Recent rainfall may have brought brief respite from the choking smog that blanketed Kathmandu and other urban areas, but the problem is far from over. The haze has settled—for now. But the plastic waste and air pollutants that fueled it haven’t gone anywhere. If anything, the clean skies may lull the public into forgetting a crisis that is both ongoing and worsening.
Plastic pollution has become a silent emergency in Nepal. According to a 2022 report by the Ministry of Forests and Environment and ICIMOD, Nepal generates over 60,000 metric tons of plastic waste annually. Alarmingly, nearly one-third of it ends up in rivers. This staggering volume exposes a stark reality: Nepal’s waste management systems are overwhelmed. Landfills are overflowing, open dumping is rampant, and in many municipalities, the default response is to burn plastic waste—releasing toxic fumes and microplastics into the air. The result is not only deteriorating air quality but also a serious public health threat.
This isn’t just about pollution—it’s about the systems’ failure. Government policies exist, such as the ban on plastic bags thinner than 40 microns, but enforcement remains weak. Most municipalities lack basic infrastructure like waste segregation units or recycling centers. There’s a wide gap between the demand for structured recycling solutions and the supply of services to meet it.
Experts say Nepal must urgently adopt a proven, practical solution: plastic recycling.
Recycling isn’t a novel idea. It’s a globally recognized, cost-effective method for reducing waste, cutting emissions, and recovering valuable materials. Countries across Asia, Europe, and the Americas have shown that recycling can transform plastic from a threat into a resource—turning waste into opportunity.
In Nepal, however, recycling remains underutilized. Informal waste pickers form the backbone of the system, yet they work without safety gear, proper training, or fair compensation. Even so, much of the plastic they collect is eventually burned or dumped due to the absence of structured recycling systems and markets. Only around 15 percent of Nepal’s plastic waste is recycled, according to a 2023 UNEP assessment.
To bridge this gap, Nepal needs to invest in a formal, inclusive recycling infrastructure. This includes supporting municipalities with proper waste segregation systems, funding recycling facilities, and integrating informal waste workers into official supply chains—offering them fair wages, dignity, and protection.
There are already small glimmers of progress. In some areas, plastic waste is being turned into eco-bricks or construction blocks. Others are piloting neighborhood-based recycling hubs. These initiatives demonstrate that localized, creative solutions can work—but they remain small-scale and isolated without broader government backing.
Another critical issue is the low level of awareness among policymakers. Despite the growing threat of plastic pollution, the topic rarely ranks high on political agendas. Experts believe a national-level behavioral shift is necessary—not just among citizens but also within local governments and decision-makers.
Public participation is equally vital. Recycling begins at the household level, with simple acts like separating plastic from organic waste. Civic education, school outreach programs, and mass campaigns are essential to build a culture where recycling becomes a norm, not a novelty.
On the regulatory front, Nepal can draw inspiration from global best practices. For example, Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) laws—where producers are held accountable for managing plastic at the end of its life cycle—have driven recycling rates up in countries like Germany, Japan, and South Korea. Such policies can provide funding for infrastructure, promote innovation, and shift the cost burden away from municipalities and informal workers.
Experts emphasize that while banning plastic outright might not be feasible in the short term, better management absolutely is. Recycling isn’t just an environmental solution—it’s a long-term strategy for resilience. It reduces pollution, conserves resources, and creates green jobs in the process.
But time is running out. The rain may have temporarily cleared the air, but unless Nepal changes how it handles plastic, we’ll be right back under the same toxic haze or perhaps even worse. We must stop treating pollution as a seasonal inconvenience and start addressing it as a structural failure that demands systemic, sustained action.
