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The private sector serves as an essential engine of growth, acting as the largest contributor to economic development, a major employment generator, and a critical partner to the government. Recognizing its importance, the government of Nepal accelerated privatization following the restoration of democracy in 1990, privatizing numerous public enterprises. This shift aimed to enhance economic efficiency, foster innovation, and drive competitiveness.

Since then, Nepal’s private sector has played an increasingly prominent role in the national economy. However, the economic liberalization process often neglected the protection and rights of the poor in the name of fostering competition and a free market economy. As a result, a small group of individuals disproportionately benefited at the expense of the majority. Over time, corruption within the business sector has become increasingly visible, undermining the very principles of fair competition and inclusive economic growth.

Cartels and syndicates have become rampant, distorting market dynamics and consumer welfare. A key reason for these issues lies in the absence of robust mechanisms and institutional structures to uphold the ideals of liberalism and privatization. Without efficient and capable regulatory bodies, an open economy fails to deliver benefits to ordinary citizens or contribute meaningfully to national development. Corruption is widely perceived as one of the greatest threats to good governance, the rule of law, democracy, and economic prosperity. Consumers in Nepal remain highly vulnerable, often forced to accept monopolistic practices, cartels, and syndicates due to the inefficacy of regulatory bodies, which exacerbates their plight. Consequently, the private sector is increasingly viewed as a force undermining the potential benefits of a liberal economy rather than enhancing it.

Despite operating under the principle of competition, the private sector has frequently restricted fair and ethical business practices. The current business environment is particularly inhospitable for ethical enterprises, which face a stark choice: either align with exploitative practices or exit the market altogether. Yet, the private sector blames political instability, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and unfavorable government policies for creating an unfriendly business climate.

The informal and underground economies are growing unchecked, further fueling corruption and money laundering. These illicit activities are facilitated by weak internal control systems and poor corporate governance. Common forms of corporate fraud include loan misappropriation, often against inadequate or nonexistent collateral; fund embezzlement by managers, employees, and board members; and misuse of corporate funds. Banking frauds, such as the issuance of fake payment cheques, misuse of credit cards, and theft of PIN numbers, are pervasive.

The transportation sector offers a glaring example of these issues. Fully dominated by private enterprises, the sector continues to suffer from the proliferation of syndicates and cartels, which block new competitors from entering the market. Despite the significant economic potential of this sector, it remains plagued by inefficiency and poor service delivery, raising questions about why the private sector has failed to deliver improved outcomes.

Corporate fraud and insider trading are well-known crimes within Nepal’s business environment, particularly in the banking and financial sectors. Insider trading, preferential loan privileges, and other forms of corporate malfeasance are common, undermining trust in these institutions. The manipulation of financial statements to evade taxes is another widespread practice. Some companies even engage in the unauthorized use of trademarks, counterfeit goods, and the theft of intellectual property to gain a competitive edge. In construction, collusion among bidders leads to delayed and substandard projects, as participants prioritize profit over quality and accountability.

Causes of private sector corruption

A significant cause of private sector corruption is the declining level of integrity in business practices. Entrepreneurs increasingly prioritize short-term gains over long-term sustainability and success. This mindset often stems from individual greed, with employees, board members, and managers misusing company resources for personal benefit. In some cases, these individuals collude with competitors, leaking business plans and other sensitive information.

The informal sector also plays a complex role in perpetuating corruption. Unregulated and unseen, competition within this sector often leads to illegal activities. Meanwhile, business leaders actively lobby for favorable legislation, while politicians’ investments in private enterprises create conflicts of interest that further entrench corruption.

Theoretically, the private sector advocates for competition and a free market economy, but in practice, it frequently supports monopolistic practices, cartels, and syndicates. Such anti-competitive behaviors restrict new entrants, stifling innovation and ultimately harming the economy. Weak internal controls and inadequate monitoring mechanisms within businesses provide fertile ground for corruption, as do the inefficiencies and vulnerabilities of Nepal’s regulatory agencies. Many of these agencies lack the capacity or independence to act effectively, often succumbing to bribery and undue influence from business interests.

Consequences of private sector corruption

The repercussions of corruption in the private sector are far-reaching and severe. One of the most tragic outcomes is the loss of human life, as seen in the high rate of fatal road accidents caused by corruption in the transportation sector. Corruption also undermines shareholder confidence, driving businesses into insolvency and financial ruin.

Tax evasion is another major issue. Companies frequently manipulate financial statements, issue fake VAT bills, and engage in fraudulent accounting practices to avoid paying taxes. These actions deprive the government of vital revenue, hindering its ability to invest in public goods and services. Moreover, the sale of underweight, adulterated, or expired goods further erodes consumer trust, while driving up the cost of living and reducing overall economic efficiency.

Corruption distorts market mechanisms, undermining the values, norms, and standards that should govern business practices. It also deters foreign investment, exacerbating Nepal’s infrastructure challenges and limiting employment opportunities. Left unchecked, these issues can lead to social conflict, economic crises, and the ultimate failure of state institutions.

The manipulation of information by board members and top management further compounds these problems. In Nepal’s share market, unethical practices such as the leakage of sensitive information to colluding parties before institutional decisions have become all too common. If such practices persist, Nepal’s private sector will struggle to compete in the global marketplace.

Strategies for controlling corruption

To address these challenges, the private sector must prioritize accountability, transparency, and ethical practices. Implementing strong internal control systems and adhering to rigorous auditing standards can enhance corporate integrity. Empowering consumers and civil society to demand accountability can also play a crucial role in fostering a culture of compliance.

Promoting fairness and competition is essential. By dismantling cartels and syndicates, businesses can create an environment that encourages innovation and ethical practices. Legal reforms are equally important. Laws must be updated to address emerging challenges, and enforcement mechanisms must be strengthened to deter fraudulent activities. Regular monitoring and supervision, combined with simplified administrative procedures, can help reduce opportunities for corruption.

Transparency is another cornerstone of reform. Businesses that operate transparently earn the trust of consumers, employees, and the government, fostering a more stable and ethical business environment. Introducing anti-corruption norms, values, and standards into corporate culture can further strengthen this trust. Meaningful partnerships among civil society, businesses, government, and the international community are crucial for promoting transparency and combating corruption.

Technological innovation offers a powerful tool for reducing corruption. Online systems for administrative services, such as company registration, tax payments, and reporting, can streamline processes, reduce human error, and eliminate opportunities for collusion. Digital record-keeping ensures accuracy and accountability, while reducing overhead costs and improving service delivery.

Anti-corruption education is vital for building a more ethical business environment. Training programs on consumer rights, corporate responsibility, and the value of competition and innovation can help instill a culture of integrity. Educational institutions should integrate anti-corruption and corporate governance topics into their curricula, preparing future business leaders to uphold ethical standards. Aligning university curricula with industry demands can further support the development of a business-friendly environment.

Conclusion

Corruption represents one of the most significant threats to Nepal’s private sector, undermining its competitiveness, growth, and public trust. To address this issue, the private sector must acknowledge that bribery and unethical practices are obstacles, not enablers, of progress. By embracing corporate compliance, transparency, and ethical practices, businesses can rebuild trust and foster sustainable growth.

A collective effort is required to curb corruption and promote good governance. Businesses, the government, and civil society must work together to create a fair, transparent, and competitive environment that benefits all stakeholders. Only by upholding these principles can Nepal’s private sector fulfill its potential as a driver of economic development and social progress.

Bureaucracy is considered the steel frame of government through which state decisions are implemented, policies activated and policy objectives achieved. Protecting people’s life and liberty, maintaining law and order, conducting plans and programs, and delivering public services to the doorstep of citizens are major responsibilities of bureaucracy. 

Despite dozens of lapses in both theory and in practice, bureaucracy is inevitable as it performs important roles like delivery of day-to-day services both during normal as well as critical times, from the center to the nooks and crannies of the country. For example, even during the Maoist insurgency, bureaucracy was very much at the people’s doorsteps in the form of the VDC secretary, JT, JTA, health worker and the forester, etc.

The main jobs of bureaucracy are almost always the same. But this important organ of the state is anything but a well-oiled machine. In some segments of the society, service delivery is quite poor, giving rise to questions about “merit-based recruitment procedures”. 

Various commissions constituted to reform bureaucracy have submitted their suggestions and recommendations to the government at different points in time, but the implementation of these inputs has been far from satisfactory, making reforms in bureaucracy a pipedream.

In general, service-seekers feel that power and money—and not due procedures—is what gets you public services and this perception is the root cause of public hatred toward government employees. This leaves the service-seeker with no other option than doing what the employee tells you to get desired services, even if it means ignoring relevant rules and regulations. 

But these old ways should not be acceptable. Accountability, integrity and transparency must be maintained at all levels by upholding the right to information. Administration should be compatible to address changing demands of service-seekers in the wake of changes in political, economic, socio-cultural and technological spheres.

Uniting diverse cultures and binding people of different castes and colors living within a sovereign territory is the most important government function, which is executed through the administrative machinery. Truly, administration does not only deliver public services; in fact it delivers democracy to the people.

Dilemmas galore

Politicization of bureaucracy and bureaucratization of politics is a big obstacle in the path of bureaucratic reforms. Political leaders often indulge in bureaucratic tasks instead of bothering to formulate appropriate policies and laws, while public servants do politics to reap financial benefits and undue opportunities. 

Rivalry and unsound competition between and among different services, groups and subgroups within the civil service have created demotivation and frustrations among employees. In terms of monetary benefits, promotion and opportunity to grow, there is no equal opportunity within the civil service. 

The main job of bureaucracy is to serve citizens, but in practice government employees want to lord over the citizens. Facilitation, regulation and promotional role of bureaucracy is necessary to serve citizens better. Quality service delivery will surely strengthen the relationship between the government and the citizens. 

Access to public services often depends on the service-seeker’s political power and financial capacity –the capacity to pay–putting disadvantaged sections of the society at a great disadvantage. 

Through private staff such as private secretary and other intermediaries/intermediary structures, political appointees try to make the service-seeker pay extra money for availing public services, especially in remote areas. 

Employee transfers are almost always questionable, with legal provisions ignored all too often to make space for political power and the power of cash.  

The operational cost of public organizations is extremely high but investment in building and developing human capital is miserable. Procurement of unnecessary and expensive vehicles, machinery, and heavy equipment without identifying need assessment, proper maintenance plan and estimation of economic capability of the country has been causing a steep rise in public spending in the unproductive sector. 

Extremely low salary and paltry perks, including financial benefits, is one of the main reasons behind corruption in bureaucracy. While the blame for a low severance package goes on the “limited capacity of the state”, a chosen few employees often get unlimited opportunities to earn through the backdoor. 

Inefficiency and ineffectiveness are another source of public hatred toward bureaucracy. It is compared to winning a battle to get public services without hassle-free manners. Political leaders and powerful persons have been receiving public services by enforcing power rather than obeying the system. Such practices have been encouraging service providers to enforce monopoly and discrimination against the grassroots.

Low morale and diminishing loyalty toward occupation are the ugly products of unequal opportunities to grow, weak reward and punishment system, over-politicization, discrimination between and among different services, groups and sub-groups. 

In a short period of time, corrupt politicians and employees have amassed huge wealth (as if by magic) whereas the honest lot is at the receiving end in various walks of life. Time has come to prohibit commercialization and bureaucratization of politics and politicization of business and bureaucracy for national prosperity.

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