Boundary disputes have resurfaced across five local levels in Banke district, affecting communities, development works, and natural resource extraction in multiple areas. The conflict is most prominent between Rapti Sonari Rural Municipality and Duduwa Rural Municipality, where nearly 100 bighas of riverbed land near the Sidhaniya Ghat area of the Rapti River is being claimed by both sides.
According to Lavaraj Kharel, Ward Chair of Rapti Sonari–6, farmers from Khalla Chapari possess land ownership certificates for the area, yet Duduwa has been staking its own claim. “I myself have 15 kathhas there. Despite our attempts to resolve the dispute, we have not succeeded. We have now written to the municipality administration, requesting a settlement,” Kharel said.
The Rapti River forms the natural boundary between the two municipalities. With the river changing its course over time, Duduwa has claimed that parts of its Gokul Community Forest land have shifted across the river. Duduwa–5 Ward Chair Jhankabahadur Thapa blames excessive extraction of river-based materials for intensifying the dispute. “We claim the land as ours; Rapti Sonari says the same. It is necessary for both municipal leaderships to hold discussions and find a conclusion,” he stated.
The unresolved boundary dispute has disrupted the awarding of contracts for riverbed material extraction. Rapti Sonari has called for bids twice but received no applicants, said Vice-chair Manisha Singh Tharu. Meanwhile, Duduwa has continued extraction using excavators.
Boundary issues are not limited to these two municipalities. A prolonged dispute also exists between Kohalpur Municipality and Baijanath Rural Municipality. In wards bordering both areas—Baijanath-4 and Kohalpur-1 and 2—more than 250 households of Kaushilanagar and Gauri Danda are caught in confusion over jurisdiction. Some residents have even received land certificates through the Land Commission under Kohalpur’s administration.
Baijanath-4 Chair Prem Bahadur Shahi claims Kohalpur is wrongfully asserting ownership over Baijanath’s territory. “These settlements fall under the former Naubasta VDC-8 and 9, which are clearly within our ward boundaries. But Kohalpur has issued land certificates there,” he said. Kohalpur Ward 1 member Bindukumari Shahi acknowledged the dispute, saying it has deprived residents of essential development and construction work.
Baijanath Rural Municipality also faces another dispute with Khajura Rural Municipality. According to Baijanath Vice-chair Nirmala Shahi, 12 bighas of land in Bhandariya village of Ward 7 have been encroached upon by Khajura.
The disputes date back to the administrative restructuring of 2017, when new local-level boundaries were established. Even after eight years of elected representatives assuming office, many of these disputes remain unresolved.
Gyandendra Kumar Chaudhary, Chief of the District Coordination Committee (DCC) Banke, said efforts are ongoing to resolve the issues. “We have tried extensively to settle the Rapti Sonari–Duduwa dispute, even conducting joint surveys, but both sides have refused to agree. For the Kohalpur–Baijanath dispute, we have sought assistance from the Natural Resource Conflict Transformation Center Nepal,” he said.
Rohit Chaudhary, national resource person at the center, said they have been working for a year to mediate the Kohalpur–Baijanath dispute through a multi-stakeholder dialogue process. “We are now at the stage of discussing possible options for agreement. We are hopeful that the issue will be resolved soon,” he added.
Despite ongoing mediation efforts, boundary disputes continue to hinder local governance, service delivery, and development across multiple areas in Banke.
