There are three famous stupas in and around the Kathmandu Valley: Namo Buddha Stupa, Swayambhu Nath Stupa, and Boudha Nath Stupa. Interestingly, the two stupas within Kathmandu share the middle name Nath (associated with Shiva), while Namo Buddha does not. According to tradition, Namo Buddha’s history stretches back some 6,000 years, while Swayambhu and Boudha are said to be around 3,000 and 1,500 years old respectively.
In the 5th century, Lichhivi King Mana Deva I is recorded as having paid homage to the tomb of Na: Ma Buddha. He is believed to have established a Guthi (income-generating trust) and appointed a Bajracharya priest for daily chanting. He also commissioned four small stupas at the corners of the tomb, which remain preserved to this day. Legend holds that in the 8th century, Guru Padmasambhava visited the Hiramya Giri Gandhaman Hill to pay homage, offering a Vajra to Na: Ma Buddha. About four centuries ago, three incarnate lamas—Himetanjen Dharke, Top Ten Syakiya, and Sri—meditated at the site where Prince Mahasattva is said to have attained Bodhisattva. They depicted the scene of the prince offering his body to a tigress on a small slate-like stone, now covered by a larger image. They also built five large stupas atop the tomb. The main Namo Buddha Temple, with its central statue, was renovated in 1916 by a merchant from Ashon, Kathmandu. Local tradition claims that the Gula Baja Buddhist devotional music originated at Namo Buddha in ancient times before being adopted at Swayambhu.
According to legend, Swayambhu Nath emerged after the lotus seeds were planted by Bipaswi Buddha in Kali Daha 3,000 years ago. From them grew a miraculous shining lotus, attracting Buddhas, lamas, sages, and devotees from afar. Around that time, Mañjuśrī, visiting from Mount Wutai in China, came to pay homage to the radiant lotus and stopped at Na: Ma Buddha along the way. He is said to have drained the waters of Kali Daha, making the lotus accessible to the public. A symbolic monument was erected at the lotus site, named Swayambhu (“self-born”). Following the drainage, human settlements began, marking the origin of the Kathmandu Valley.
There are no surviving records of structures built by the earliest settler, Ne Muni, or during the Gwala (Gopalbansi) period. Tradition suggests a stupa existed during the Kirat dynasty, and around 500 BCE, Gautama Buddha visited Kathmandu during the reign of the seventh Kirat king, Jitedasti, to pay homage to Swayambhu. The Licchavis later adopted Swayambhu as their family deity, expanding and embellishing the site. King Manadeva of the Licchavis was a devoted worshipper, drawing spiritual strength from Swayambhu to guide his reign. During his time, the Guthis and the Bajracharya priestly community were organized to ensure regular chanting and ceremonial worship.
The construction of Boudha Nath is believed to have been initiated in the 4th century by a poultry farmer named Jyajima, with the approval of Lichhivi King Bhrishava Dev. After her death, her family completed the stupa. The relics (Astu) of both Bipaswi Buddha and Gautama Buddha were enshrined within, fulfilling Jyajima’s wishes.
A notable legend recounts that King Mana Deva I (404–505), seeking forgiveness for lives lost during military campaigns in western Nepal, went to worship his family deity at Swayambhu. In response to his prayers, Swayambhu instructed him to construct a Chaitya at Khasti, the present-day Boudha Stupa. Afterward, the king renounced his throne and pursued austerities and meditation at Vajrayogini in Sankhu. The Shakyas and Bajracharyas of Nepal, descendants of the Licchivis, continue to honor their family deity annually from Bhuikhel, the open ground at the foot of Swayambhu.
Swayambhu and Boudha, located in accessible urban areas, have benefitted from regular renovations over the centuries. By contrast, Nama Buddha, situated farther from densely populated regions and with fewer resources, received less attention. Even so, during the Malla period, festivals dedicated to Namo Buddha were celebrated in larger towns such as Panauti and Kathmandu. In today’s fast-paced world, more people are rediscovering the deep history and spiritual significance of Namo Buddha as a timeless source of compassion and harmony.
