Addressing GEDSI in Tarai amidst disasters

Climate change is profoundly impacting remote areas in Nepal, especially in the fragile landscapes of the Tarai and Madhes regions. 

Nepal ranks 10th globally in climate vulnerability, and its diverse geography and climate make it critical to address climate change and several of its impacts affecting communities disproportionately based on their gender, ethnicity, poverty, disability, social inclusivity and exclusivity (GEDSI). Research indicates that women and people with disabilities are disproportionately affected by climate-induced disasters like floods, droughts, heatwaves, and erratic rainfall. 

For instance, in the Tarai-Madhes plains, increasing temperatures and humidity have led to a rise in snake and scorpion bites, disproportionately impacting those with disabilities. Additionally, declining water tables exacerbate water scarcity issues, affecting women more, as water management is often considered their responsibility. In addition, infrastructure such as water taps and public toilets is frequently not disability-friendly.

Climate change has also introduced new health risks. Diseases like dengue and plague, previously rare in Nepal, have become more common due to rising temperatures and humidity. The agricultural sector, vital for the Tarai and Madhes economies, is facing significant challenges due to altered weather patterns. Traditional farming, reliant on outdated infrastructure, is increasingly difficult due to droughts, heatwaves and erratic rainfall. This affects both micro and macro-economics, underscoring the need for urgent adaptation measures.

Housing in rural areas, particularly in the Tarai, is highly susceptible to fire hazards due to the use of combustible materials like timber and thatch. Increased forest fires and modern appliances contribute to rising fire risks. The government of Nepal's policy on disaster risk reduction highlights fire hazards as a significant threat, exacerbated by climate change.

People’s (with disabilities) safety depends on safe shelter and infrastructure regarding how disability-friendly they are. Depending on affordability, different housing models need to be proposed and demonstrated. Those who prefer concrete structures have to compulsorily follow the standard building codes as prescribed by the government agency. People with relatively slim resources could be advised to build houses with light materials such as iron sheet roofs, earthquake- and fire-resistant floors and wall materials. But one must make sure that such shelters are resistant to all kinds of disasters, including venomous fauna—snakes and scorpions. 

Despite growing awareness of climate change and disaster risks, many people, especially in rural areas, lack adequate knowledge and preparedness. The incorporation of disability-oriented disaster risk reduction (DiDRR) concepts in policies and the formation of local disaster management committees (DMCs) are critical. These committees should include representatives from security forces, district administrations, civil society and disability groups. Raising awareness on these committees is essential for effective disaster response and preparedness.

The GEDSI approach is critical in addressing climate change impacts because it ensures that adaptation and mitigation strategies are equitable and inclusive. Without integrating GEDSI principles, policies and interventions risk perpetuating existing inequalities and excluding the most vulnerable populations. By acknowledging and addressing the specific needs and challenges facing marginalized groups—women, people with disabilities, and marginalized ethnic and caste communities—adaptation measures become more effective and sustainable. This approach not only enhances the resilience of these groups but also promotes social justice and equity, ensuring that no one is left behind in the face of climate change.

To enhance resilience, it is vital to promote inclusive and disaster-resistant infrastructure. Housing models should consider affordability and safety, with concrete structures adhering to building codes and more affordable options using fire-resistant materials. Additionally, disability-friendly features are crucial for ensuring safe shelters.

Promoting climate-resilient agriculture through smart practices is also crucial. Training programs on climate-smart agriculture should address local conditions and challenges, enhancing food security and agricultural sustainability. Implementing these practices will help communities adapt to climate change while ensuring that all segments, including people with disabilities, benefit from improved agricultural productivity.

To summarize, addressing climate change in the Madhes and Tarai regions necessitates a multifaceted approach that includes disability-specific disaster risk reduction, inclusive infrastructure and climate-smart agricultural practices. Effective adaptation and mitigation strategies will enhance resilience and ensure that all community members, particularly the most vulnerable, can cope with the changing climate.

The author is an environment and climate change expert