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Ram Bahadur Nepali, a resident of Gaighat near Phewa Lake, anxiously prepares each year for the rainy season, when the Phirkey River brings floods of waste into his community. The river flows directly into the lake, close to his home. For years, Ram Bahadur and his neighbors have voluntarily cleaned the area, a practice they began even before the establishment of the local government. Despite their efforts, no government representatives have ever inquired about their work, and no officials have participated in the clean-ups.

“We often find dead animals—cats, dogs, cows, and oxen—along with household waste brought by the river, especially during the rainy season. But we make sure it doesn’t enter the lake,” Nepali said, explaining how the community manages the waste on their own.

A significant issue in the area is a broken check dam, left unrepaired for nearly nine years after the Phirkey River’s overflow destroyed it. Despite repeated requests, the local government has taken no action to fix it.

This problem extends beyond Gaighat, as other areas around Phewa Lake face similar challenges. For decades, civil society and local communities have worked tirelessly to preserve the lake, removing tons of waste each year. They express frustration at the lack of government attention, noting that officials neither monitor the types nor the volume of waste collected.

“We do this for the public good and for our own satisfaction, but it would be much better if the government also took action,” said Ram Bahadur Poudel, a long-time advocate for Phewa Lake’s sanitation and founding chairperson of Civil Society Kaski.

The Civil Society Kaski has led voluntary waste management efforts around Phewa Lake for years. Their records show that during each clean-up, they collect nearly 30 truckloads of water hyacinth and half a dozen trucks of plastic waste. Local contributors believe that with government investment of Rs 2bn to Rs 5bn, Phewa Lake could be fully restored. “But instead of addressing the root causes, the government offers only superficial solutions and fails to recognize the contributions of local communities,” said Poudel.

“It’s been almost a decade since the local government was assigned to address this issue, but the situation remains unchanged,” said Narendra Man Lalchan, chairperson of Civil Society Kaski. According to civil society members, Phewa Lake faces multiple threats, including land encroachment, unregulated construction, impunity for illegal settlements, poor waste management, and a disregard for biodiversity. These factors have contributed to the lake’s gradual shrinking.

To combat this, civil society has mobilized hundreds of local community members and organizations in clean-up efforts. “In the past few years, we’ve managed to draw some attention from the authorities, after numerous pressure campaigns,” said campaigner Ram Bahadur Poudel, reflecting on the latest clean-up initiative.

A group of journalists in Pokhara staged a protest today in front of the Gandaki Province Chief Minister’s Office, expressing dissatisfaction over the appointment of Bimala Bhandari as the new Press Registrar. The demonstrators claimed that the appointment was unjust to working journalists, citing Bhandari's controversial background.

Bhandari, who is also the Chairperson of the Federation of Nepali Journalists (FNJ) Kaski chapter, was sworn in as the Press Registrar, a position created under the Mass Communication Bill passed by the Gandaki Province Assembly last year. The role involves overseeing the press and media in the region.

While Chief Minister Surendra Pandey administered the oath to Bhandari, journalists outside the office held placards and chanted slogans. They demanded that unresolved issues of working journalists be addressed before appointing anyone to such a critical monitoring role. "How can someone who has ignored our concerns now monitor the press?" questioned Anup Poudel, a journalist with Samadhan National Daily.

Protesters accused the FNJ Kaski leadership of political bias and neglecting the concerns of active journalists, particularly regarding membership issues. "Despite repeated requests, she has turned a deaf ear to us," another journalist added.

Approximately two dozen journalists participated in the protest, questioning the government's decision to appoint someone they consider politically partial to such a sensitive position.

A national conference on ‘Contextualization of Socio-Economic Sensitivity’ was held on Friday in Pokhara, organized by Pokhara University in collaboration with the Pokhara University Research Center (PURC) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

With Nepal set to graduate from the Least Developed Countries (LDC) list by 2026, the conference aimed to address the critical importance of understanding socio-economic sensitivity in policy-making. Experts, policymakers, researchers, and stakeholders gathered to exchange scientific knowledge and experiences and identify effective solutions through open dialogue.

The event featured sessions on four key topics: economic inequality, social stratification, climate change, and food security. Each session included keynote presentations followed by panel discussions aimed at finding practical solutions to the challenges posed by these issues.

In the first session, focused on economic inequality, Assistant Professor Naveen Adhikari from Tribhuvan University presented insights on income, education, and resource access. Panelists included Pokhara University Registrar Dr Deepak Bahadur Bhandari, Senior Deputy Governor Dr Neelam Dhungana Timalsina from Nepal Rastra Bank, and Gandaki Province Policy and Planning Commission member Maya Timalsina.

The second session addressed social stratification, with Associate Professor Dr. Rishikesh Pandey from Pokhara University presenting on ethnicity, gender inequality, and social division. Panelists included independent researcher Dr. Meena Paudel, and experts from Tribhuvan University and GEDSI.

The third session focused on climate change, with Dr. Uttam Babu Shrestha from the Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies (GIIS) presenting the impacts of climate change on society. Panelists from ICIMOD, Tribhuvan University, and Pokhara University contributed to the discussion on the societal effects of natural disasters.

The final session examined food security, nutrition, and health, with public health expert Dr. Aruna Upreti leading the discussion. Panelists from Tribhuvan University’s School of Public Health, the Ministry of Agriculture, and the Agriculture and Forestry University addressed issues of child nutrition, sanitation, and agricultural policy.

Meena Kumari Thakali, a resident of Thini village of Mustang, finds immense joy in welcoming foreign tourists to her small cottage made of mud and dry grass locally known as ‘Ghenka’. In recent years, the number of foreign visitors to her cottage has increased, encouraging her to grow the crops and vegetables needed for her kitchen.

Her daily routine begins with a visit to her farm where she grows a wide variety of food grains and fruits. “Most tourists prefer to enjoy indigenous foods while staying with us in this small cottage,” she said. Stating that the influx of foreign tourists has already begun in her village, Meena Kumari said  she, like other villagers, is excited to welcome tourists to their village.

Meena Kumari belongs to the Thakali community which is known for its culinary skills. Originally from the highlands of Mustang, many Thakali people have migrated to Pokhara and other cities of the country where they have expanded their rich culinary heritage.

“We can’t refuse when we get an opportunity to host guests,” said Battimaya Thakali, 60, from the same village. She explained how the arrival of foreigners in Thini Village has helped in the professional development of local women. “These days, almost all the women in this village are united in homestay organizations, whereas they were limited to household chores three years ago,” Battiamaya, who chairs the local women’s group, said.

Not only in Thini, women in many Mustang villages are taking farm works and tourism business simultaneously. “We need local ingredients in our kitchen to serve tourists,” said Sarita Thakali from neighboring Marpha village.

Local women shared that they have been showcasing their kitchen skills to foreign tourists for more than half decades now. They have turned their household activities into a business without requiring extra investment, relying instead on their labor and dedication in farms to produce ingredients for their kitchen.

Thakali people are known for their set meal which includes rice, lentil soup made of local beans, local vegetables, meat and pickles. Apples, apricots, buckwheat, maize, wheat, potatoes, beans, and greens are the major fruits and crops the women of Mustang cultivate.

The women of Thini village have recently built a public homestay building where they host guests. The building, constructed at a cost of Rs 30m with support from the local government, is expected to help promote their cultural heritage.

Kamala Lalchan, founder chair of the Women’s Cooperative of Mustang, said that the cooperative has more than a thousand women farmers and entrepreneurs as members and shareholders. “More than half of them run homestays and supply food, vegetables and other ingredients to local hotels and restaurants catering to tourists visiting Muktinath Temple,” she added.

Mustang: In recent years, global reports have highlighted the immense impact of climate change on snowy regions. The Himalayan district of Mustang has been a focal point of this concern. Mustang is globally renowned for its tourism attractions, such as Muktinath and the Annapurna Circuit Trek, as well as its apple farming industry. Marfa’s apple farm, in particular, is famous throughout Nepal. Local stakeholders report that Mustang produces tons of apples annually, selling them to tourists both retail and wholesale. The demand for apples has increased in recent years, prompting the production of various apple-based beverages, such as brandy, wine, juice, and jam. This diversification has transformed farmers into entrepreneurs, with over a dozen apple industries now operating in the area.

However, diminishing snowfall, crucial for apple growth, has become a significant concern. Climate change has led to reduced snowfall, threatening apple production in terms of both quantity and quality. Despite these challenges, locals have remained resilient, applying scientific solutions to offset the lack of snow. Their dedication and hard work have enabled them to overcome the adverse effects of climate change on apple farming.

Local entrepreneurs attribute their success to innovative agricultural methods and the versatile use of apples in various products. We spoke to some of Mustang's experienced apple entrepreneurs about their experiences and strategies in recent years.

‘We overcome challenges through innovation’  

Deepak Lalchan, Apple Farmer, Marfa, Mustang

I have 3,500 apple trees in Marfa, producing 25 tons of apples annually. With over fifteen years of experience, I believe dedication is key to overcoming the challenges posed by climate change. The diminished snowfall in Mustang initially caused many farmers to lose hope. However, I sought expert advice and replaced the natural snowfall with scientific alternatives. This innovation has increased our apple quantity, though the taste is slightly less sweet. I now invest 1,000 rupees per apple plant, with 300 plants currently in my farm.

‘We mobilize women and create opportunities’ 

Kamala Lalchan Adhikari, Apple Farmer, Marfa, Mustang

When an unknown disease attacked our apple plants, I was initially disheartened and uncertain about continuing. For almost two years, our efforts and investments were wasted due to insect infestations and inadequate snowfall. However, we eventually adopted scientific methods to replace snow, increasing our apple yield despite a slight decline in quality. This success inspired us to establish local industries and cooperatives, mobilizing local women and creating new economic opportunities.

‘Apple farming is the identity of Mustang’ 

Surendra Hirachan, Apple Farmer, Mustang

For nearly 50 years, I have been producing apples. In the past, we relied entirely on snowfall. Recent years have required extra attention due to reduced snowfall, but I remain committed to my work. Farming is not only a major livelihood source but also a cultural and social identity for Mustang locals. While some have abandoned apple farming due to natural calamities, most continue, driven by love and respect for their traditional livelihood.

‘We are determined to protect our apple farms’  

Indra Prasad Thakali, Social Worker, Chimang Village, Mustang

Mustang’s dedication to apple farming has made it a significant employer for people from other districts. Mustang residents are deeply committed to their work and their indigenous business. Additionally, there is no shortage of workers. After the large-scale earthquake a decade ago, many from affected districts sought employment in Mustang. Most found work in apple farms, potato fields, and buckwheat fields. The apple industry is crucial to our living standards, and we are determined to protect it at any cost.

The Pokhara Metropolitan City (PMC) Office is preparing to implement the declaration of Pokhara as the Tourism Capital of the country.

Earlier this year, Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal formally declared Pokhara as the tourism capital of the country in collaboration with the Gandaki Province Government and the Pokhara Metropolitan City.

The aim is to meet 20 different indicators, including utilizing natural beauty and adventure tourism, to establish Pokhara as an internationally recognizable tourism brand. In light of this, the PMC has started collecting suggestions from local stakeholders through formal and informal interactions and dialogues.

Kuman Singh Gurung, member secretary of the committee formed to prepare a report on the National Tourism Capital, said that the committee has recommended prioritizing the branding of local resources.

Local stakeholders have shared their views on the benefits that Pokhara Valley and the Gandaki Province can get with the declaration of Pokhara as tourism capital and the challengers involved. 

Tourist fees should be utilized by Pokhara itself

Dr Ramji Sharma, Academician

Pokhara, known for its natural resources like lakes and biodiversity, is also an entry point for world-renowned trekking routes like the Annapurna Round Trek. Almost half of the tourists coming to Nepal come for trekking. However, permit fees paid by foreigners in Pokhara go to the federal government's fund. Pokhara Metropolitan City Office should initiate policy changes to collect royalties from tourists directly.

Call to promote ‘Organic Pokhara’ brand

Manohar Kadariya, Head, Agriculture Division, PMC

Locals are excited about agriculture. Especially after the covid pandemic, many people are returning to their villages to pursue innovative farming. However, there is a lack of encouragement and a proper market for their products. Tourists are interested in organic food. So we should inspire local people to grow organic food and vegetables so that our tourism enterprises can serve organic food to tourists. 

Local resources should be promoted

Dr Indra Prasad Tiwari, Professor, Pokhara University

If we are to ensure a good flow of tourists, effective management of local resources is very important. A strong guideline and system should be established to keep the area clean and mobilize locals to develop their areas. The provincial and local governments must set certain standards for this.

Basic facilities like restrooms should be built 

Hareram Adhikari, Travel Agency Operator

There are very few public restrooms in Pokhara. Travelers often feel uncomfortable asking for restrooms at private homes and shops. If we fail to arrange basic necessities like this, declaration of Pokhara as tourism capital would have no significance.

Public transport should be made effective

Shova Kanta Poudel, Taxi Entrepreneur

Many taxi drivers in Pokhara are unwilling to set standard fares. This is leading to unfair competition among taxi operators and leaving a negative impact on tourists. Certain codes of conduct should be prescribed for taxi drivers as they deal with guests directly. They should meet certain qualifications and maintain good manners.

Religious places should be promoted 

Dhruba Nath Adhikari, Social Worker, Lekhnath

Pokhara is rich in cultural and religious diversity. It is known as a city of cultural and religious integrity. Many tourist destinations here have historical and religious significance. We can attract more tourists by promoting these attractions. 

Other lakes should also be promoted

Birbhadra Kandel, Hotel & Restaurant Association, Lekhnath

Pokhara is known as the city of lakes. But many lakes here are not being utilized for tourism promotion. We can attract many tourists by branding and promoting these lakes. This way we can develop new tourism products for the tourism capital. 

Home Stays Should Be Encouraged 

Udaya Subedi, Homestay Management Committee

Pokhara and surrounding areas are known for medicinal plants, food, and hospitable people. Homestays can be a very good product for foreign tourists. So the provincial and local governments should bring policies for registration and regulation of home stay facilities.

Pokhara Metropolitan City has begun regulating buildings that were constructed without adhering to building codes. According to PMC officials, the metropolis is home to an estimated 150,000 cemented buildings. “A large number of them are found to have violated building codes,” said Ravi Chandra Ghimire, an engineer with Pokhara Metropolitan City.

No comprehensive research has been conducted on how many buildings in Pokhara were constructed without following the required codes. This is partly due to frequent changes in regulations driven by various ruling authorities. Prior to the establishment of local governments, buildings exceeding three stories for residential purposes were not permitted. 

After the Nepal National Building Code, 2015 came into force and the local governments were formed in 2017, Pokhara Metropolitan City conducted a survey on building construction in Pokhara under the leadership of Engineer Bharat Raj Pahari. “We have now completed work on ensuring standard norms for buildings,” Dhan Raj Aacharya, Mayor of Pokhara Metropolitan City, said, addressing a program organized recently in Pokhara. He also announced that Pokhara would be declared a paperless city through the implementation of an electronic building permit system.

According to him, this system will maintain transparency in the building approval process and provide the public with a faster and more straightforward way to handle administrative tasks related to building construction. Efforts to manage buildings have already begun, officials of the metropolis say. The Pokhara Metropolitan City Office has published standard requirements for building construction, urging adherence to the Floor Area Ratio (FAR) for both residential and business buildings.

To enforce the new standards, PMC has taken various initiatives. It has tasked ward offices with mapping all buildings within their jurisdictions. Likewise, it recently issued a notice to triple fines for those who violate building codes. “Pokhara is not just the headquarters of Gandaki Province; it is also the tourism capital of the country and a business hub,” said Engineer Pahari. “With almost 5,000 buildings added every year, urban management is worsening. Strict adherence to building codes is essential.”

Namkya Gurung, a local of Kagbeni, spends a part of his day visiting the land where his house once stood before it was washed away by the raging waters of the Kagkhola River.

Namkya is preparing the ground to rebuild his home on the very land that his forefathers had bequeathed to him years ago. He told Apex that he was seeking loans to build a new house on the land.

Since the floods, he has been taking shelter in his brother’s house. His heart remains rooted in this place, bound by the deep ties to his ancestral property that transcend mere monetary value.

A dry landslide in the Jhong region of Mustang swelled the Kagkhola River and swept away houses in the Kagbeni village which sits on the confluence of the Kagkhola and Kaligandaki rivers. Timely warnings helped residents to evacuate the village before the floods arrived, but the financial and physical destruction was immense. Some houses were swept away and many others left partially damaged.

Due to greenhouse gas emissions from industrialized nations, the earth’s atmosphere has been increasingly warming over the years and decades, leading to rapid and unprecedented climate change. The adverse impacts of this global phenomenon are evident in the Himalayan regions like Mustang. Experts attribute last year’s flooding in Kagbeni as a consequence of these climatic changes. 

According to the Bar Agung Mukti Kshetra Rural Municipality, the flood completely destroyed a dozen houses and partially damaged 35 others, resulting in millions of rupees in losses, including damage to private and government buildings, schools, apple farms, and livestock. Despite the challenges, the resilience of the Kagbeni residents is evident as they are trying to reconstruct their homes and safeguard their land. They seem undeterred by the looming threat of future climate-induced calamities as their emotional attachment to the land runs deep. They remain hopeful of rebuilding their lives once the Kagkhola river is properly managed to prevent future overflows. 

“This is the only land plot I have. Where else can I go?” asked Namkya. 

Santu Gurung, another resident, has temporarily relocated his family to a nearby location. But he remains uneasy, not out of fear of the flood but due to the changing rainfall patterns in Mustang, which pose a threat to the traditional mud, stone, and wood houses of the region. Tsering, Santu Gurung’s younger daughter, expresses her confusion over the increased rainfall in recent years. Shantu is hopeful of getting back to his old settlement in Kagbeni soon.

“I am sure they will be able to reclaim the flooded land,” Shantu said. “Then we will return to Kagbeni and build our house.”

While some flood victims have been physically displaced, their emotional ties to the land remain unbroken. They are determined to reclaim their land bank. That is why they are erecting stone walls on their land and repairing their damaged houses, even at the cost of significant financial investment. Bhim Gurung, for instance, is investing more than Rs 2.5m to rebuild his three-story cemented house, while his family lives in a rented accommodation nearby.

Thombo Gurung, another local, is saddened by the loss of his three houses to the Kagkhola flood. “We had started a good business here and were working to promote Kagbeni as a tourist destination,” Thombo said. “But floods washed away everything.”

The displaced flood victims, however, are hopeful of returning to Kagbeni soon. But their hopes of return depend on the government's response and assurances for their settlement.

“We have not received any formal response from the federal and provincial governments even though it has been a long time since we placed our demands,” Karma Gyacho Gurung, the chairperson of Ward-4 of Baragung Muktichhetra Rural Municipality.