loot 3”, but not in the near future.

How do we understand India’s recent Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) and the National Reg­ister of Citizens (NRC)?

Apart from Nepal, all South Asian states emerged from the colonial rule. In 1947, when the British left the subcontinent, all of them got new independent identities. Ban­gladesh came into being in 1971. In between, Sikkim was merged with India. In that sense, Nepal is the oldest, never-colonized nation-state in the sub-continent. Looking at the current debates in India on who are Indians and who constitute India, there are two historical inflection points.

One was in 1947 when India and Pakistan were born. The other landmark is the 1971 creation of Bangladesh. Who is an Indian? All those living in India during the time of British departure are Indians. The nation-states emerged after 1947, and there is constant churn in the Indian subcontinent about this idea of citizenry and who belongs where. Populations are still in a flux. Plus, even the Indian union’s international boundaries are being challenged in places like Kashmir and Arunachal Pradesh. At the same time, externally, after 70 years, the sub-continent is still in the making.

In 1947, about 10 million people migrated to India, in what was the biggest population movement in history. Then millions of refugees were forced out in 1971 from today’s Bangladesh when it was East Paki­stan. India was the natural home for all these populations. In a sense, the current move is to settle the popula­tion. But is it possible to ignore that some people have been living in the same place for the past 70 years?

What do you make of the implan­tation of the NRC in Assam?

The NRC came out in 1980s when Rajiv Gandhi and Prafulla Kumar Mahant negotiated in the wake of the Assam movement (1979-1985) against immigrants. Assam had received many people from Bangla­desh and those threatened by other population movements in the rest of India. Who is son of soil (Bhumipu­tra)? That was the core issue of the Assam movement in the 1980s. Rajiv Gandhi negotiated with them, and the idea for National Registration of Citizens was born.

Since then the Assamese have been asking for the implementa­tion of the Rajiv-Prafulla accord that decides who is Assamese and who is not. The Supreme Court then asked the Indian government to start the registry. According to the NRC, you have to prove your birth and pro­longed stay in a place.

That created problems because besides the indigenous people and minorities, many outsiders have come and settled in Assam. But as these outsiders could not produce the requisite documents, two mil­lion people are not registered. It was hard in terms of time and money, and created anxiety among minori­ties. This is precisely the moment the two-third BJP majority govern­ment decided to act. Why this par­ticular moment? They wanted to isolate the minority community.

The Indian government says it wants to kick out illegal immi­grants. Who are these illegal immigrants?

The countries adjoining Assam are all Muslim countries. Recently, the influx of Rohingya refuges to Bangladesh and from Bangladesh to India has highlighted the salience of the NRC. This is strange. India has always been open for refugees and those from Tibet and even Pakistan have been welcomed. The people who came to India in 1947 were not refugees but forcefully displaced because of partition. They became refugees after a government Act. The NRC in Assam is complicated by the fact that outgoing chief justice of India Ranjan Gogai is also Assamese. Instead of taking a judicial stance, he looked at the issue from national security perspective while deciding about Rohigya and the NRC.

Therefore the NRC was imple­mented with a legal background, perhaps as the fulfillment of the Rajiv-Prafulla agreement as the native populations saw it.

What about the fate of around 500,000 Nepali-speaking people in Assam?

When the NRC process was going on in Assam, so was the election campaign. The election gave over­whelming majority to Modi-Shah party. I remember Amit Shah speak­ing in Darjeeling wearing a Nepal cap and addressing the Nepali-speaking population, called Gorkha popu­lation. Nepali identity in India is always riddled with problems because there is Nepali homeland for Nepali-speaking people, which is Nepal.

The idea of homeland always cre­ates a problem for people resid­ing in another country that speaks a foreign language. If you have a homeland where your language and family and ancestors originate, you belong to them, you belong there. Therefore, it is interesting the way Gorkha identity was invented in Darjeeling and many parts of India and even in Burma. People would play on the idea of homeland. So, as Amit Shah said during the elections, Gorkhas need not fear, as they are Hindus. He could have said you have been here for over 70 years, and hence you are our citizens. But he did not say that.

What are the difficulties in reg­istration for the Nepali-speaking community in Assam?

From our side, we need to be politically correct while describing the Nepali-speaking people across the border. We assume they are Nepali and we create problems for them. The Nepali-speaking popula­tion faces the crisis of citizenship in the Northeast, even with the NRC. The Citizenship Amendment Act will not capture them because they are not refugees. Nepalis went there a century ago as economic migrants. They settled there and contributed to the Indian economy. The new CAA talks about forced refugees coming from a couple of neighbor­ing countries and it is not applicable to Nepali-speaking community. But the NRC does matter to them.

The NRC is a cumber­some process, a kind of proof that you are work­ing here, you own land, you belong to this land. But people are always on the move for jobs. The Nepali-speaking community is a pio­neering commu­nity establishing Assam as an agri­culture land. But the Nepali-speak­ing population also lack documents required to claim citi­zenry. Three to five lakhs is a big number. Where do they go? If your name is not there, you will be immediately sent to a camp. I do not know how many people went to camp but the possibility is immi­nent. You become aliens in your own place where you have been for over half a century. Under normal citizenship law, if you live in a coun­try for 1-15 years, you are entitled to something. The current registration is very problematic. For example, an elder brother is included but the younger brother is not, a wife is but her husband is not, a father is but his daughter is not.

In Burma, Nepali speaking Bur­mese have started giving themselves two names: One Burmese name and another Nepali name. Why? In census, if you say you are a Nepali, the Burmese authorities can say that since you are from Nepal you have to go back. In both Assam and Myanmar, they have a homeland, i.e. Nepal, and the government can say you have to go back. Then they become stateless because even we do not recognize them. So the NRC is basically creating statelessness. It is a fascist mentality, manifest of a tension between identity politics and citizenry politics.

But, theoretically, what is the harm in keeping a registry of your people?

Theoretically, it looks fine. But there are different ways of doing it. Some argue that it is like a demone­tization process because everybody has to be in a line to prove their citizenship. Is it possible?

Is the CAA singularly targeted at Muslims? Otherwise, why are the Christians, who are seen by hardcore Hindus in Nepal as a threat to their identity, exempt­ed under India’s CAA?

At the heart of the current dis­pensation in India is the BJP and many of its leaders especially Modi and Shah who have been socialized as RSS Pracharaks. There is a big debate on whether the BJP is RSS. But the intellectual and cultural sources or understanding of Indian history and civilization comes from the RSS. They believe that India is a Hindu-majority country. Their ori­entation is that Gandhi and Nehru cheated on India by giving Pakistan to Muslims but not ‘Bharat’ to Hin­dus.

But it has a colonial legacy. There is no Christian India. Christians are not a threat to them but Muslim Pakistan is. Again, they think Paki­stan is for Muslims but there is no parallel state for Hindus.

So there is a psychology of loss or loss of self. They want to cre­ate a Hindu- self. This is precisely what has happened in Kashmir. When Kashmir was negotiated, it was given special status and was always seen as Muslim-majority. Their reading was that giving special status to the Muslim majority would undervalue the Hindu-majority in Jammu. Even in local areas, there are Muslim pockets. Muslims are a threat for them.

But if there is no minority, there is no democracy. If there is no dis­sent, there is no democracy. If all things are the same color, there is no democracy. Democracy in Pakistan has a problem because everybody is the same. Diversity and pluralism are the fundamentals of democracy.

Is there a possibility of the Modi government’s religious experi­ments being repeated in Nepal?

What happens in India always affects us. Both good and bad things flow from the south. But there are differences between Nepal’s idea of Hinduism and India’s idea of Hin­dutva. In our society we practice Sanatani Hinduism. It means our local customs and practices inform the idea of Hinduism. For example, eggs and meet are offered at our Ganesh temples. In India, religious rituals and practices are different. So what we are practicing is Hindu Santan tradition. Ours is not sani­tized Hinduism or pure Hinduism, but mixed with different cultures. Hindutva is politics. We do not do politics in the name of religion here.

We did try politics based on reli­gion by introducing the threat of Christians but that did not play out well. But in India, Hindutva is propa­gated against Islam. In India religion is divisive or a fault-line, just like in the US race is a fault-line. In our country, religion is not a fault line so far. But if we learn bad things from India, it could become a fault-line.

There are fears that if the Mus­lims who are being persecuted in Northern India enter Nepal as refugees it could create security problems.

When you push someone against the wall, what will they do? They will find ways to get out. We have an open border. Nepal has always wel­comed people. In Nepal, foreigners are never suspected. Its character is welcoming that is why tourism is booming. I talk from experience. When foreigners traveled in rural areas we were never suspicious. In 1965, we welcomed Tibetan refu­gees. In 1971, we welcomed refugees from Bangladesh. We also welcomed Bhutanese refugees. I expect people will come. But to change the refugee question into national security ques­tion is an easy way out. It is a linear argument to say Muslim refugees are a national security issue. Big powers could ask us why we welcomed the people they chased out. On human­itarian ground, we should be ready to welcome them. I see it from a liberal framework. The government might decide otherwise but people should be welcoming

Laxmi’s 19th AGM

Laxmi Bank held its 19th Annual General Meeting (AGM) in Kath­mandu this week. The AGM approved the pro­posal of distribution of 10 percent Bonus Shares and 5 percent Cash Dividend on the bank’s current paid up capital. With this, the paid up capital shall grow up to Rs 9.81 billion (after the distri­bution of bonus shares). The AGM discussed and approved the Directors’ Report and the Financial Statements for 2018/019 (2075/76), and rati­fied the appointment of direc­tors representing Promoter shareholders in the bank’s Board of Directors.

The bank closed the finan­cial year 2018/19 with a bal­ance sheet size of Rs 106 billion and net profit of Rs 1.59 billion. All key financial indicators are well within prudential and regulatory norms. The bank’s liquidity ratios remained well above the statutory requirement throughout FY 2018/19, reflecting the strength of its asset-liability management.

 NMB pre-approved education loan

NMB Bank has rejuvenated its Edu­cation Loan offering by introducing a series of attractive features among which prominent offerings include pre-approval facility, 100 percent financing with up to 15 years tenure, and up to 4 years mor­atorium period. The bank has made key additions with the objective of ensuring customers/students do not face financial hurdles in their aspiration to study abroad.

The bank will now finance up to 100 percent education cost, living and travel expenses. Further, to provide flexibility to students on sponsorship for abroad study, the bank has widened the scope of spon­sors covering both paternal and maternal grandparents, immediate in-laws, and uncles/aunts. Accordingly, the loan ten­ure has been increased to up to 15 years, whereas the criterion for moratorium period has been set at a low of four years or the entire course duration.